399. Loses his son at the siege of Amida, 400.
Returns home in grief, 401.
Guardianship, how vested and exercised, accord-
ing to the Roman civil laws, iii. 175.
Gubazes, king of Colchos, his alliance with
Chosroes king of Persia, iii. 117. Returns to his
former connexion with the emperor Justinian, 118.
Is treacherously killed, 120.
Guelphs and Ghibellines, the parties of, in Italy,
iii. 356; iv. 383.
Guilt, the degrees of, in the penal laws of the
Romans, iii. 185.
Guiscard, Robert, his birth and character, iv. 64.
Acquires the dukedom of Apulia, 66. His Italian
conquests, 67. Besieges Durazzo, 71. Defeats the
Greek emperor Alexius there, 73. Engages in the
cause of pope Gregory VII., 76. His second expe-
dition to Greece, and death, 77.
Gundobald, king of the Burgundians, is reduced
by Clovis king of the Franks, ii. 414. His mode of
justifying the judicial combat, 423.
Gunpowder, the invention and use of, iv. 291.
Guy of Lusignan, king of Jerusalem, his cha-
racter, iv. 153. Is defeated and taken prisoner by
Saladin, 154.
Gyarus, a small island in the Ægean Sea, an in-
stance of its poverty, i. 92.
Hadrian, emperor, relinquishes the Eastern con-
quest of Trajan, i. 5. Their characters compared,
ib. His character contrasted with that of Antoninus
Pius, ib. His several adoptions of successors, 45.
Founds the city of Elia Capitolina on Mount Sion,
reforms the laws of Rome in the perpe-
tual edict, iii. 156.
Hadrianople, battle of, between Constantine the
Great and Licinius, i. 247. Is ineffectually besieged
by Fritigern the Goth, ii. 134. Battle of, between
the emperor Valens and the Goths, 139.
Hakem, caliph of the Saracens, assumes a divine
character to supplant the Mahometan faith, iv. 104.
Hamadanites, the Saracen dynasty of, in Meso-
potamia, iii. 490.
Hannibal, review of the state of Rome when he
besieged that city, ii. 241.
Hannibalianus, nephew of Constantine the
Great, is dignified with the title of king, i. 369.
Provinces assigned to him for a kingdom, ib. Is
cruelly destroyed by Constantius, 374.
Happiness, instance how little it depends on
power and magnificence, iii. 474.
Harmozan, the Persian satrap, his interview with
the caliph Omar, iii. 415.
Harpies, an ancient mythologic history, Le Clerc's
conjecture concerning, i. 330, note.
Harun al Rashid, caliph, his friendly correspond-
ence with the emperor Charlemagne, iii. 348. His
wars with the Greek empire, 479.
Hassan, the Saracen, conquers Carthage, iii. 446.
Hawking, the art and sport of, introduced into
Italy by the Lombards, iii. 204.
Hegira, the era of, how fixed, iii. 385.
Helena, the mother of Constantine, her parentage
ascertained, i. 224. Was converted to Christianity
by her son, 412, note.
sister of the emperor Constantius, married
to Julian, i. 393. Is reported to be deprived of
children by the arts of the empress Eusebia, 394.
Her death, ii. 7.
Heliopolis taken by the Saracens, iii. 426.
Hell, according to Mahomet, described, iii. 382.
Hellespont described, i. 331.
Helvetia, amount of its population in the time of
Cæsar, i. 126, note.
Hengist, his arrival in Britain, with succours for
Vortigern, against the Caledonians, ii. 433. His
establishment in Kent, 434.
Henoticon of the emperor Zeno, character of, iii.
Henry succeeds his brother Baldwin as emperor
of Constantinople, iv. 199. His character and ad-
ministration. 200.
Henry III. emperor, his contest with pope Gre-
gory VII., iv. 76. Takes Rome, and sets up pope
Clement III., ib.
VI. emperor, conquers and pillages the
island of Sicily, iv. 86.
the Fowler, emperor of Germany, defeats
the Turkish invaders, iv. 45.
Heptarchy, Saxon, establishment of, in Britain,
ii. 434. Review of the state of, 437.
Heraclian, count of Africa, retains that province
in obedience to Honorius, ii. 259. His cruel usage
of the refugees from the sack of Rome by Alaric,
264. His revolt and death, 270.
Heracleonas, emperor of Constantinople, iii. 286.
Heraclius, deposes the Eastern usurper Phocas,
and is chosen emperor, iii. 226. Conquests of Chos-
roes II. king of Persia, 228. His distressful situa-
tion, 231. Accepts an ignominious peace from
Chosroes, 232. His first expedition against the Per-
sians, 233. His second Persian expedition, 234.
Strengthens himself by an alliance with the Turks,
237. His third Persian expedition, 238. His treaty
of peace with Persia, 241. His triumph and pil-
grimage to Jerusalem, ib. His theological inquiries,
267.
marries his niece Martina, iii. 286.
Leaves his two sons joint successors to the em-
pire, ib. Invasion of his provinces by the Sara-
cens, 420. Flies from Syria, 431.
Vandals in
the præfect, his expedition against the
Africa, ii. 370.
the eunuch, instigates the emperor Va-
lentinian III. to the murder of the patrician Ætius,
ii. 349. His death, 350.
Herbelot, character of his Bibliothèque Orientale,
iii. 411.
Hercynian forest, the extent of, unknown in the
time of Cæsar, i. 122, note.
Heresy, in religion, the origin of, traced, i. 256.
Edict of Constantine the Great against, 435.
Hermanric, king of the Ostrogoths, his conquests,
ii. 109. His death, 128.
Hermenegild, prince of Botica, his marriage with
Ingundis, princess of Austrasia, and conversion to
the Nicene faith, ii. 404. Revolt and death, ib.
Hermits of the East, their mortified course of
life, ii. 392. Miracles performed by them and their
relics, 394.
Hermodorus, the Ephesian, assists the Romans
in compiling their twelve tables of laws, iii. 153.
Hermogenes, master-general of the cavalry, is
killed in the attempt to banish Paul, bishop of
Constantinople, i. 466.
Hero and Leander, the story of, by whom contro-
verted and defended, i. 332, note."
Herodian, his life of Alexander Severus, why pre-
ferable to that in the Augustan history, i. 90, note.
Herodes Atticus, his extraordinary fortune and
munificence, i. 28.
Herodotus, his character of the Persian worship,
i. 114.
Heruli of Germany and Poland, their character,
iii. 8.
Hilarion, the monk of Palestine, account of, ii.
Hilary, bishop of Poitiers, his remarkable obser-
vations on the diversity of Christian doctrines, i.
446. His exposition of the term Homoiousion,
447.
pope, censures the emperor Anthemius
for his tolerating principles, ii. 369.
Hilderic, the Vandal king of Africa, his indul-
gence to his Catholic subjects displeases both the
Arians and the Athanasians, iii. 56. Is deposed by
Gelimer, 57. Is put to death, 64.
Hindoos of the East, not the disciples of Zoroas-
ter, iii. 457, note.
Hindostan, conquest of, by Tamerlane, iv. 273.
Hippo Regius, siege of, by Genseric king of the
Vandals, ii. 309.
History, the principal subjects of, i. 135.
Holy war, the justice of it inquired into, iv
110.
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Honoria, princess, sister of the emperor Valenti-
nian III., her history, ii. 337.
Honorius, son of Theodosius the Great, is de-
clared emperor of the West, by his dying father, ii.
182. Marries Maria, the daughter of Stilicho, 211.
His character, 212. Flies from Milan on the inva-
sion of Italy by Alaric, 220. His triumphant entry
into Rome, 223. Abolishes the combats of gladia
tors, ib.
Fixes his residence at Ravenna, 224.
Orders the death of Stilicho, 236. His impolitic mea-
sures and cruelty unite his Barbarian soldiers
against him under Alaric, 239. His councils dis-
tracted by the eunuchs, 256. His abject overtures
to Attalus and Alaric, 258. His last acts and death,
270. His triumph for the reduction of Spain by
Wallia the Goth, 276. Is suspected of incest with
his sister Placidia, 302. His persecution of the Do-
natists in Africa, 307.
Honour, the new ranks of, introduced in the city
of Constantinople, i. 340; iv. 10.
Hormisdas, a fugitive Persian prince, in the court
of the emperor Constantius, his remarks on the city
of Rome, i. 396, note. His history, and station
under Julian, ii. 55.
Hormouz, the son of Chosroes king of Persia,
his accession, iii. 213. His character, 214. Is de-
posed, and at length killed, 216.
Horses, of Arabia, the peculiar qualities of, iii.
362.
Hosein, the son of Ali, his tragical death, iii. 404.
Hospitallers, knights, of St. John of Jerusalem,
popularity and character of the order of, iv. 138.
Hostilianus, the minor son of the emperor De-
cius, elected emperor under the guardianship of
Gallus, i. 142.
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Hugh, king of Burgundy, his marriage with Ma-
rozia, and expulsion from Rome by Alberic, iii. 353.
count of Vermandois, engages in the first
crusade, iv. 118. Is shipwrecked and made captive
by the Greek emperor Alexius Comnenus, 122. His
return, 131.
James, St., his legendary exploits in Spain, i. 285.
Janizaries, first institution of those troops, iv.
263.
Iberian and Caspian gates of mount Caucasus,
distinguished, iii. 51. The Iberian gates occupied
by Cabades king of Persia, ib.
Idatius, his account of the misfortunes of Spain
by an irruption of the barbarous nations, ii. 274.
Idolatry ascribed to the agency of demons, by the
primitive Christians, i. 257. Derivation of the
term, and its successive applications, 472, note.
Jerome, his extravagant representation of the de-
vastation of Pannonia by the Goths, il. 142. His
influence over the widow Paula, 387.
Jerusalem, its situation, destruction, and pro-
fanation, ii. 34. Pilgrimages to, and curious relics
preserved there, ib. Abortive attempts of the em-
peror Julian to rebuild the temple, 35.
a magnificent church erected there to
the Virgin Mary by Justinian, iii. 42. The vessels
of the temple brought from Africa to Constantino-
ple by Belisarius, 70. Is conquered by Chosroes II.
king of Persia, 229. Insurrection of the monks
there, 260.
the city conquered by the Saracens,
iii. 429. Great resort of pilgrims to, iv. 103. Con-
quests of, by the Turks, 105.
is taken from the Turks by the Egyp-
tians, iv. 133. Is taken by the Crusaders, 136. Is
erected into a kingdom under Godfrey of Bouillon,
ib. Succession of its Christian princes, 153.
pillaged by the Carizmians, 162.
New, described according to the ideas
of the primitive Christians, i. 262.
Jesuits, Portuguese, persecute the Eastern Chris-
tians, iii. 274. Their labours in, and expulsion from,
Abyssinia, 282.
Jews, an obscure, unsocial, obstinate race of men,
i. 250. Review of their history, 251. Their reli-
gion the basis of Christianity, 252. The promises
of divine favour extended by Christianity to all
mankind, 253. The immortality of the soul not in-
culcated in the law of Moses, 261. Why there are
no Hebrew gospels extant, 281. Provoked the per-
secutions of the Roman emperors, 290.
those of a more liberal spirit adopted the
theological system of Plato, i. 439. Their condition
under the emperors Constantine and Constantius, ii.
33. Abortive attempt of Julian to rebuild the tem-
ple of Jerusalem, 35.
miraculous conversion of a number of, at
Minorca, ii. 197, note. Persecution of, in Spain,
406.
Human nature, its natural propensities, i. 268.
Hume, Mr., his natural history of religion, the
best commentary on the polytheism of the ancients,
i. 18, note. His difficulty as to the extent of the
Imperial palace at Rome resolved, 76, note. Charges i. 15.
the most refined and philosophic sects with intole-plagued
rancy, 115, note.
Hungary, establishment of the Huns in, ii. 315.
State of, under the emperor Charlemagne, iii. 347.
Terror excited by their first approach to Europe, iv.
40. Their character, 42.
Huniades, John, his exploits against the Turks,
iv. 324. His defence of Belgrade, and death, 328.
Hunneric, the son of Genseric king of the Van-
dals, persecutes his Catholic subjects, ii. 398. His
cruelty to the Catholics of Tipasa, 403.
Huns, their original seat, and their conquests, ii.
123. Their decline, 124. Their emigrations, 125.
Their victories over the Goths, 128.
they drive other barbarous tribes before
them, upon the Roman provinces, ii. 225. Their
establishment in Hungary, 315. Character of their
king Attila, 316. Their invasion of Persia, 318.
The empire of, extinguished by the death of Attila,
Hunting of wild beasts, when a virtue, and when
a vice, i. 55, 56. Is the school of war, ii. 119, 120.
Hypatia, the female philosopher, murdered in the
church at Alexandria, iii. 250.
Hypatius, sedition of, at Constantinople, iii. 31.
are persecuted by the Catholics in Italy,
And by Cyril at Alexandria, 249. How
by the emperor Justinian, 264.
those in Arabia subdued by Mahomet, iii.
Assist the Saracens in the reduction of Spain,
massacres of, by the first Crusaders, iv.
Jezdegerd, king of Persia, is said to be left guar-
dian to Theodosius the Younger, by the emperor
Arcadius, ii. 295. His war with Theodosius,
300.
Igilium, the small island of, serves as a place of
refuge for Romans who flew from the sack of Rome
by Alaric, ii. 263.
Ignatius, bishop of Antioch, the Christian forti-
tude displayed in his epistles, i. 308.
Ikshidites, the Saracen dynasty of, iii. 489.
Illustrious, the title of, how limited in the times
of Roman simplicity, and how extended when Con-
stantinople became the seat of empire, i. 340.
IHyricum described, i. 14.
Images, introduction of, into the Christian church,
iii. 323. The worship of, derived from Paganism,
ib. Are condemned by the council of Constantino-
ple, 326. The adoration of, justified by pope Gre-
gory II., 330. And sanctified by the second council
of Nice, 341.
Imperator, in the Roman history, explained, i. 37,
note. The Imperial prerogatives, 40. The court,
41. The sense of this appellation altered by long
use, 215.
Incarnation, theological history of the doctrine of,
iii. 243.
Incest, natural and arbitrary, distinguished, iii.
174.
India, account of the Christians of St. Thomas
in, iii. 273. Persecution of, by the Portuguese, 274.
Indictions, the memorable era of, whence dated,
i. 237, note. The name and use of, in the middle
ages, whence derived, 357.
Indulgences, in the Romish church, the nature of,
explained, iv. 112.
Ingundis, princess of Austrasia, is married to
Hermenegild, prince of Boetica, and cruelly treated
by his mother Goisvintha, ii. 404.
Inheritance, paternal, subject to parental discre-
tion among the Romans, i. 94. The Roman law of,
iii. 177. Testamentary dispositions of property,
178. The Voconian law, how evaded, 179.
Injuries, review of the Roman law for the redress
of, iii. 182. Innocent III. pope, enjoyed the pleni-
tude of papal power, iv. 160.
Inquisition, the first erection of that tribunal, iv.
Institutes of Justinian, an analysis of, iii. 168.
Interest of money, how regulated by the Roman
law, iii. 180.
Joan, pope, the story of, fictitious, iii. 352, note.
John, principal secretary to the emperor Hono-
rius, usurps the empire after his death, ii. 303.
the almsgiver, archbishop of Alexandria,
relieves the Jewish refugees when Jerusalem was
taken by the Persians, iii. 229. His extraordinary
Jiberality of the church treasure, 279.
bishop of Antioch, arrives at Ephesus
after the meeting of the council, and, with his
bishops, decides against Cyril, iii. 253. Coalition
between him and Cyril, 254.
of Apri, patriarch of Constantinople, his
pride, and confederacy against John Cantacuzene,
iv. 238.
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Comnenus, emperor of Constantinople, iii.
Damascenus, St., his history, iii. 329, note.
of Lycopolis, the hermit, his character,
and oracular promise to the emperor Theodosius the
Great, ii. 179.
the Monophysite, bishop of Asia, is em-
ployed by the emperor Justinian to root out Pagans
and heretics, iii. 265, note.
XII. pope, his flagitious character, iii. 353.
XXIII. pope, his profligate character, iv.
St., the evangelist, reveals the true sense
of Plato's doctrine of the Logos, i. 439.
the Sanguinary seizes the Gothic treasures
in Picenum, and obliges Vitiges to raise the siege of
Rome, iii. 87.
Zimisces murders the Greek emperor Ni-
cephorus, and succeeds him, iii. 305. His Eastern
victories, 491. Defeats Swatoslaus, czar of Russia,
iv. 52.
Iona, one of the Hebride islands, its ancient mo-
nastic eminence, ii. 386, 387.
Jonas, renegado of Damascus, story of, iii. 423.
Jordan, character of his work, De Originibus
Sclavicis, iv. 38, note.
Joseph, the Carizmian, governor of Berzem, kills
the sultan Alp Arslan, iv. 97.
Josephus, the mention of Jesus Christ in his his-
tory a forgery, i. 298, note. His opinion, that Plato
derived knowledge from the Jews, controverted,
438, note.
Jovianis elected emperor by the troops of Julian,
on their retreat from Assyria, ii. 70. His treaty
with Sapor king of Persia, 71, 72. His death, 79.
Jovians and Herculians, new bodies of guards
instituted to supersede the Prætorian bands, i. 214.
Jovinian of Verona, his punishment by a Roman
synod for heresy, ii. 218.
Jovinus, reduces the Alemanni, who had invaded
Gaul, ii. 95, 96.
account of his revolt against the emperor
Honorius in Germany, ii. 272.
Jovius, Prætorian præfect under the emperor Ho-
norius, succeeds Olympius as his confidential minis-
ter, ii. 256. His negotiations with Alaric obstructed,
256, 257. Deserts Honorius, and goes over to Ala-
ric and the new emperor Attalus, 258.
Irene, her marriage with the Greek emperor Leo,
iii. 294. Her ambition and barbarity to her son
Constantine, ib. Restores images to public devo-
tion, 340.
Ireland, was first colonized from Scotland, ii. 100.
Derivation of the name of its tutelar saint, Patrick,
381, note.
Isaac I. Comnenus, emperor of Constantinople,
iii. 309.
II. Angelus, emperor of Constantinople, iii.
320. His character and reign, iv. 170. Is deposed
by his brother Alexius, 172. Is restored by the
Crusaders, 183. His death, 186.
archbishop of Armenia, his apology for the
vices of king Artasires, ii. 301.
Isauria, the rebellion there against the emperor
Gallienus, i. 159.
Isaurians, reduction of, by the Eastern emperors,
iii. 47.
Isidore, cardinal, his ill treatment in Russia, iv.
321. Receives an act of union from the Greek
clergy at Constantinople, 341, 342.
Isocrates, his price for the tuition of his pupils,
iii. 53.
Italy, the dominion of, under Odoacer, succeeds
the extinction of the Western empire, ii. 379. Its
miserable state at this era, 382, 383. Conversion of
the Lombards of, to the Nicene faith, 406.
is reduced by Theodoric the Ostrogoth, iii. 6.
His administration, 7. Government of, according
to the Roman law, by Theodoric, 10. Its flourish-
ing state at this time, 11. How supplied with silk
from China, 33. History of Amalasontha quean
of Italy, 74. Invasion of, by Belisarius, 78. Siege
of Rome by the Goths, 81. Invasion of Italy by the
Franks, 89. Revolt of the Goths, 126. Expedition
of the eunuch Narses, 136. Invasion of, by the
Franks and Alemanni, 140. Government of, under
the exarchs of Ravenna, 142. Conquests of Alboin
king of the Lombards in, 195. Distress of, 201.
How divided between the Lombards and exarchs
of Ravenna, 202.
growth of the papal power in, iii. 329. Re-
volt of, against the Greek emperors, 331. The
exarchate of Ravenna granted to the pope, 338.
Extent of the dominions of Charlemagne there,
347. The power of the German Cesars destroyed
by the rise of the commercial cities there, 355.
Factions of the Guelphs and Ghibellines, 356. Con-
flict of the Saracens, Latins, and Greeks in, iv. 56.
revival of Greek learning in, iv. 311. Au-
thors consulted for the history of, 418, note.
Jubilee, popish, a revival of the secular games,
i. 110, note; iv. 379. The return of, accelerated,
380.
Jude, St., examination of his grandsons before the
tribunal of the procurator of Judea, i. 300.
Judgments of God, in the Salic laws, how deter-
mined, ii. 423.
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Justinian, emperor of the East, his birth and pro
motion, iii. 20. His orthodoxy, 21. Is invested
with the diadem by his uncle Justin, 22. Marries
Theodora, 25. Patronizes the blue faction of the
circus, 29. State of agriculture and manufacture
in his provinces, 32. Introduces the culture of the
silkworm, and manufacture of silk, into Greece, 36.
State of his revenue, ib. His avarice and profu-
sion, 37. Taxes and monopolies, 38. His minis-
ters, 39. His public buildings, 41. Founds the
church of St. Sophia at Constantinople, 42. His
other public works, 44. His European fortifications,
45. His Asiatic fortifications, 48. He suppresses
the schools of Athens, 51. And the consular digni-
ty, 55. Purchases a peace from the Persians, 56.
110. Undertakes to restore Hilderic king of Car-
thage, 57. Reduction of Africa, 67. His instruc-
tions for the government of, 67, 68. His acquisi-
tions in Spain, 73. His deceitful negotiations in
Italy, 76. Weakness of his empire, 97. Receives
an embassy from the Avars, 104. And from the
Turks, 104, 105. Persian war, 112. His negotia-
tions with Chosroes, 120. His alliance with the
Abyssinians, 121. Neglects the Italian war under
Belisarius, 129. Settles the government of Italy
under the exarch of Ravenna, 142. Disgrace of
Belisarius, 145. His death and character, 146.
Comets and calamities in his reign, 147. His code,
pandects, and institutes, 151. His theological cha-
racter and government, 263. His persecuting spirit,
264. His orthodoxy, 265. Died a heretic, 267.
Cesar, ib. Is appointed to the government of Gaul,
403. His first campaign, 404. Battle of Stras-
burgh, 406. Reduces the Franks at Toxandria,
407. His three expeditions beyond the Rhine, 408.
Restores the cities of Gaul, 409. His civil adminis
tration, ib. His account of the theological calami-
ties of the empire under Constantius, 467. Con-
stantius grows jealous of him, ii. 1. The Gaulish
legions are ordered into the East, 2. Is saluted em-
peror by the troops, 4. His embassy and epistle to
Constantius, 6. His fourth and fifth expeditions
beyond the Rhine, ib. Declares war against Con-
stant.us, and abjures the Christian religion, 8. His
march from the Rhine into Illyricum, 9. Enters
Sirmium, 10. Publishes apologies for his conduct,
11. His triumphant entry into Constantinople on
the death of Constantius, 13. His private life and
civil government, ib. His reformations in the Im-
perial palace, 15. Becomes a sloven to avoid fop-
pery, 16. Erects a tribunal for the trial of the evil
ministers of Constantius, ib. Dismisses the spies
and informers employed by his predecessor, 18. His
love of freedom and the republic, ib. His kind-
nesses to the Grecian cities, 19. His abilities as an
orator, and as a judge, 20. His character, 21. His
apostacy accounted for, 22. Adopts the Pagan my-
thology, 23. His theological system, 25. His initia-
tion into the Eleusinian mysteries, and his fanati-
cism, ib. His hypocritical duplicity, 26, 27. Writes
a vindication of his apostacy, 28. His edict for a
general toleration, 29. His Pagan superstitious
zeal, ib. His circular letters for the reformation of
the Pagan religion, 30. His industry in gaining pro-
selytes, 32. His address to the Jews, 33. History
of his attempt to rebuild the temple of Jerusalem,
35. Transfers the revenues of the Christian church
to the heathen priests, 38. Prohibits Christian
schools, ib. Obliges the Christians to reinstate the
Pagan temples, 39. Restores the sacred grove and
temple of Daphne, 41. Punishes the Christians of
Antioch for burning their temple, 42. His treat-
ment of the cities of Edessa and Alexandria, 44.
Banishes Athanasius, 45. The philosophical fable
of his Cesars delineated, 47. Meditates the con-
quest of Persia, 49. Popular discontents during his
residence at Antioch, 50. Occasion of writing his
Misopogon, 51. His march to the Euphrates, 52.
He enters the Persian territories, 55. Invades Assy-iii.
ria, 57. His personal conduct in this enterprise, 59.
His address to his discontented troops, 60. His suc-
cessful passage over the Tigris, 62. Burns his fleet,
64. His retreat and distress, 66. His death, 69.
His funeral, 76.
Julian, count, offers to betray Spain into the
hands of the Arabs, iii. 448. His advice to the vic-
torious Turks, 451.
the papal legate, exhorts Ladislaus king of
Hungary and Poland, to breach of faith with the
Turks, iv. 325. His death and character, 327.
Julius, master-general of the troops in the Eastern
empire, concerts a general massacre of the Gothic
youth in Asia, ii. 143.
Jurisprudence, Roman, a review of, iii. 151.
Was polished by Grecian philosophy, 160. Abuses
of, 189.
Justin the Elder, his military promotion, iii. 20.
His elevation to the empire, and character, ib. His
death, 22.
II. emperor, succeeds his uncle Justinian,
iii. 190. His firm behaviour to the ambassadors of
the Avars, 191. His abdication, and investiture of
Tiberius, as his successor, 198.
Martyr, his decision in the case of the
Ebionites, i. 255. His extravagant account of the
progress of Christianity, 285. Occasion of his own
conversion, 286.
Justina, the popular story of her marriage with
the emperor Valentinian, examined, ii. 114. Her
infant son Valentinian II. invested with the Impe-
rial ensigns, on the death of his father, 115. Her
contest with Ambrose, archbishop of Milan, 165.
Flies from the invasion of Maximus, with her son,
108.
II. emperor of Constantinople, iii. 288.
2 the son of Germanus, his conspiracy
with the empress Sophia, and successes against the
Persians, iii. 199.
Juvenal, his remarks on the crowded state of the
inhabitants of Rome, ii. 252.
Khan, import of this title in the northern parts
of Asia, ii. 120. 225.
King, the title of, conferred by Constantine the
Great on his nephew Hannibalianus, i. 369.
Kindred, degrees of, according to the Roman civil
law, iii. 177.
Knighthood, how originally conferred, and its
obligations, iv. 119.
Koran of Mahomet, account and character of,
377.
Koreish, the tribe of, acquire the custody of the
Caaba of Mecca, iii. 369, 370. Pedigree of Ma
homet, 372. They oppose his pretensions to a pro-
phetical character, 384. Flight of Mahomet, ib.
Battle of Beder, 388. Battle of Ohud, 389. Mecca
surrendered to Mahomet, 391.
Labarum, or standard of the cross, in the army
of Constantine the Great, described, i. 418.
Labeo, the civilian, his diligence in business and
composition, iii. 160. His professional character,
Lactantius, difficulties in ascertaining the date of
his Divine Institutions, i. 411, note. His flattering
prediction of the influence of Christianity among
mankind, 415. Inculcates the divine right of Con-
stantine to the empire, 416.
Ladislaus, king of Hungary and Poland, leads an
army against the Turks, iv. 324. His breach of
faith with them, 325.
king of Naples, harasses Rome during
the schism of the papacy, iv. 401.
Lætus, Prætorian præfect, conspires the death of
Commodus, and confers the empire on Pertinax,
Laity, when first distinguished from the clergy,
Lampadius, a Roman senator, boldly condemns
the treaty with Alaric the Goth, ii, 234.
Lance, holy, narrative of the miraculous dis
covery of, iv. 132.
/Land, how assessed by the Roman emperors, i.
358. How divided by the Barbarians, ii. 423. Allo
dial and Salic, distinguished, 425. Of Italy, how
partitioned by Theodoric the Ostrogoth, iii. 7.
Laodicea, its ancient splendour, i. 31.
character, 51. His eulogium on the emperor Va-
Lascaris, Theodore, establishes an empire at lens, 140, 141.
Nice, iv. 196. His character, 215.
Theodore IL, his character, iv. 216.
Janus, the Greek grammarian, his cha-
Latin church, occasion of its separation from the
Greek church, iv. 166. Corruption and schism of,
301. Reunion of, with the Greek church, 308. The
subsequent Greek schism, 320.
Latium, the right of, explained, i. 23.
Laura, the monkish history, explained, ii. 392.
Law, review of the profession of, under the em-
perors, i. 347.
Laws of Rome, review of, iii. 151.
the kings, 152. Of the twelve tables, 153. Of the
people, 155. Decrees of the senate, and edicts of
the prators, ib. Constitutions of the emperors,
156.
Their rescripts, 158. The three codes of, ib.
The forms of, ib. Succession of civil lawyers, 159.
Reformation of, by Justinian, 162. Abolition and
revival of the penal laws, 184.
Lazi, the tribe of, in Colchos, account of, iii.
Le Clerc, character of his ecclesiastical history,
jii. 242, note.
Legacies and inheritances taxed by Augustus, i.
93. How regulated by the Roman law, iii. 178.
Legion, in the Roman army under the emperors,
described, i. 8. General distribution of the legions,
11. The size of, reduced by Constantine the Great,
350.
Leo of Thrace is made emperor of the East, by
his master Aspar, ii. 368. Was the first Christian
potentate who was crowned by a priest, ib.
fers the empire of the West on Anthemius, ib. His
armament against the Vandals in Africa, 370. Mur-
ders Aspar and his sons, iii. 2.
-III. emperor of Constantinople, iii. 291. His
edict against images in churches, 326. Revolt of
Italy, 331.
IV. emperor of Constantinople, iii. 293.
V. emperor of Constantinople, iii. 296.
VI. the philosopher, emperor of Constanti-
nople, iii. 302. Extinguishes the power of the
senate, iv. 16.
bishop of Rome, his character and embassy
from Valentinian III. to Attila king of the Huns,
ii. 346, 347. Intercedes with Genseric king of the
Vandals for clemency to the city of Rome, 354.
Calls the council of Chalcedon, iii. 258.
III. pope, his miraculous recovery from the
assault of assassins, iii. 343. Crowns Charlemagne
emperor of the Romans, 344.
IV. pope, his reign, iii. 482, 483. Founds the
Leonine city, 484.
- IX. pope, his expedition against the Nor-
mans of Apulia, iv. 63. His treaty with them, 64.
archbishop of Thessalonica, one of the re-
storers of Greek learning, iv. 25.
general of the East, under the emperor Arca-
dius, his character, ii. 287.
Pilatus, first Greek professor at Florence, and
in the West, his character, iv. 313.
the Jew proselyte, history of his family, iv.
Leonas, the quæstor, his embassy from Constantius
to Julian, ii. 8.
Leonine city at Rome founded, iii. 484.
Leontius, is taken from prison, and chosen em-
peror of Constantinople, on the deposition of Justi-
nian II., iii. 289.
Leovigild, Gothic king of Spain, his character, ii.
404. Revolt and death of his son Hermenegild, ib.
Letters, a knowledge of, the test of civilization in
a people, i. 124.
Lewis the Pious, emperor of the Romans, iii.
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Liberius, bishop of Rome, is banished by the em-
peror Constantius, for refusing to concur in de-
posing Athanasius, i. 459. 465.
Liberty, public, the only sure guardians of, against
an aspiring prince, i. 36.
Licinius, is invested with the purple by the em-
peror Galerius, i. 230. His alliance with Constan-
tine the Great, 240. Defeats Maximian, ib. His
cruelty, 240, 241. Is defeated by Constantine at
Cibalis, 243. And at Mardia, ib. Peace concluded
with Constantine, 244. Second civil war with
Constantine, 246. His humiliation and death, 249.
fate of his son, i. 367. Concurred with
Constantine in publishing the edict of Milan, 413.
Violated this engagement by oppressing the Chris-
tians, 416. Cæcilius's account of his vision, 419.
Lieutenant, Imperial, his office and rank, i. 38.
Lightning, superstition of the Romans with re-
ference to persons and places struck with, i. 192.
Limigantes, Sarmatian slaves, expel their mas
ters, and usurp possession of their country, i. 372.
Extinction of, by Constantius, 398.
Literature, revival of, in Italy, iv. 311. Ancient
use and abuse of, 318.
Lithuania, its late conversion to Christianity,
iv. 55.
Litorius, count, is defeated and taken captive in
Gaul by Theodoric, ii. 334.
Liutprand, king of the Lombards, attacks the
city of Rome, iii. 334.
bishop of Cremona, ambassador to
Constantinople, ceremony of his audience with the
emperor, iv. 12.
Logos, Plato's doctrine of, i. 439. Is expounded
by St. John the Evangelist, 440. Athanasius con-
fesses himself unable to comprehend it, ib. Con-
troversies on the eternity of, 443.
Logothete, great, his office under the Greek em-
perors, iv. 11.
Lombardy, ancient, described, i. 14. Conquest
of, by Charlemagne, iii. 335.
Lombards, derivation of their name, and review
of their history, iii. 98. Are employed by the em-
peror Justinian to check the Gepida, 99. Actions of
their king Alboin, 192. They reduce the Gepida,
193. They overrun that part of Italy now called
Lombardy, 195. Extent of their kingdom, 203.
Language and manners of the Lombards, ib. Go-
vernment and laws, 205, 206.
Longinus, his representation of the degeneracy
of his age, i. 36. Is put to death by Aurelian,
is sent to supersede Narses, as exarch of
Ravenna, iii. 195. Receives Rosamond the fugitive
queen of the Lombards, 197.
Lothaire I. emperor of the Romans, ili. 349.
Louis VII. of France, is rescued from the treache-
ry of the Greeks by Roger king of Sicily, iv. 81.
Undertakes the second crusade, 143. His disas-
trous expedition, 146.
IX. of France, his crusades to the Holy
Land, iv. 162. His death, 164. Procured a valua-
ble stock of relics from Constantinople, 205.
Lucian, the severity of his satire against the
heathen mythology, accounted for, i. 19.
count of the East, under the emperor
Arcadius, his cruel treatment by the præfect Rufi-
nus, ii. 202.
presbyter of Jerusalem, his miraculous
discovery of the body of St. Stephen, the first
Christian martyr, ii. 196.
Lucilian, governor of Illyricum, is surprised, and
kindly treated by Julian, ii. 10. His death, 79.
Lucilla, sister of the emperor Commodus, her at-
tempt to get him assassinated, i. 52.
Lucius II. and III. popes, their disastrous reigns,
iv. 364.
Lucrine lake, described, with its late destruction,
ii. 246, note.
Lucullan villa, in Campania, its destruction and
history, ii. 381.
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