SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTORY

Missions in early times: their modern results, 1. Light thrown upon presentday problems, 2. Paucity of historical materials, 3. Arian Missions. Missionary biographies, 4. The title “Christian Missionary," 5. Missionary saints: their witness to the world, 6. Early references to Christian missionaries: Statement by Eusebius, 7. The Didache: the title Apostle : Statement by Origen, 8. Missionary monks: Origin of monasticism : Spiritual decline of the monasteries in fifth century, 9. A monastic revival, 10. Development of monastic ideals: No other agency available, 11. Limitations of their outlook: Their methods of work, 12. The material support of missionaries, 13. The example of St. Paul, and of later missionaries, 14. Self-supporting monasteries. The payment of tithes, 15. The support of clergy in Norway. Nuns as missionaries, 16. St. Hilda. Missionary catechisms. Reverence for the Holy Scriptures, 17. Lack of vernacular Christian literature, 18. Vernacular translations of the Bible: Translations in the East and in the West, 19. The exclusive use of the Latin language. Early English translations, 20. The "Heliand" in Saxony. Other religious poems. French translations, 21. Religious plays. Probation of candidates for baptism, 22. The use of force as a missionary agency, 23. Authority of Augustine, Chrysostom, 24. Gregory. Protests by Hilary. Martin of Tours. Raymond Lull, 25. Las Casas. Use of force by Theodosius (391). Growth of a spirit of intolerance, 26. Deterioration of Christian society after 312, 27. Compromises with paganism, 28. Their influence on the Christian Church, 29. Elaboration of Christian ceremonial. Attitude of missionaries towards heathen superstitions, 30. Two missionary religions. The worship of Isis, 31. Osiris. Mithraism. The date of Christmas borrowed from Mithraism, 32. Mithra a Persian deity. Mithraic teaching and ritual, 33. Religious quarrels of the Christians, 34. Obstacles to the spread of Christianity in the fourth century. Their counterparts in modern India, 35. Conversion of rulers preceded that of their subjects. Its resultant superficiality, 36. The earliest Christian converts, 37. Miracles attributed to missionaries. A miracle attributed to Columba, 38. Its suggested explanation. Lessons to be learned from the reported miracles, 39. Christian Apologies. * The blood of Christians is seed." Influence exerted by lives of Christians, 40. And by Christian communities. Methods of Raymond Lull, 41. His efforts to effect conversions by argument. Women converts in the early Church, 42. The spread of Christianity prior to 325. Harnack's four categories, 44.

LX

CHAPTER II

IRELAND

Ireland as a training-ground for missionaries. No Christian martyrs in Ireland, 46. Introduction of Christianity. Roman coins in Ireland. Irish bishops on the continent, 47. Visit of Palladius. Ireland's patron saint, 48. St. Patrick's own writings. Lives of St. Patrick. Biographical details, 49. His sojourn in Gaul, 51. His return to Britain. His work in Ireland, 52. Doubtful statements by his biographers. Did Patrick visit Rome ? 54. Chronology suggested by Dr. Whitley Stokes, 55. Chronology suggested by Prof. Bury. Miracles attributed to St. Patrick. Statements by Tirechan and Muirchu, 56. Patrick's death (461). His teaching, 57. His character, 58. The Lorica. The keeping of Easter, 59. Introduction of the monastic system, 60. Use of the Latin language. Other contemporary bishops, 61. A national Church of Ireland. St. Bridget, 62. A revival of paganism. Effects of the Danish invasion, 63. Influence of the Druids. Superficial conversions. Worship of Thor in Armagh, 64. Multiplicity of bishops. Irish monasticism, 65.

CHAPTER III

SCOTLAND

Early traces of Christianity. Inscription at Kirkmadrine. Use of the word Scotia," 68. Idols. St. Ninian. Candida Casa monastery, 69. Palladius in Scotland? 70. St. Ternan and St. Serf. St. Kentigern, 71. Visit to Wales. Meeting with St. Columba. St. Columba, 72. His life in Ireland, 73. The Irish life of Columba, 74. The Irish life of Columba, 74. Arrival at Iona. Visit to King Brude, 75. He revisits Ireland. References in Bede, 76. Columba's intercessory prayers, 77. Adamnan's description of his death, 78. Character of St. Columba, 80. Bp. Westcott on Columba's sympathy, 81. Efforts to evangelize the Picts. Missionary settlements in the far North, 82.

ORKNEY AND SHETLAND ISLANDS

Visit of Columba (565). Irish monks in the Shetland Islands, 83.

CHAPTER IV

ENGLAND

Introduction of Christianity. Early intercourse with Syria, 85. Statements by Clement and Martial. King Lucius, 86. Inscription in St. Paul's Cathedral. Lucius or Abgarus? 87. Joseph of Arimathea. Statements by Tertullian and Origen, 88. St. Alban, 89. Constantius at York, 90. British bishops at Arles, Sardica, and Rimini, 91. Statements by Chrysostom and Jerome. British Christians at Jerusalem. Pelagius, 92. Germanus and Lupus, 93. The Saxon invasions. Massacres of British Christians, 94. British hatred of Saxons, 95. Fastidius on the missionary obligation. Capture of London (568), 96. Gildas re British clergy. King Arthur, 97. Export of slaves from Britain.

Gregory and the English boys, 98. Sources of information, 99. St. Augustine. Gregory's letter to Augustine, 100. Journey to Britain resumed. Bishop Liudhard and Q. Bertha, 101. Arrival of missionaries in Britain. Interview with Ethelbert, 102. Arrival at Canterbury. Baptism of Ethelbert, 103. Consecration of Augustine. Letters to Eulogius, 104. Ten thousand converts. Augustine's questions. Gregory's replies, 105. An Anglican liturgy, 106. Idol temples not to be destroyed. Retention of heathen festivals, 107. More bishops to be consecrated. Conference with British bishops, 108. Consecration of Mellitus and Justus, 110. Death of Augustine: his character and work, 111. Archbishop Laurence: his appeal to bishops in Ireland. Death of Ethelbert (616), 113. Expulsion of Mellitus. Extent of Augustine's influence. Conversion of King Eadbald, 114. Bishop Justus at Rochester. Redwald, king of the East Anglians, 115. Edwin, king of Northumbria. Paulinus. Baptism of Eanfled, 116. Pope Boniface's letters to Edwin. Edwin decides to become a Christian. Speech of Coifi, 117. Man's life like the flight of a sparrow. Destruction of heathen temples, 118. Baptism of Edwin, 119. Heathen reaction. Peace re-established by Edwin. Paulinus in Lincolnshire. Conversion and death of Eorpwald in E. Anglia, 120. King Sigebert. Bishop Felix, 121. St. Fursey. Sigebert enters a monastery, 122. King Anna. Edwin killed at Heathfield (633). Penda, 123. Heathen reaction in Northumbria, 124. James the deacon. King Oswald. Battle of Heavenfield (634). Oswald applies to Scotland for a bishop. Bishop Corman, 125. St. Aidan. Lindisfarne, 126. Spread of the Christian faith. Bede's description of Aidan, 127. Aidan's missionary journeys, 128. His efforts to promote education: his miracles, 129. Oswald killed at Maserfield (642). Oswin. Death of Aidan (651). Disputes in regard to Easter, 130. Celtic monks leave Lindisfarne: their work in Northumbria, 131. Aidan and the ministry of women. Bishop Lightfoot on character of Aidan, 132. Aidan's share in the conversion of England, 133. End of the Celtic Mission, 134. St. Hilda, 135.

THE CONVERSION OF WESSEX

Extent of Wessex. St. Birinus, 136. The see of Dorchester. King Kenwalch, Bishop Agilbert, 137. Bishop Wini purchases the see of London. Bishop Leutherius, 138. Bpp. Daniel and Aldhelm. Conquest of the 1. of Wight (630). The I. of Wight evangelized by Wilfrid, 139.

Penda, king of Mercia.

THE CONVERSION OF MERCIA

Introduction of Christianity. Baptism of Penda, 140. Penda's attitude towards Christianity. Death of Penda (655). King Wulfhere, 141.

THE CONVERSION OF SUSSEX

Isolation of Sussex. Wilfrid in Sussex (681). Dicul, 142. Baptism of King Ethelwalch, Queen Ebba, and many others, 143. Wilfrid teaches his converts to fish. Selsey monastery. Baptism of 250 slaves, 144. Wilfrid leaves Sussex. Eadbert, Bishop of Selsey (709), 145.

THE CONVERSION OF THE EAST SAXONS

Conversion of King Sabert (604). Mellitus at Canterbury.

Reconversion of

London, 146. Baptism of Sigebert by Bp. Finan. Murder of Sigebert.

Baptism of King Suidhelm, 147. Cedd in Yorkshire. Death of Cedd (664), 148. Kings Sighere and Sebbi. A heathen reaction. Bp. Jaruman in London (665), 149. Bp. Wini. Cornish crosses. Welsh saints. Irish saints, 150. Cornwall connected with Brittany and S. Wales. The Scilly Islands, 151.

CHAPTER V

WALES

its

Early traditions. Bran, 152. Germanus in Wales. Illtut, 153. Christian Picts in S. Wales. Dubricius. St. David, 154. The wearing of the leek. Taffy. The monastery at Menevia, 156. St. Kentigern in Wales. St. Cadoc, 157. Christian refugees in Wales. Celtic Christianity : independent character, 158. Celtic monks not necessarily celibates, 159. Early Welsh Christianity. Welsh bishops. Welsh saints. Virgin saints, 160.

CHAPTER VI

FRANCE

Druidism in ancient Gaul, 162. Bishop Dionysius. Persecution at Lyons and Vienne (177), 163. Martyrdom of Pothinus and Blandina, 164. Irenæus, Bp. of Lyons. The Church predominantly Greek, 165. Other Christian Churches. St. Symphorian. Ferreolus and Ferrutio, 166. The Passio Saturnini. Lyons. Story of the seven bishops, 167. St. Gatianus. St. Trophimus, 168. A Church at Arles in 253. St. Paulus. St. Saturninus, 169. St. Dionysius. St. Stremonius, 170. Abraham. St. Martial. See of Auxerre. Early martyrs, 171. The Thebaid legion, 172. Other martyrs. Council of Arles (314), 173. Athanasius in Gaul (336), 174. Mansuetus. Hilary writes against teaching of Arians, 175. Martin of Poitiers, 176. Monastery of Marmoutier. Martin's missionary labours, 177. His destruction of idols and temples. A sacred tree. The Celtic language, 179. Martin's fame in England: his life and character, 180. His belief in the powers of evil, 181. His visions, 182. Victricius. Honoratus of Lerins, 183. St. Germanus. Abbey of St. Victor at Marseilles. Invasion of Vandals, Alans and Sueves, 184. Attila (451). The Burgundians, 186. Conversion of the Western Burgundians and of the Eastern Burgundians, 187. Burgundians as Arians. Conversion of Clovis (496), 188. Organization of the Gallican Church. Columbanus, 189. His arrival in Gaul (573), 190. Difficulties and hardships. Monastery at Luxeuil, 191. Its independence of episcopal control. Foundation of other monasteries, 192. Deplorable condition of Gallic episcopacy. Witness of Montalembert, 193. Witness of Boniface. Causes of moral degeneracy, 194. Letter of Columbanus to Frankish bishops, 195. Columbanus expelled from Luxeuil: his independence of Roman authority, 196. Character of Columbanus: his denunciation of his enemies, 197. Celtic missionaries on the continent, 198. Their secular learning their study of the Holy Scriptures: their penitential system, 199. Monasteries in Northern Gaul. Remains of paganism, 200. St. Valery of Auvergne. St. Riquier. St. Eustace, 201. The hermit Wulflaich. St. Omer. Irish missionaries in Brittany, 202. Difficulties under which missionaries to Gaul laboured, 203.