Wonders of the World Wood secede and become a free city. He was reëlected to Congress in 1868, and re mained a member until his death, Febru ary 13, 1881. viding for woman suffrage, if ratified by Democrats in 1841, and in 1854 was three-fourths of the legislatures of the elected mayor of New York, where he several States. The two sections of the introduced various reforms. In 1861, amendment read: (1) the right of citi- when the southern states were seceding, zens of the United States shall not be he recommended that New York should denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account of sex; (2) Congress shall have power by appropriate legislation, to enforce the provisions of this article. The first States to ratify the amendment were Wisconsin and Michigan, on June 10, 1919; and by the end of 1920 twenty-two States had ratified. From January to March, 1920, thirteen more States had ratified. Tennessee was the thirty-sixth State to ratify, August 18, 1920, and the amendment was proclaimed in force August 26, 1920. At the Presidential election in November women voted for the first time in all the States of the Union. Wonders of the World. In an cient times seven of these were enumerated. These were the Pyramids of Egypt, the Mausoleum of Artemisia, the temple of of Babylon, the Colossus of Rhodes, the Diana at Ephesus, the Hanging Gardens Statue of Jupiter Olympus and the Pharos of Alexandria. Woo-Chang wö-chang), a city of China, province of HuPé, on the Yang-tse-kiang, opposite the city of Hankow. Pop. estimated at over 500,000. Wood. See Timber. Wood (wyd), ANTHONY, antiquary, born at Oxford in 1632; died in 1695. He was educated at Merton Col lege, Oxford, where he took his degrees, and spent his life in examining and sifting the records of the university. The result of his laborious researches was published as Historia et Antiquitates Universitatis Oxoniensis (1674), this being a Latin translation of Wood's English treatise under the authority of the uni versity. He was also the author of Athena Oxonienses (1691-92). Wood, born a Wood, GEORGE B., an eminent physi HORATIO C., physician, Wood, archbishop, was born in Phila JAMES FREDERIC, an American REV. JOHN GEORGE, naturalist, delphia in 1813, educated in England, Wood Ant Cuba in 1899, and was chief of staff of Wood-pulp the army 1910-14. During the World Wood-Grouse. See Capercailzie. War he organized and trained the 89th small species of lark, National Army Division and 10th (Regu- Wood-Lark, as lauda arborea, not lar Army) Division and various special unfrequent in some parts of England, but regiments. He retired as major-general rare in Scotland. to become governor-general of the Philip Pennsylvania, 20 miles pine Islands in 1921 and was elected Woodlawn, a borough of Beaver Co., head of the University of Pennsylvania, N. w. of Pittsburgh, in a farming section. being given leave of absence until Sep- It has large steel plants, etc. Pop. (1910) tember 1, 1922. 1396; (1920) 12,495. THOMAS JOHN (1823-1906), Wood, See Slater. Woodlice. an American soldier, born at Munfordville, Kentucky. He served with Wood-nymph, in ancient mythol Taylor in the Mexican War; during the ogy a goddess of the Civil War he served with distinction in wood, a dryad. In zoology this name is the Union army, commanding a division given to the beautiful lepidopterous inat Stone River, etc. sects of the genus Endryas. Wood Ant, tha or hill ant (Formica the English name of the Wood-oil, a balsamic substance (an oleo-resin) obtained from rufa). They form durable mounds. several species of Dipterocarpus growWoodbine (wud'bin), a name given ing in Pegu, Assam, and some of the the honeysuckle and some islands of the Indian Archipelago. It is other climbers, as the Virginia creeper. used medicinally, as a varnish, in litho Woodbury, 64), an American soldier, Woodpecker, belonging to the famDANIEL PHINEAS (1812- graphic ink, etc. a name for the birds born at New London, N. H. He was in command of the engineer brigade in the ily Picidæ, and the order Scansores of Army of the Potomac. climbers. They are characterized by their LEVI (1789-1851), an long, straight, angular beak, adapted for splitting the bark of trees; by their slen der tongue, with its spines at the tip curved backwards to enable them to ex tract insects from crevices; and by their stiff tail, which acts as a prop to support them while climbing. The noise they make in tapping the bark of a tree to discover where an insect is lodged can be heard at a considerable distance. Picus major, medius, minor, and viridis, the green woodpecker, are European species. In America the most characteristic species are P. principālis or the ivorybilled woodpecker, P. aurātus or goldwinged woodpecker, and the Californian woodpecker (Melanerpes formicivorus). Wood-pigeon. See Ring-dove. Woodbury, American jurist, born at Francestown, N. H. He was secretary of the navy in Jackson's cabinet, 1831-34, and secretary of the treasury 1834-41. In 1845 he succeeded Joseph Story as a justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Woodbury, county seat of Gloucester Co., New Jersey, 8 miles s. of Philadelphia. Has glass works, piano factory, etc. Pop. (1920) 5801. Woodchuck, the popular name of a rodent mammal, a species of the marmot tribe, the Arctmys monax, or ground-hog, common in the United States and Canada. It is of a heavy form, from 15 to 18 inches long, blackish or grizzled above and chestnutred below. It excavates burrows in which it passes the winter in a dormant Wood-pulp, the fibrous product of state. bird of the ground-up wood from which paper is made. This branch of to genus manufacture has grown Woodcock, Scolopar, the S. rusticola, same genus as the snipe. It is widely distributed, being found in all parts of Europe, the north of Asia, and as far east as Japan. The bird is about 13 inches in length, the female being somewhat larger than the male. Its food is chiefly worms. The American woodcock (Scolopax or Philoheles minor) is a smaller bird, but very similar in plumnge and habits. Wood Engraving. See Engraving. enormous proportions, to supply the great demand States in 1910 was over 4,000,000 cords. Woodruff the United States has led to a large de- Woo-Hoo, Woolen Manufacture a or WUHU (wö-Lö), mand from the extensive coniferous fortreaty port of China, provests of Canada, to facilitate which the ince of Ngan-Hoei, on the Yang-tsetariff has been taken off from Canadian kiang, about 50 miles above Nanking. wood-pulp. Wood-pulp has been applied Opened to trade in 1887 it has recently to other purposes than papermaking, becom of considerable commercial imbricks, and even car-wheels, being made portance, the chief exports being rice, from it, while among its other products silk, feathers, hidesid tea, and the chie artificial silk may be named, the fine pulp import is pium. Pop. about 115,000. being forced through minute holes in a Wool (wul), that soft species of hair plate and yielding threads of a smooth, which grow on sheep and some silk-like finish and considerable strength. other animals, as the alpaca, some speIt can be woven into silk-like fabrics. cics of goats, etc., which in fineness Woodruff (wud'ruf), WOODROOF, the sometimes approaches to fur. Wool is common name of plants of divided into two classes short or cardthe genus Asperula, nat. order Rubiaceæ. ing wool, seldom reaching over a length The sweet woodruff (A. odorata), with of 3 or 4 inches, and long or combing its whorled leaves and white blossom, isol, varying in length from 4 to 8 found plentifully in Britain in woods and inches, each class being subdivided intc shady places. The dried leaves are used a va iety of sorts, according to their to scent clothes and also to preserve them fineness and soundness of the staple. from the attacks of insects. The root Wools which unite a high degree of fineof the dyer's woodruff (A. tinctoria) is ness and softness with considerable used instead of madder. length of staple, bear a high price. produce See Lake of English-breu shee a good, strong, combing wool, that of the Scotch LAKE OF THE. Woods, Virginia, in 1850. Her socialist novel, Woodstock, con Illinois, 51 miles N. county seat of McHenry being somewhat harsher and coarser. The finest carding wools were formerly exclusively obtained from Spain, the native country of the merino sheep, and at.. later period extensively from Germany, where that breed had been successfully introduced and cultivated. Immense flocks of merinoes are now reared in the United States, Australia, South America, and Europe, the annual wool product of the United States, Russia and Argentina being about 325,000,000 pounds for each country, while that of Australia is about 750,000,000 w. of Chicago. It has manufactures of pounds. The total European product is typewriters, etc. The Todd Seminary for boys is here. Pop. (1920) 5523. Woodstock, a city, county seat and port of entry of Oxford Co., Ontario, on Thames River, 25 miles N. E. of London. Home of Woodstock College. It has many manufactures and is a popular summer resort. Pop. (1919 estimate) 11,000. about 800.000.000 pounds; total world product 2,700,000,000 pounds. Woolen Manufacture. The use of wool as an article of clothing dates from the earliest times, and no doubt it was made into cloth earlier than either flax or cotton. Among the ancient Jews wool was the staple material of clothing; and the name given in woolen fabrics of ancient Greece and Wood-swallow, Australia to a ge- Rome attained special excellence. In time the Roman manufactures were carried to the countries in which Roman colonies had been established. In England the making of woolen cloth seems to have been introduced by the Romans, but it did not rise into importance as a national employment until much later. The woolen cloths of England were for a considerable time confined to the coarser fabrics of domestic manufacture, finer cloths being imported from the Continent, particularly from Brabant. At various times also the trade was Woolen Manufacture Woolner hampered by many illiberal laws for its the finisher in a continuous flat lap. It regulation, for prohibiting exportation, is then cut into strips and passed (6) to etc. In the early part of the eighteenth the condensing machine, which rubs the century Yorkshire began to assume an strip into a soft, loose cord or sliver important position in woolen manufac- technically called a 'slubbing.' The tures, and that county is now the chief wool is now ready for (7) spinning into seat of both the English worsteds and yarn, and this is accomplished in a woolwoolens. Scotland, especially the south, spinning mule, which draws and twists is famous for the sort of cloth called tweeds. The industry was introduced into the United States in the early colonial period as a household manufacture. It has now grown into one of the leading textile industries. the sliver into the required thinness, the process being essentially the same as in cotton-spinning. (See Cotton-spinning.) The wool, which has thus been brought into the form of yarn, is now fit for (8) weaving into woolen cloth. (See Weav In making woolen cloth the essential ing.) When it is taken out of the loom processes, as carried on in modern fac- the cloth is washed, to free it from oil tories, are: (1) the stapling of the raw and other impurities, and also beaten wool. In this process the stapler or while it lies in the water by wooden sorter works at a table covered with wire hammers moved by machinery, while it netting, through which the dirt falls is again dyed if found necessary. After while the various qualities of wool are it has been scoured in water mixed with being separated. The wool is then ready fuller's earth, the cloth undergoes a to be put through the (2) scouring process of (9) teaseling and shearing machine, where it passes on an endless (see Teasel), in which the pile or nap apron into an oblong vat, which contains is first raised, and then cut to the proper a steaming soapy solution. Here it is length by machines. When this is done carried forward gently by means of rakes it is (10) steamed and pressed between until it is thoroughly soaked and polished iron plates in a hydraulic press. cleansed. After this it is taken to the In the manufacture of worsted yarn (3) drying framework of wire netting, the long-staple wool fibers are brought under which are situated steam-heated as far as possible into a parallel condipipes. A fan-blast drives the heated air upwards through the wet wool, which lies on the wire netting, until it is all equally dried. When necessary this is the point in the process when it is dyed in the wool.' It is then ready for the (4) willeying or teasing machine, which consists of a revolving drum furnished with hooked teeth, close above which are set cylinders with hooked teeth moving in a contrary direction. The wool is fed in upon the drum, which whirls with great speed; and between the two sets of teeth working in opposite directions it is disentangled, torn, and cast out in fine, free fibers. With some classes of wool it is also necessary, at this stage, to remove suds and burrs by steeping them in a solution of sulphuric acid, or passing them through a burring machine, (wyl'ner), THOMAS, sculp by which the burrs are extracted. The tor, was born at Hadleigh, wool is now dry and brittle; and before Suffolk, in 1825; educated at Ipswich: submitting it to the process (5) of placed at the age of thirteen in the stucarding, it is sprinkled with oil and well dio of William Behnes; exhibited his beaten with staves in order to give it first notable life-size group, The Death suppleness. This process of carding is of Boadicea (1844); and followed up accomplished by a series of three delicate this success with Puck, Titania, and and complex machines called a scribbler, Eros and Euphrosyne. Besides his wellan intermediate, and a finisher. These known statues of Carlyle, Tennyson, machines have various intricate cylin- Gladstone, Newman, Darwin, Kingsley ders and rollers, studded with teeth and etc., his more celebrated works are: working in opposite directions, over Elaine with the Shield of Sir Lancelot which the wool is passed until it is torn, Ophelia, In Memoriam, Virgilia Be interblended, and finally delivered from wailing the Banishment of Coriolanus tion by processes called gilling and combing. The wool, in a damp condition, is passed through a series of gill boxes,' in which steel gills or combs separate and straighten the fibers until, from the last box, it issues in a long sliver. In this condition it is run through a delicate combing machine; after a process of roving the thread is spun into yarn. Merinos, Thibets, empress and Henrietta cloths, alpacas and other kinds of dress goods are made from worsted yarns. The camel hair, cow hair and calf hair goods are of cheaper grades: most of these contain a considerable proportion of shoddy, the lower grades of wool and woolen waste. These belong more to the woolen than the worsted trade. Woolner Woolsack whips, Worcester and Achilles and Pallas Shouting from Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station Woolsack (wul'sak), a large square bag of wool, without back or arms, covered with red cloth, which forms the seat of the lord chancellor of England in his capacity of speaker of the House of Lords. THEODORE DWIGHT, an emi Woolsey, nent scholar, born at New ment. capital of (wus'ter), of the most ancient cities in England, corn of York, October 31, 1801; died July 1, 1889. Thames, 8 miles below London Bridge. a broad plain varied by the Malvern Hills in the S. W., several valleys, of and having as its chief rivers the Severn, which the Severn is the most notable, shore towns of Worcester Stour, Teme and Avon. Wheat is extensively grown, while hop gardens are Coal and iron are worked; numerous. there are large manufactures of iron, steel, and hardware; and salt is obtained the salt springs at abundantly from Droitwich. The carpets of Kidderminster are famous, as are also gloves and porcelain of Worcester, and there are important glass manufactures at Dudley Woonsocket (wön-sok'et), a city of and Stourbridge. Pop. 526,143. Providence Co., Rhode Worcester, a city, and one of the Island, on Blackstone River, 39 miles s. w. of Boston. Home of Brown University, Co., Massachusetts, lies on the BlackMoses Brown School and other educational stone River, 44 miles west of Boston. It institutions. Power is derived from the is the second city of the State, and has Falls, and there are numerous manufac- many notable edifices, including the city tures, including textiles and appliances, hall, public library, State armory, Clark rubber goods, machinery and various other University, Polytechnic Institute, Holy American Antiquarian industries. Annual value of manufactured Cross College, products, $70,000,000. Annual pay roll Society, Odd Fellows' Home, and an Art $21,000,000. Pop. (1910) 38,125; (1920) Museum with endowment of $4,000,000. Its industries are large and varied, its 43,496. wire works being the largest in the world. There are also great loom and envelope Wooster (wös'ter), a manufacturing works, woolen and mohair mills, large city, capital of Wayne Co., carpet works, boot and shoe factories. Obio. It is the seat of the University and many other industries. of Wooster, founded in 1870, and of the was permanently settled in 1713; incorpo Woorali Poison. See Curari. Worcester INSE |