16. Ah, well! for us all some sweet hope lies Deeply buried from human eyes. 17. When shall we three meet again? 18. 19. 20. None knew her but to love her; None named her but to praise. Carve your name on hearts, and not on marble. We Americans must all be cuckoos, for we build our homes in the nests of other birds. REVIEW. 26. Practice in making accurate definitions promotes clearness in thinking. Grammar offers ample opportunity for this sort of work. Much oral work should be done in connection with the work laid out in the text. Much drill is essential to thoroughness. 1. Define object and distinguish between a material object and an immaterial object; between a concrete object and an abstract object. 2. Define attribute and explain the three classes of attributes. 3. Define relation and make plain the difference betweer co-ordinate and subordinate relations. 4. What is an idea? A word? 5. What is speech? A sentence? 6. Upon what are the parts of speech based? 7. How many parts of speech are there? Why not have a different number? 8. Consult a dictionary for the literal meanings of interjection and expletive, and then tell why they should or should not be classed as parts of speech. 9. Name the parts of speech, and define each. 10. What is meant by Etymology as a division of grammar? CHAPTER III. THE NOUN. 27. A substantive word is a word which expresses an object. On the basis of the manner in which the object is expressed, substantive words may be put into two classes: nouns and pronouns. Pronouns will be studied in the next chapter. 28. A noun is a substantive word which expresses an object by naming it. In the following sentences point out, (1) the nouns that name individual objects, (2) the nouns that are class names, (3) the nouns that name collections, (4) the nouns that name substances, (5) the nouns that name attributes. 4. 5. The robin and the wren are small birds. A white lie soon loses its complexion. 6. Industry will bring its reward. 7. The audience is large every Sunday. The hyacinth has fragrance. 8. 9. 10. A swarm of bees just passed over. 29. The two classes into which nouns are usually divided are proper and common. A proper noun is a noun that names its object in such a way as to distinguish it from other similar objects; as, John Smith, Ohio River, etc. It is a name that applies only to an individual object, therefore, it has no subclasses. IN ENGLISH ALL PROPER NOUNS AND WORDS DERIVED FROM THEM SHOULD BEGIN WITH CAPITAL LETTERS. Proper nouns become class nouns when they are used to represent a class of objects; as, "Where are the Websters and Clays of to-day?" 30. The term common noun includes all nouns that are not individual names. The common noun is usually subdivided into four classes: class nouns, collective nouns, mass nouns, and abstract nouns. This classification is more convenient than scientific. Concrete nouns are not mentioned as such at all. Probably a more scientific classification of the noun can be made by examining the mind's way of contemplating the objects themselves. 31. The first objects of thought arose in the mind through the act of perception. The external objects were viewed as having shape, size, color, and other attri butes; hence they were looked upon as being composites, or concrete objects. The cognition of attributes as belonging to objects gave rise to such primitive judgments, as Snow is white; Rocks are hard; Horses trot; etc. These are examples of the kind of judgments first formed by the mind. The attributes, whiteness, hardness, trotting, etc., when they are considered apart from their objects, become abstract objects of thought. The name of a concrete object is a concrete noun. The name of an abstract object is an abstract noun. 32. The mind may view concrete objects in four ways: 1. As individual objects. The name given to an individual object to distinguish it from other like objects is a proper noun; as, John, Mary, Austin. 2. As grouped in classes on the basis of a common attribute. A name given to all the objects in a class is a class noun; as, boy, girl, city. 3. As a whole whose parts are similar individuals. A name given to a whole whose parts are similar individuals is a collective noun; as, army, flock, audience. 4. As substance without regard to any individual elements composing it; as, water, iron, space, wood, time. A name given to a substance, considered simply as substance, is a substance noun, or a mass noun. 33. An abstract noun is a noun which expresses an attribute. Abstract nouns are subdivided into three classes to correspond to the three classes of attributes; viz., abstract nouns expressing attributes of quality, abstract nouns expressing attributes of condition, and abstract nouns expressing attributes of action. Abstract nouns are formed: 1. From adjectives; as, whiteness from white; honesty from honest; badness from bad. 2. From verbs; as, belief from believe; running from run; judgment from judge. 3. man. From nouns; as, knavery from knave; manhood from Write the words from which the following ab stract nouns were formed: NOTE.-Abstract nouns become concrete when personified; as, "Wisdom hath builded her house, she hath hewn out her seven pillars." SUMMARY. 34. We may now make an outline of the noun as far as we have studied it. III. Classes on basis of the way in which the mind views objects. 1. Concrete (1) Proper. (2) Class. (4) Mass. 2. Abstract. (1) Of Quality. EXERCISE VIII. In the following sentences, point out the nouns and classify them according to the preceding outline: 5. Silver and gold have I none. Flesh and blood can not enter the Kingdom of Heaven. 6. Truth is stranger than fiction. 7. 8. Is Charles a stranger to truth? Cheerfulness blesses all whom it affects. 9. The cold days of winter have come. 10. The thunder frightened the herd of cattle. 11. A flock of wild ducks are in the pond. 12. Henry saw a covey of grouse. 13. How fleet is a glance of the mind! 14. In the early twilight of Thanksgiving Eve came Laurence, and Clara, and Charley, and Little Alice, hand in hand, and stood in a semicircle 'round Grandfather's chair.-Hawthorne. 15. How little they knew of the depth, and the strength, and the intenseness of that feeling of resistance to illegal acts of power, which possessed the whole American people! 16. Cowards die many times before their deaths; The valiant never taste of death but once.-Shakespeare. 17. Some are born great, some achieve greatness, and some have greatness thrust upon them.-Shakespeare. 18. 19. 20. "So nigh is grandeur to our dust, So near is God to man, When Duty whispers low, "Thou Must,' The Soul replies, 'I Can.' That that that you used should have been which. At midnight, in his guarded tent, The Turk lay dreaming of the hour When Greece, her knee in suppliance bent, Should tremble at his power.-Halleck. 21. The Chinese pitcher-plant is quite common in Ceylon, where it is called the monkey-cup, because the monkeys sometimes open the lid and drink the water when there is no spring of water where they can quench their thirst. 22. 23. On Linden, when the sun was low, All bloodless lay the untrodden snow. Goodness and mercy shall follow them all the days of their life. 24. The boast of heraldry, the pomp of power, And all that beauty, all that wealth e'er gave, The paths of glory lead but to the grave.-Gray. |