That.

1. Pronoun,-This is the man that I saw.

2. Adjective,-That man is honest.

3. Adverb, That far I hold that the Scriptures teach. 4. Conjunction,-It was so cold that the water froze. 5. Expletive,-James said that he would go.

The.

1. Adjective,-The man is rich.

2. Adverb,-The more the merrier.

There.

1. Adverb,-He stood there a long time.
2. Expletive,-There are two pints in one quart.
3. Interjection,-There! That will do now.

What.

1. Noun,-In building of chaises, I tell you what. Pronoun,-What did he say?

2.

3. Adjective,-What book have you?

4. Interjection,-What! has he escaped?

5. Adverb, What by intrigue and what by bribery he accomplished his purpose.

NOTE.-What-partly.

While.

1. Noun,-They worked well for a while.

2. Verb,-They will while away their time.

3.

Adverb,-You may read while you wait.

4. Conjunction,-They are dark, while we are light.

Worth.

1. Noun,-What's worth in anything

But so much money as 'twill bring?-Butler.

2. Adjective,-The book is worth a dollar.

3. Verb,-Woe worth the day.-Scott.

Wrong.

1.

Noun,-Friend, I do thee no wrong.-Matt. xx, 13.

2. Adjective,—You took the wrong number.

3. Verb,-You wrong me in this.

4. Adverb,-Ten censure wrong for one that writes amiss.

-Pope.

SECOND PART.

SYNTAX.

Consider for a moment what grammar is. It is the most elementary part of logic. It is the beginning of the analysis of the thinking process. The principles and rules of grammar are the means by which the forms of language are made to correspond with the universal forms of thought.-John Stuart Mill.

CHAPTER XII.

THE THOUGHT.

331. It has already been stated (4) that a thought is the mental product formed by the mind when it asserts a relation between two ideas, or notions. Then, the thought necessarily has three elements, the two ideas and the relation which the mind sees between the two ideas. This, of course, is the simplest form of thought. The primitive judgment (31 and 195) is of this form. A thought is always the result of comparison. Two ideas are compared and the mind asserts that they agree or disagree. If they agree, they are unified by an affirmation. If they disagree, they are set apart by a denial.

ELEMENTS OF THE THOUGHT.

332. Study the thoughts expressed by the following sentences with reference to the number of ideas in each:

1. Snow is white.

2. Gold and silver are useful metals.

3. Good people are not troublesome.

We are not always conscious of each step that the mind takes in forming a thought, but a close analysis I will show three:

(a) The mind thinks the idea expressed by snow.
(b) The mind thinks the idea expressed by white.
(c) The mind asserts the relation expressed by is.

Snow expresses the subject-idea, white expresses the attribute-idea, and is expresses the relation-idea.

These are called the essential elements of a thought because no thought can exist without them. Each element may be simple, complex, or compound. In (1) each element, consisting of a single idea, is simple. In (2) the subject-idea, consisting of the two co-ordinate ideas, gold and silver, is compound. In (3) the sub

ject-idea, consisting of the idea people limited by the subordinate idea good, is complex. Let the pupils classify the other ideas, giving reasons.

Elements used to limit other elements are called modifying elements, and they are always subordinate to the elements limited.

CLASSES OF THOUGHTS ON BASIS OF RANK.

333. With reference to their relative importance, study the thoughts expressed by each of the following sentences:

1. He will go when the train arrives.

2. Dogs bark and fishes swim.

3. The boy who came to school and who completed the course of study, has now accepted a good position.

In (1) the leading thought is expressed by "He will go." A less important thought is expressed by "when the train arrives." The first thought does not depend upon any other thought for its meaning. The second thought depends upon the first for its meaning, and is thereby reduced to the level of a modifier. The first thought is principal and independent, the second is subordinate and dependent.

In (2) each thought is independent of the other. When two or more thoughts are independent of each other, they are co-ordinate in rank. The thoughts expressed by "dogs bark" and "fishes swim" are co-ordinate in rank, and each may be said to be a principal thought. Sometimes thoughts are co-ordinate with each other and subordinate to a principal thought, as in (3).

On the basis of rank, thoughts are divided into three classes: principal, subordinate, and co-ordinate.

1. A principal thought is a thought which does not depend upon any other thought.

2. A subordinate thought is a thought which is a modifier of some part of a principal thought.

3. A co-ordinate thought is a thought which is equal in rank to some other thought with which it is connected.