III. 1. Co-ordinate (297). (1) Copulative, denoting union (298). (1) Conditional, denoting condition (303). (5) Comparative, denoting comparison (307). (6) Causal, denoting cause or reason (308). (7)_Introductory, denoting a noun-use (309). Classes on Basis of Form (310). 1. Simple; as, but. 2. Correlative; as, both-and. 3. Phrasal; as, in order that. REVIEW OF THE CONJUNCTION. 1. What is a conjunction? 2. In what respect do conjunctions and prepositions agree? 3. In what respect do they differ? 4. Make sentences in which each of the following words shall be used (1) as a conjunction, (2) as a preposition: but, for, besides, since. 5. Make a list of conjunctions that are never used as prepositions or adverbs. 6. Classify the conjunction on the basis of rank and define each class. 7. What is meant by "parts of equal rank”? 8. Name and define the classes of the co-ordinate conjunction. 9. In what two ways do co-ordinate and subordinate conjunctions differ? 10. Mention some of the different relations denoted by subordinate conjunctions, and give illustrations. 11. What are correlative conjunctions? Give examples. 12. Mention phrases that are used as conjunctions. CHAPTER X. THE INTERJECTION. 314. An interjection (20) is a word used to express emotion or feeling, but it represents no definite idea. It has no grammatical connection with the sentence, and is therefore not a "part of speech." It is customary, however, and convenient to speak of the interjection as a part of speech. The word literally means thrown in between. When we are concerned only with the intellect and wish to express simply ideas and thoughts we do not need interjections, and should not use them. But there is another phase of mental activity known as the feelings, which constitutes a very important part of mental life. All joys and sorrows are experienced in the feelings. When we wish to express our feelings, the interjection is a very convenient form of speech. 315. The importance of the interjection as a form of expression has been set forth by Fowler in the following words: "The fact that interjections express the multiplied emotions of the human mind, and lend their aid where all other language fails in this respect; that they are the only medium of intercourse between man and the brute creation, or of animals with each other; and that they are a natural universal language, is sufficient to exhibit their importance in a philosophic view. There can be no doubt that interjections, rightly used, contribute much to render language an exact picture of the human mind." CLASSES ON BASIS OF FEELING EXPRESSED. 316. No very satisfactory classification of the inter jection can be made on account of the fact that the same interjection may express a variety of feelings according to the way in which it is uttered. Thus ah! may express joy, pain, surprise, or disgust. Also the same feeling may be expressed by a number of different interjections. Sorrow may be expressed by oh, ah, alas, etc. The following classification is only suggestive: 1. Joy or surprise: oh! ah! hey! hurrah! 4. Call for attention: ho! hollo! hem! hark! 5. Call for silence: hush! hist! st! mum! 6. Imitation of sounds: tick-tock! bang! chug! 7. Etc., etc. NOTE 1.-In writing, the exclamation point usually follows the interjection. NOTE 2. Sometimes interjections govern the case of substantives; as, Ah me! dear me! These interjections require the pronoun to be in the objective case. The Latin has Heu me miserum!—Ah me unhappy! O fallacem spem!-O deceptive hope! EXERCISE XLVI. Point out the interjections in the following sentences, and tell what each expresses: 1. 2. 3. 4. Alas! I am undone. O joy! that in our embers Is something that doth live.-Wordsworth. Ah! what a weary race my feet have run.-Warton. 5. Ha! feel ye not your fingers thrill? 6. Bah! the mate for beauty Should be a man and not a money-chest!-Bulwer, 7. Fie, fie! you counterfeit, you puppet, you.-Shake speare. 8. Alas! I have nor hope nor health-Shelley. 9. Hark! listen to the music. 10. "Hollo! Gluck, my boy," said the pot again. 11. "Oh!" cried poor Gluck, running to look up the chimney after him; "oh dear, dear, dear me! My mug! my mug! my mug!".-Ruskin. 12. Ah! well-a-day! what evil looks, Had I from old and young! Instead of the cross, the Albatross SUMMARY. 317. The outline of the interjection. THE INTERJECTION (314). I. Definition (20). II. Classes on Basis of Feeling Expressed (316). 2. Pain or suffering. 1. What is an interjection? What is the literal meaning of the word? 2. What is the usual position of the interjection? 3. Why is it not properly a part of speech? 4. Show that the interjection is a means of communication between man and the brute creation; between animals. 5. Name some of the interjections used in communicating with animals. 6. Name other classes of interjections not given above. CHAPTER XI. THE VERBAL. 318. We have already learned (204) that some verb-forms are infinite; i. e., they are not limited by person and number. These forms do not assert, but assume action, being, or state. They are called verbals because they are derived from verbs and retain the following characteristics of verbs: 1. They express action, being, or state. 2. They take adverbial modifiers. 3. They are transitive or intransitive. When transitive, they govern substantives in the objective case. When copu lative they are followed by an attribute complement. 4. They frequently have subjects. 5. They have voice,-active and passive. 6. They have tense,-present, past, and perfect. Verbals do not have the grammatical properties of substantives or of attributive words, but in the sentence, they are used either substantively or attributively. There are two classes of verbals: infinitives and participles. THE INFINITIVE. 319. The infinitive is usually defined as the nounform of the verb, but it has characteristics and uses which render this definition inadequate. Let the pupils, after they have studied this chapter, make a definition of the infinitive. Each verb has two infinitives: present infinitive, and perfect infinitive. The following are the infinitives of the verb see: 320. Sign of the Infinitive.-The infinitive generally has before it the word to, which, in this use, is called its sign. Originally the to was a preposition, but in the development of the language, it has lost its prepositional force and has become a mere introductory word. The to is a part of the infinitive phrase and it has become so closely attached to the infinitive that it should not be separated from it. The phrase should be treated as a unit. The to is usually omitted in verb-phrases and after the verbs, bid, dare, feel, hear, help, let, make, need, see, and a few others. Thus, 1. Verb-phrases; as, Will go, may run, etc. 2. After certain verbs; as, (1) We shall bid him remain. (2) They dare not go farther. (3) They feel the house shake. (4) Whether we look, or whether we listen, (5) He will help us do the work. (6) Let them come on. (7) His father should make him obey. (8) Henry is here, so you need not remain. |