CONTENTS

OF

VOL. VII.

CHAPTER LII.

The two sieges of Constantinople by the Arabs. Their invasion of France, and

defeat by Charles Martel.-Civil war of the Ommiades and Abbassides.-

Learning of the Arabs.-Luxury of the caliphs.-Naval enterprises on Crete,

Sicily, and Rome. Decay and division of the empire of the caliphs.-Defeats

and victories of the Greek emperors.

Its consequences on private and public happiness

754, &c. 813, &c. Introduction of learning among the Arabians

Their real progress in the sciences

963-975. The eastern conquests of Nicephorus Phocas, and John

Zimisces

Conquest of Cilicia

Invasion of Syria

Recovery of Antioch

Passage of the Euphrates

Danger of Bagdad

67

ib.

69

70

.

71

ib.

72

ib.

74

ib.

CHAPTER LIII.

State of the eastern empire in the tenth century.—Extent and division.—Wealth

and revenue.-Palace of Constantinople.-Titles and offices.-Pride and

power of the emperors.-Tactics of the Greeks, Arabs, and Franks.-Loss

of the Latin tongue.-Studies and solitude of the Greeks.

The themes, or provinces of the empire, and its limits in every age

Oblivion of the Latin language

The Greek emperors and their subjects retain and assert the name of

Romans

Period of ignorance

Revival of Greek learning

Decay of taste and genius

Want of national emulation

CHAPTER LIV.

Origin and doctrine of the Paulicians. Their persecution by the Greek em-

perors.-Revolt in Armenia, &c.—Transplantation into Thrace.—Propa-

gation in the West.-The seeds, character, and consequences of the reformation.

They hold the two principles of the Magians and Manichæans

The establishment of the Paulicians in Armenia, Pontus, &c.

Persecution of the Greek emperors

The Bulgarians.—Origin, migrations, and settlement of the Hungarians.-

Their inroads in the East and West.-The monarchy of Russia.-Geography

and trade.-Wars of the Russians against the Greek empire.-Conversion of

900. Tactics and manners of the Hungarians and Bulgarians

889. Establishment and inroads of the Hungarians

934. Victory of Henry the Fowler

A.D.

955. Victory of Otho the Great

839. Origin of the Russian monarchy

The Varangians of Constantinople

950. Geography and trade of Russia

Naval expeditions of the Russians against Constantinople

The Saracens, Franks, and Greeks, in Italy.-First adventures and settlement

of the Normans.-Character and conquests of Robert Guiscard, duke of

Apulia. Deliverance of Sicily by his brother Roger.-Victories of Robert

over the emperors of the East and West.-Roger, king of Sicily, invades

Africa and Greece.-The emperor Manuel Comnenus.—Wars of the Greeks

and Normans.-Extinction of the Normans.

A.D.

840-1017. Conflict of the Saracens, Latins, and Greeks, in Italy

871. Conquest of Bari

890. New province of the Greeks in Italy

983. Defeat of Otho III.

Anecdotes

1016. Origin of the Normans in Italy

1029. Foundation of Aversa

1038. The Normans serve in Sicily

1040-1043. Their conquest of Apulia

Character of the Normans

1046. Oppression of Apulia

1049-1054. League of the pope and the two empires
1053. Expedition of pope Leo IX. against the Normans
His defeat and captivity

Origin of the papal investiture to the Normans

1020-1085. Birth and character of Robert Guiscard

1054-1080. His ambition and success

1060. Duke of Apulia

His Italian conquests

School of Salerno

Trade of Amalphi

1060-1090. Conquest of Sicily by count Roger

1081. Robert invades the eastern empire

Siege of Durazzo

The army and march of the emperor Alexius

Battle of Durazzo

1082. Durazzo taken

Return of Robert, and actions of Bohemond