I saw the house which was built of stone. 2. A subordinate sentence is a sentence which expresses a subordinate thought. It is always a modifier of some part of a principal sentence; as, I saw the house which was built of stone. 3. A co-ordinate sentence is a sentence which expresses a co-ordinate thought. It is always equal in rank to some other sentence with which it is connected; as, Dogs bark and fishes swim. NOTE.-When sentences are combined to form a larger sentence, they are called clauses. Hereafter, we may use the term, clause, when referring to a sentence used as a part of a larger sentence. EXERCISE LI. On the basis of rank, classify the sentences, or clauses, in each of the following sentences: 340. CLASSES OF SENTENCES ON BASIS OF FORM. Study the following sentences with reference to the number and rank of the thoughts expressed by each: 1. Flowers bloom in the spring. 2. He could not work because he was sick. 3. Men must work and women must weep. 4. The time when we should act is at hand and the time when we must cease to act will come. The first sentence expresses but one thought. It is a simple sentence. The second sentence expresses a complex thought. It is a complex sentence. The third expresses a compound thought. It is a compound sen tence. On the basis of form, sentences may be divided into three classes: simple, complex, and compound. 1. A simple sentence is a sentence which expresses but one thought; as, Good books are useful. 2. A complex sentence is a sentence which expresses a complex thought. It is always composed of one principal clause and one or more subordinate clauses; as, The pupil who studies will learn. 3. A compound sentence is a sentence which expresses a compound thought. It is always composed of two or more connected co-ordinate clauses; as, Men may come and men may go, But I go on forever. NOTE.-When two or more complex sentences are combined to form a compound sentence, the combination is sometimes called a compound-complex sentence. See number 4. EXERCISE LII. Classify the following sentences on the basis of form: 1. Albany is the capital of New York. 2. The President's message was read by the clerk. 3. The scene around me was so beautiful that I scarcely noticed their absence. 4. When Mr. Gladstone became Prime Minister, the Khedive was a puppet in the hands of the British. 5. By fairy hands their knell is rung; By forms unseen their dirge is sung. 6. Hope tells a flattering tale, 7. Delusive, vain, and hollow. Of all sad words of tongue or pen, The saddest are these: "It might have been." 8. Toil on, poor heart, unceasingly; And thou shalt find thy dream to be A truth and noonday light to thee. CLASSES OF SENTENCES ON BASIS OF MEANING. 341. Study the following sentences with reference to their meaning or purpose: 1. Gold is found in Alaska. 2. Who wrote the first English grammar? 3. How charming is divine philosophy! 4. Quit yourselves like men. The first sentence expresses a declarative thought, and is therefore a declarative sentence. It appeals to the intellect and gives out information. The second sentence expresses an interrogative thought, and is therefore an interrogative sentence. It appeals to the intellect and asks for information. The third sentence expresses an exclamatory thought, and is therefore an exclamatory sentence. Its purpose is to arouse the emotions. The fourth sentence expresses a command (an imperative thought), and is therefore an imperative sentence. Its purpose is to arouse the will. On the basis of meaning or purpose, the sentence may be divided into four classes: declarative, interrogative, exclamatory, and imperative. 1. A declarative sentence is a sentence which expresses a declarative thought. 2. An interrogative sentence is a sentence which expresses an interrogative thought. 3. An exclamatory sentence is a sentence which expresses an exclamatory thought. 4. An imperative sentence is a sentence which expresses an imperative thought. NOTE.-Pupils should distinguish sharply between ideas and words, and between thoughts and sentences. A thought is a mental thing; a sentence is a physical thing. A thought can exist in the mind only; a sentence, being physical, can not enter the mind. One can not literally convey his thoughts to another; he simply puts out symbols (sentences) and these symbols cause similar thoughts to be produced in the mind of another. This power to produce a similar thought in the mind of another is what is meant by the term express. EXERCISE LIII. Classify the following sentences on the basis of form and of meaning: 1. Come into the garden, Maud. 2. 3. What kind of people first inhabited England? I awoke and I got up at once. 4. Forgive us our debts as we forgive our debtors. Oh that those lips had language! 5. 6. Where are you going, my pretty maid? 7. The Lord said to Cain, "Where is thy brother?" 8. Judge not, that ye be not judged. 9. The way was long, the wind was cold, The minstrel was infirm and old. 10. The truth, itself, is not believed, From one who often has deceived. Observe the punctuation of the foregoing sentences and punctuate correctly the following: 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. James bring me that book It is mind after all that does the work of the world Thou art so full of misery Were it not better not to be What do you think I'll shave you for nothing And give you a drink SUMMARY. 342. Compare this outline of the sentence with the outline of the thought (336). 1. Define sentence. Name and define the principal elements. 2. Distinguish between a thought and a sentence. 3. Can you write a thought on the blackboard? Can you give a thought to another and keep it at the same time? What is really meant by "A sentence expresses a thought"? 4. Classify the sentence and define each class on the basis of form. On the basis of meaning. 5. What sentences are addressed to the intellect? To the sensibility? To the will? 6. What punctuation mark follows the declarative sentence? The interrogative? The exclamatory? The imperative? · CHAPTER XIV. ELEMENTS OF THE SENTENCE. 343. A further classification of the elements of the sentence will be made in this chapter. An element of a sentence is any word or group of words which expresses a distinct part of the thought. The classification on the basis of rank (338) has already been made. The classification with reference to base will be made next. For this purpose, study the italicized expressions in the following sentences: 1. Really honest men are trusted. 2. Men of real honesty are trusted. 3. Men who are really honest are trusted. |