it contained changes tending either to curb monopolies or to reduce the cost of living. 159. Recent Tariff History The protest against the Payne-Aldrich bill was immediate and outspoken. At the biennial election in 1910 the Democrats won control of the House by a substantial majority. Looking ahead to the presidential election of 1912, and sparring for political advantage, the majority party in the House passed several bills amending parts of the tariff act. These lowered duties, particularly on wool and products used on the farm. A personal revolt against President Taft within his party added enough votes to the Democratic minority to secure the passage of these bills through the Senate. But, as was to be expected, they were vetoed by the President. In 1912 the tariff again became one of the main issues in the election. The sentiment for revision was based upon a number of quite different considerations. The opposition to monopoly and a belief that by legislation the government could furnish relief from the high cost of living were perhaps dominant. A belief that the tariff was conferring "special favors" upon privileged individuals, and hence was contrary to the spirit of government, was very widespread. In addition there was a substantial demand from quite a considerable contingency of manufacturers and commercial men favorable to revision. This demand was to a considerable extent due to the changed industrial position of the country. The era of prosperity through which we had passed had led to an enlargement of many plants to a point where they could supply much more than the domestic demand for their commodities. Since these businesses were in the stage of diminishing costs, they were anxious to find wider markets. Realizing that foreign trade is reciprocal, the manufacturers involved were aiming to create a domestic demand for additional foreign products in order that foreigners might have claims with which to buy American goods. Consequently some manufacturers who, in 1897, when the fight was for the domestic market, favored high duties, in 1912 were found demanding lower duties. This sentiment was strengthened by a feeling that in some branches protection was no longer necessary. This demand from manufacturers is significant because of its evidence of a change in America's position in international trade. Although division in Republican ranks was instrumental in giving Wilson an unprecedented vote in the electoral college, and in securing for the Democrats control of the Senate and House, there is little doubt that the country at large stood committed to a downward revision of the tariff. This was undertaken at a special session of Congress and culminated in the act of October 3, 1913. The making of no tariff bill in two generations was less influenced by the representatives of special interests sent to Washington. The bill was not extreme, but represented a genuine attempt to reduce duties. Its most significant changes were in putting wool on the free list immediately and sugar at the end of two and a half years. The former was a result of the popular agitation against the notorious Schedule K of the Payne-Aldrich Act. With free wool went the removal of the specific compensatory duties on woolens, as well as the specific duties on cottons and silks. Iron ore, pig iron, steel rails, and agricultural implements were all put on the free list. The act substituted many ad valorem for specific duties. But, since the reductions were in many cases upon articles which we habitually export, they were nominal rather than real. The reduction of duties on agricultural products is a case in point. In general the tariff seems neither to have justified its friends nor its enemies. It has not reduced prices; nor has it led to a closing of industries and general unemployment. Its effects, if effects it has had, have been so merged with those of numerous other active factors, particularly those of the European war, that they cannot be isolated. It was not expected that the act would result in any immediate extension of foreign markets. Custom and habit are too strong, and the spirit of business enterprise a little too slow for that. Whatever effect it may have had in sending American goods abroad has lost its identity in the general stream of causes affecting trade which have come in the train of the European struggle. The stalwart Republicans are attributing current bad industrial conditions to tariff tinkering. The financial papers, however, are not demanding upward revision. Their demand just now is for business to be let alone. At present there seems to be no strong sentiment in favor of upward revision. It is, perhaps, premature to express the hope that the tariff question is settled, and is a matter of history. The old sectional clash, intensified by an industrial struggle between the interests which demand foreign markets and the industries which still wish domestic protection, is too strong for that. The questions of the distribution of wealth between classes will also serve to keep it alive. Yet, since we are coming to grapple with the more vital problems of a full-grown industrial system, it seems safe to say it will never again have the importance which it has had in the past. 160. What a Tariff Bill Is Like25 SECTION I. Schedule A.-Chemicals, Oils and Paints. Acids: Boracic acid, 34 cent per pond; citric acid, 5 cents per pound; formic acid, 11⁄2 cents per pound; gallic acid, 6 cents per pound; lactic acid, 11⁄2 cents per pound; oxalic acid, 11⁄2 cents per pound; pyrogallic acid, 12 cents per pound; salicylic acid, 22 cents per pound; tannic acid and tannin, 5 cents per pound; tartaric acid, 31⁄2 cents per pound; all other acids and acid anhydrides not specially provided for in this section, 15 per centum ad valorem. 5. Alkalies, alkaloids, and all chemical and medicinal compounds, preparations, mixtures and salts, and combinations thereof not specially provided for in this section, 15 per centum ad valorem. 19. Chloroform, 2 cents per pound. 48. Perfumery, including cologne and other toilet waters, articles of perfumery, whether in sachets or otherwise, and all preparations used as applications to the hair, mouth, teeth, or skin, such as cosmetics, dentifrices, including tooth soaps, paste, including theatrical grease paints, and pastes, pomades, powders and other toilet preparations, all the foregoing, if containing alcohol, 40 cents per pound and 60 per centum ad valorem; if not containing alcohol, 60 per centum ad valorem; floral or flower water containing no alcohol, not specially provided for in this section, 20 per centum ad valorem. Schedule B.-Earth, Earthenware and Glassware. 74. Plaster rock or gypsum, crude, ground or calcined, pear! hardening for paper makers' use; white, non-staining Portland cement, Keene's cement or other cement of which gypsum is the component material of chief value, and all other cements not specially provided for in this section, 10 per centum ad valorem. 91. Spectacles, eyeglasses and goggles, and frames for the same, or parts thereof, finished or unfinished, 35 per centum ad valorem. 99. Freestone, granite, sandstone, limestone, lava, and all other stone suitable for use as monumental or building stone, except marble, breccia, and onyx, not specially provided for in this section, hewn, dressed, or polished, or otherwise manufactured, 25 per 25 Adapted from The Tariff Act of October 3, 1913, 1-93. The reproduction of the act in its entirety would require about one hundred pages of the size of this one. centum ad valorem; unmanufactured, or not dressed, hewn, or poiished, 3 cents per cubic foot. 100. Grindstones, finished or unfinished, $1.50 per ton. Schedule C.--Metals and Manufactures of. 102.-Chrome or chromium metal, ferrochrome or ferrochromium, ferromolybdenum, ferrophosphorus, ferrotitanium, ferrotungsten, ferrovanadium, molybdenum, titanium, tantalum, tungsten or wolfram metal, and ferrosilicon, and other alloys used in the manufacture of steel, not specially provided for in this section, 15 per centum ad valorem. IIO. Steel bars, and tapered or beveled bars; mill shafting; pressed, sheared, or stamped shapes, not advanced in value or condition by any process or operation subsequent to the process of stamping; hammer molds or swaged steel; gun-barrel molds not in bars; all descriptions and shapes of dry sand, loam, or iron molded steel castings, sheets, and plates; all the foregoing, if made by the Bessemer, Siemens-Martin, open-hearth, or similar processes, not containing alloys, such as nickel, cobalt, vanadium, chromium, tungsten or wolfram, molybdenum, titanium, iridium, uranium, tantalum, boron, and similar alloys, 8 per centum ad valorum; steel ingots, cogged ingots, blooms and slabs, die blocks or blanks; billets and bars and tapered or beveled bars; pressed, sheared, or stamped shapes not advanced in value or condition by any process or operation subsequent to the process of stamping; hammer molds or swaged steel; gun-barrel molds not in bars; alloys used as substitutes for steel in the manufacture of tools; all descriptions and shapes of dry sand, loam, or iron molded castings, sheets, and plates; rolled wire rods in coils or bars not smaller than twenty one-hundredths of one inch in diameter, and steel not specially provided for in this section, all the foregoing when made by the crucible, electric, or cementation process, either with or without alloys, and finished by rolling, hammering, or otherwise, and all steels by whatever process made, containing alloys such as nickel, cobalt, vanadium, chromium, tungsten, wolfram, molybdenum, titanium, iridium, uranium, tantalum, boron, and similar alloys, 15 per centum ad valorem. Schedule E.-Sugar, Molasses, and Manufactures of. 177. Sugars, tank bottoms, sirups of cane juice, melada, concentrated melada, concrete and concentrated molasses, testing by the polariscope not above seventy-five degrees, seventy-one onehundredths of 1 per cent per pound, and for every additional degree shown by the polariscopic test, twenty-six one-thousandths of I cent per pound additional, and fractions of a degree in proportion; molasses testing not above forty degrees, 15 per centum ad valorem; testing above forty degrees and not above fifty-six degrees, 24 cents per gallon; testing above fifty-six degrees, 41⁄2 cents per gallon; sugar drainings and sugar sweepings shall be subject to duty as molasses or sugar, as the case may be, according to polariscopic test: Provided, That the duties imposed in this paragraph shall be effective on and after the first day of March, nineteen hundred and fourteen, until which date the rates of duty provided by paragraph two hundred and sixteen of the tariff Act approved August fifth, nineteen hundred and nine, shall remain in force: Provided, however, That so much of paragraph two hundred and sixteen of an Act to provide revenue, equalize duties, and encourage the industries of the United States, and for other purposes, approved August fifth, nineteen hundred and nine, as relates to the color test denominated as Number Sixteen Dutch standard in color, shall be and is hereby repealed: Provided further, That on and after the first day of May, nineteen hundred and sixteen, the articles hereinbefore enumerated in this paragraph shall be admitted free of duty. Schedule G.-Agricultural Products and Provisions. 188. Barley, 15 cents per bushel of forty-eight pounds. 193. Rice, cleaned, I cent per pound; uncleaned rice, or rice free of the outer hull and still having the inner cuticle on, 5% of 1 cent per pound. 195. Butter and butter substitutes, 22 cents per pound. 196. Cheese and substitutes therefor, 20 per centum ad valorem. 205. Hay, $2 per ton. 206. Honey, 10 cents per gallon. 213. Straw, 50 cents per ton. 214. Teazels, 15 per centum ad valorem. Schedule N.-Sundries. 341. Dice, dominoes, draughts, chessmen, chess balls, and billiard, pool, bagatelle balls, and poker chips, of ivory, bone, or other materials, 50 per centum ad valorem. 347. Feathers and downs, on the skin or otherwise, crude or not dressed, colored, or otherwise advanced or manufactured in any manner, not specially provided for in this section, 20 per centum ad valorem; when dressed, colored, or otherwise advanced or manufactured in any manner, and not suitable for use as millinery ornaments, including quilts of down and manufactures of down, 40 per |