bolted down, for emptying tubs into wagons, boats, &c. See Fig. 124.

Fig. 124.

TIPPER or TIPPLER. An apparatus for emptying tubs of coal on to screens (1). The tub is placed in the tippler, turned upside down, and brought back empty to its original position, with a minimum of manual labour. It is constructed principally of wrought iron, and usually fitted with a brake. See Fig. 125.

Fig. 125.

TIRR. See Overburden.

TOE. See Spurn.

TOKEN. 1. (S. W.) A thin bed of coal, &c., indicating a thicker seam at no great distance.

2. See Tally.

TOLL (Ch.). Royalty on rock salt.
TOOм (N.). Empty.

TOP. 1. See Roof.

2. See Cap (1) or Blue Cap.

TOP HEADS (S. S.). Passages driven in the upper part of the Thick coal for draining off the gas; first adopted by one James Ryan about the year 1808.

TOPIT. A kind of bracehead, but much smaller, which is screwed on to the top of boring rods when withdrawing them from the hole (2). It is attached to a rope worked from a jack-roll.

TOPPLE (S. W.) from TOP-HOLE. A working place driven to the rise of the main levels.

TOPPLY (S.). The uppermost layers of a bed of coal left for a roof.

TOPS. See Top.

TORRENTS. Beds of quicksand met with below the chalk marl in the Anzin coal-field, in France.

TOT (N.). A measure of gunpowder used in blasting.

TOUCH. See Fuze.

TOUGH (Sh.). Grey, plastic clay.

TOUT VENANT (Belg.). Coal as landed on bank (1), previous to screening (1) and sorting.

Tow. 1. (Lei.) Dark, tough, earthy clay or shale. 2. (S.) A winding rope of hemp.

TRACK (Pa.). Underground railways or tramways.
TRAILER (N.). See Putter.

TRAIN. See Journey.

TRAIN BOATS (Y.) A number of compartments hinged together in a simple manner admitting of free articulation, in which coals are carried on canals or rivers from the mines to the shipping ports. The train may either be propelled or towed. When towed, as many as 30 compartments are linked together, but when propelled the train consists of 10 compartments steered by means of wire ropes along the sides, these ropes being actuated by steam power. Each compartment has a capacity of from 35 to 40 tons.

TRAIN BOY. A lad who rides upon the train, to attend to the rope attachments, signal in case of derailment of tubs, &c.

TRAM. 1. See Box, Corf, Tub, Skep. In South Wales trams constructed wholly of wrought iron or steel are much used in the steam-coal collieries. They weigh about 9 cwt. empty, and have a carrying capacity of 25 cwt. See Fig. 126.

Fig. 126.

2. To haul or push trams (1) about in a mine. TRAMMER. See Haulier, Putter.

TRAMMING. See Haulage.

TRAM-PLATE. Cast-iron plates of L section, weighing about 12 lbs. to the yard, upon which wagons and trams run. See Tram-road.

S

TRAM-ROAD. A road laid with tram rails or plates. So called after one Benjamin Outram, of Little Eton, in Derbyshire, who in 1800 used stones for carrying the ends of the metal plates or edge rails. The name Outram was subsequently contracted into Tram, hence tramway, trams, &c.

TRAM-ROPE. A hauling-rope to which the trams are attached by a clip or chain, either singly or in sets. Round steel ropes are always used.

TRAP. 1. (S.) A steep heading along which men travel.

2. (B.) See Lid.

3. (Som.) A fault of dislocation.

4. See Grappel.

5. See Whin.

TRAP DOOR. A small door, kept locked, fixed in a stopping or bolt, for giving access to firemen and certain others to the return air-ways, dams, or other disused places in a mine.

TRAP-DOWN (B.). A fault which is a down-throw

one.

TRAP DYKE. A fault (not necessarily accompanied by a displacement of the strata) in which the spaces between the fractured edges of the beds are filled up by a thick wall of igneous rock called trap (5) or whin. Frequently met with in the collieries of the North of England and Scotland. The word Trap is derived from the Swedish Trappa, a stair.

TRAPPER (N.). A small boy employed underground

in opening and shutting doors during the passage of tubs and horses.

TRAPS (S.). Travelling roads for miners in Edge Coals driven on the slope of the seam.

TRAP-UP (B.). A fault which is an up-throw one. TRAUNTER (M.). A sprag. See Tront.

TRAVAIL À COL TORDU. (F.). See Holing.

TRAVELLING ROAD. An underground passage or way used expressly, though not always exclusively, for men to travel along to and from their working places. TREE. 1. See Leg (1), Puncheon.

2. A pump-tree, which see.

TREE UP (S.). To set up props or trees (1) in the workings.

TRÈPAN. 1. (F.) A boring chisel of the ordinary form.

2. The boring head or tool used in the Kind-Chaudron system of sinking shafts. It consists essentially of a horizontal wrought-iron bar, to the underside of which are attached steeled teeth, so placed, that as the bar is rotated round the central axis of the pit, each tooth in falling with the bar through the requisite length of the stroke, which is from 10 to 20 inches, cuts for itself an annular portion of the bottom of the shaft. A large and a small trèpan are used: the smaller one first bores out a hole from 4 to 6 feet in diameter, according to the required size of the shaft, in advance of the full size of the pit, into which the débris falls. The trepans are suspended by long wooden rods, and for a shaft of a diameter of say 15 feet, the larger one will weigh