EXERCISE XXXIX. Parse the verbs in the following sentences: 1. Every triangle has three sides. 2. The boat struck on a rock. 3. The boy struck the ball. 4. The ship is sinking beneath the tide. 5. Have patience with me and I will pay thee all. If you wish to know the truth, speak the truth. Shall we submit to chains and slavery? 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. The place was covered with flowers, I could not go because my buggy was broken. I would I were with him. 11. He is talking nonsense. 12. Pass we then, For so Heaven's pleasure is.-Dante. 13. If I could assist you, I would willingly. 14. I have been young, and now am old, yet have I not seen the righteous forsaken.-Bible. 15. The rose smells sweet. 16. If he is here, ask him to come in. 17. If he were here, he would come in. 18. If he be at home, hand him this book. The noble Brutus 19. 20. 21. Hath told you that Caesar was ambitious: If it were so, it was a grievous fault, And grievously hath Caesar answered it.-Shakespeare. We had had no water since our daylight breakfast; our lunch on the mountain had been moistened only by the fog.-Warner. 22. When I have completed this work, I will visit you. 23. Some murmur when their sky is clear And wholly bright to view, If one small speck of dark appear In their great heaven of blue.-Trench. 24. There is a tide in the affairs of men, Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune; Is bound in shallows and in miseries.-Shakespeare. SUMMARY. 260. We may now make a summary in the form of an outline. THE VERB (202). I. Definition. II. Classes. 1. On Basis of Idea Expressed (203). (1) Relational. (2) Attributive. 2. On Basis of Relation to Subjects (204). (1) Finite. 3. (2) Infinite, or Verbals. (a) Infinitives. (b) Participles. On Basis of Relation to Objects (205). (1) Transitive. (2) Intransitive. 4. On Basis of Form (211). (1) Regular. (2) Irregular. (a) Complete. (b) Defective. (c) Redundant. 5. On Basis of Use. (1) Notional (Principal). III. Properties (225). 1. Voice (226). 2. Mode (231). (1) Indicative (232). 3. Tense (243). (1) Absolute. (a) Present. (b) Past. (2) Relative. (a) Present Perfect. 4. Person (252). (1) First. (2) Second. (3) Third. 5. Number (252). (1) Singular. (2) Plural. IV. Conjugation (254). V. Synopsis (258). REVIEW OF THE VERB. 1. What is a verb? Give literal meaning. 2. 3. verbs. What is a relational verb? An attributive verb? 4. What is a transitive verb? An intransitive verb? 5. Show how some intransitive verbs become transitive; how some transitive verbs become intransitive. 6. What is a regular verb? An irregular verb? A strong verb? A weak verb? Give the origin of the ending ed. 7. What is a complete verb? A defective verb? dundant verb? Give examples of each. 8. What is a notional verb? An auxiliary verb? 10. A re What is voice? What kinds of verbs have voice? Explain. How is the passive voice formed? What kind of verbs have the passive voice? Why? 11. Define mode. How many modes are there? Are grammarians agreed as to the number? What modes do you think should be recognized? Why? Define and give examples of each mode. 12. What is tense? How many natural divisions of time? How many tenses? Define and give examples of each tense. What tenses are indicated by inflection? How are the others indicated? Give the uses of the present tense. 13. Give five principles governing the agreement of the verb with its subject in person and number. 14. What is conjugation? Conjugate the verb sit. 15. 16. Define synopsis. Give a synopsis of the verb set. CHAPTER VII. THE ADVERB. 261. It has already been stated (18) that an adverb is an attributive word which expresses an attribute of an attribute or of a relation. The word adverb literally means joined to a verb, and the class was so named because its commonest use is to limit a verb. But the adverb may limit: 1. A verb; as, He runs swiftly. 2. A verbal; as, He ought to run swiftly; He, running swiftly, won the race. 3. An adjective; as, He is very tall. 4. An adverb; as, He walks too rapidly. 5. A preposition; as, He threw the stone almost across the river. 6. A prepositional phrase; as, He labors chiefly for himself. 7. A sentence; as, Perhaps he will go. NOTE 1.-Sometimes an adverb limits a word understood; as, When will you go? Now. The complete answer is, "I will go now," in which now limits will go. NOTE 2.-Yes and no are usually classed as adverbs for historical reasons, but they have little or no adverbial force in modern English. When they are used as answers to questions they have no adverbial use at all, but are equivalent to complete sentences; as, 1. Did he come? Yes. 2. Did you see him? No. In (1) yes means, "He did come." In (2) no means, "I did not see him." In such a sentence as, "Yes you did tell me," yes has something of its original adverbial force. It is used to strengthen the statement, but it is not a repetition of it. Yes may be called an adverb of affirmation. CLASSES ON BASIS OF USE. 262. Observe the use of each italicized adverb in the . following sentences: I will go when the train arrives. 6. I visited the city where Columbus was born. 7. Have you studied your lesson? Yes. 8. Can you read French? No. 263. The adverbs in (1) and (2) have merely a limiting use in the sentence. Those in (3) and (4), in addition to their limiting use, are used to ask questions. Those in (5) and (6), in addition to their limiting use, have a connective use in the sentence. Yes and no have no grammatical relation to the sen tences immediately preceding them. They are used independently, being equivalent to complete sentences. In their use they resemble interjections. Thus on the basis of use, adverbs are divided into four classes: pure, interrogative, conjunctive, and responsive. 1. A pure adverb is an adverb that merely limits another word; as, Large birds fly swiftly. 2. An interrogative adverb is an adverb which, in addition to its limiting use, is used to ask a question; as, Why were you late? 3. A conjunctive adverb is an adverb which, in addition to its limiting use, has a connective use in the sentence; as, They live where oranges are plentiful. A responsive adverb is a word, without syntactical relation, used to answer a question; as, Is the room warm enough? Yes. PURE ADVERBS. 264. This class includes a very large number of adverbs. Adverbs of this class may be used in simple sentences as well as in complex and compound sentences, since in their use they simply limit other words. Many of the pure adverbs admit of comparison. The kinds, methods, and degrees, are the same as those of the adjective (169). The principles governing the use of the comparative and the superlative forms of the adjective, govern the use of the comparative and the superlative forms of the adverb. (See 170, 171). COMPARISON OF ADVERBS. 265. Adverbs ending in ly are generally compared by prefixing more or less, and most or least; as, |