CONTENTS OF VOL. II.

CHAPTER XIV.

TROUBLES AFTER THE ABDICATION OF DIOCLETIAN.- DEATH OF CONSTANTIUS.

ELEVATION OF CONSTANTINE AND MAXENTIUS.-SIX EMPERORS AT THE

SAME TIME.—DEATH OF MAXIMIAN AND GALERIUS.-VICTORIES OF CON-

STANTINE OVER MAXENTIUS AND LICINIUS. — REUNION OF THE EMPIRE

UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF CONSTANTINE.

305-323. Period of Civil Wars and

Ambition of Galerius disap-
Confusion . . . . . 106 , pointed by two Revolu-
Character and Situation of

tions . . . . . . . 109
Constantius . . . . . 106 274. Birth, Education, and Escape

Of Galerius . . . . . . 107

of Constantine .. 109

The two Cæsars, Severus and 306. Death of Constantius, and

Maximin . . . . . . 108

Elevation of Constantine. . 111

CONTENTS OF VOL. II.

133

A.D.

Page | A.D.

Page

He is acknowledged by Gale-

Battie of Turin . . . . . 128

rius, who gives him only

Siege and Battle of Verona . 129

the Title of Cæsar, and that

Indolence and Fears of Max-

of Augustus to Severus . 112

entius . . . . . . . 130

The Brothers and Sisters of 312. Victory of Constantine near

Constantine . . . . . 112

Rome . . . . . . . 131

Discontent of the Romans at

His Reception . . . . .

the Apprehension of Taxes 113 His Conduct at Rome. .. 134

306. Maxentius declared Emperor 313. His Alliance with Licinius . 135

at Rome . . . . . . 114 War between Maximin and

Maximian reassumes the

Licinius . . . . . . 135

Purple . . . . . . . 115 The Defeat of Maximin . . 136

307. Defeat and Death of Severus 115 His Death . . . . . . 136

Maximian gives his Daughter

Cruelty of Licinius . . . . 136

Fausta, and the Title of

Unfortunate Fate of the Em-

Augustus, to Constantine . 116

press Valeria and her

Galerius invades Italy. . . 117

Mother . . . . . . . 137

His Retreat . . . . . 118 314. Quarrel between Constantine

307. Elevation of Licinius to the

and Licinius. . . . . 139

Rank of Augustus . . . 119 First Civil War between them 140

Elevation of Maximin..

314. Battle of Cybalis . . . . 140

308. Six Emperors . . . .

Battle of Mardia . . . . 141

Misfortunes of Maximian.

Treaty of Peace . . . .

. 141

310. His Death . . . . . . 121

315-323. General Peace and Laws

311. Death of Galerius . .

of Constantine . . . . 142

His Dominion shared between 322. The Gothic War . . . . 144

Maximin and Licinius . . 323. Second Civil War between

306-312. Administration of Con-

Constantine and Licinius . 145

stantine in Gaul . . . . 123 Battle of Hadrianople . . 146

Tyranny of Maxentius in

Siege of Byzantium, and

Italy and Africa . . . .

Naval Victory of Crispus . 147

312. Civil War between Constan-

Battle of Chrysopolis ... 148

tine and Maxentius. . . 125 Submission and Death of

Preparations . . . . . . 126

Licinius . . . . . . 149

Constantine passes the Alps. 127 | 324. Reunion of the Empire . . 150

120

CHAPTER XV.

THE PROGRESS OF THE CHRISTIAN RELIGION, AND THE SENTIMENTS, MANNERE,

NUMBERS, AND CONDITION OF THE PRIMITIVE CHRISTIANS.

Importance of the Inquiry. 151 The Ebionites . . . . . 160

Its Difficulties . . . . . 151 The Gnostics . . . . . 161

Five Causes of the Growth of

Their Sects, Progress, and

Christianity . . . . . 152

Influence . . . . . . 163

The Dæmons considered as

1. THE FIRST Cause. Zeal

the Gods of Antiquity . . 165

of the Jews . . . . . 152 Abhorrence of the Christians

Its gradual Increase . . . 154

for Idolatry . . . . . 166

Their Religion better suited

Ceremonies . . . . . . 166

to Defence than to Con-

Arts . . . . . . . . 166

quest . . . . . . .

155

Festivals . . . . . . . 167

More liberal Zeal of Christi-

anity . . . . . . . 156
Obstinacy and Reasons of the

II. THE SECOND Cause. The

believing Jews . . . 157

Doctrine of the Immor-

The Nazarene Church of Je-

tality of the Soul among

rusalem . . . . . . 158

the Philosophers. . . . 168

Zeal for Christianit' . . . 167

ristianity . . . 168
CONTENTS OF VOL. II.

CHAPTER XVI.

THE CONDUCT OF THE ROMAN GOVERNMENT TOWARDS THE CHRISTIANS, FROM

THE REIGN OF NERO TO THAT OF CONSTANTINE.

Page

A.D.

Page | A.D.

The Jews were a People which 180. State of the Christians in the

followed, the Christians a

Reigns of Commodus and

sect which deserted, the

Severus . . . . . . 257

Religion of their Fathers . 223 211-249. Of the Successors of Se-

Christianity accused of Athe-

verus . . . . . . . 258

ism, and mistaken by the 244. Of Maxiniin, Philip, and De-

People and Philosophers . 225

cius . . . . . . . . 260

The Union and Assemblies of 252-260. Of Valerian, Gallienus,

the Christians considered

and his Successors . . . 261

as a dangerous Conspiracy 226 260. Paul of Samosata, his Manners 262

Their Manners calumniated . 227 270. He is degraded from the See

Their imprudent Defence. . 228

of Antioch . . . . . 262

Idea of the Conduct of the 274. The Sentence is executed hy

Emperors towards the

Aurelian . . . . . . 263

Christians . . . . . . 284-303. Peace and Prosperity of

They neglected the Christians

ihe Church under Dic

as a Sect of Jews . . .

cletian . . . . . . . 264

The Fire of Rome under the

Progress of Zeal and Super-

Reign of Nero . . . . 232

stition among the Pagans . 265

Cruel Punishment of the

Maximian and Galerius

Christians as the Incen-

punish a few Christian sol-

diaries of the City . . . 233

diers . . . . . . . 267

Remarks on the Passage of

Galerius prevails on Diocle-

Tacitus relative to the Per-

tian to begin a general Per-

secution of the Christians

secution . . . . . . 268

by Nero . . . . . . 234

| 303. Demolition of the Church of

Oppression of the Jews and

Nicomedia. . . . . . 263

Christians by Domitian . 237 The first Edict against the

Execution of Clemens the

Christians . : : : : : 269

Consul . . . . . . . 239 Zeal and Punishment of a

Ignorance of Pliny concerning

Christian . . . . . . 270

the Christians . . . . 240 Fire of the Palace of Nico-

Trajan and his Successors

media imputed to the

establish a legal Mode of

Christians . . . . . . 271

proceeding against them . 241 Execution of the first Edict. 272

Popular Clamours . . . . 242 Demolition of the Churches . 273

Trials of the Christians . . 243 Subsequent Edicts . . . . 274

Humanity of the Roman Ma 303-311. General Idea of the Per.

gistrates . . . . . . 244

secution . . . . . . 275

Inconsiderable Number of

In the Western Provinces,

Martyrs . . ..

under Constantius and Con-

Example of Cyprian, Bishop

stantine . . . . . . 275

of Carthage . . . . . 246 In Italy and Africa, under

His Danger and Flight.

Maximian and Severus . . 276

257. His Banishment . . .

Under Maxentius . . . . 276

His Condemnation . . .

248

In Illyricum and the East,

His Martyrdom . . .

under Galerius and Max-

Various Incitements to Mar-

imian , : :

.

:

. . . 278

tyrdom . . . . .,

: . 250 311. Galerius publishes an Edict

Ardour of the first Chris-

of Toleration . . . . . 278

tians . . . . . . . 252 Peace of the Church.. 278

Gradual Relaxation . . . 253 Maximin prepares to renew

Three Methods of escaping

the Persecution. . . 280

Martyrdom . . . . . 313. End of the Persecutions. . 281

Alternatives of Severity and

Probable Account of the Suf.

Toleration . . . . . . 255

serings of the Martyrs and

The Ten Persecutions. . . 255

Confessors . . . . . .

Supposed Edicts of Tiberius

Number of Martyrs . . . 283

and Marcus Antoninus. . 256 Conclusion . . . . . . 284

247

247

CONTENTS OF VOL. II

CHAPTER XVII.

FOUNDATION OF CONSTANTINOPLE.— POLITICAL SYSTEM OF CONSTANTINE AJO

HIS SUCCESSORS. — MILITARY DISCIPLINE. — THE PALACE.—THE FINANCES.

A.D.

Page | A.D.

Page

324. Design of a new Capital . . 286 The Governı rs of the Pro.

Situation of Byzantium . . 287

vinces . . . . . . 314

Description of CONSTANTI-

The Profession of the Law 317

NOPLE. . . . . . . 287 III. The Military Officers . 319

The Bosphorus . .... 288

Distinction of the Troops . 320

The Port of Constantinople . 289 Reduction of the Legions . 322

The Propontis . . . . . 290

Difficulty of Levies . . . 323

The Hellespont. . . 290

Increase of Barbarian Auxi-

Advantages of Constanti-

liaries . . . . . . 324

nople . . . . . .

IV. Seven Ministers of the

Foundation of the City .

Palace . . . . . . . 325

Its Extent. . .

1. The Chamberlain . . 326

Progress of the Work..

2. The Master of the Offices 326

Edifices . . . . . .

3. The Quæstor . . . . 327

Population ..,

4. The Public Treasurer . 328

Privileges. .

5. The Private Treasurer . 329

330 or 334. Dedication . . . . 302

6, 7. The Counts of the Do-

300-500. Form of Government in

mestics . . . . . . 330

the Roman Empire . . .

Agents, or Official Spiez

Hierarchy of the State . . 304 Use of Torture . . . . . 331

Three Ranks of Honour . . 305 Finances . . . .

FOUR Divisions of Office . . 305 The General Tribute, or In-

I. The Consuls . . . . . 306

diction . . . . . . . 334

The Patricians . . . . 308 Assessed in the Form of a

II. The Prætorian Præfects . 310

Capitation .

The Præfects of Rome and

Capitation on Trad

Constantinople ... 312

dustry, · · · · · ·016

The Proconsuls, Vice-Præ-

Free Gifts . .

fects, &c. . . . . . 313 Conclusion . . . . . .

CHAPTER XVIII.

CHARACTER OF CONSTANTINE.-GOTHIC WAR.—DEATH OP CONSTANTINE.-

DIVISION OF THE EMPIRE AMONG HIS THREE SONS.—PERSIAN WAR.—TRAGIC

DEATHS OF CONSTANTINE THE YOUNGER AND CONSTANS.USURPATION OF

MAGNENTIUS.—CIVIL WAR.- VICTORY OF CONSTANTIUS.

Character of Constantine . . 345 Their Settlement near the

His Virtues . . . . . . 345

Danube . . . . . . 358

His Vices . . . . . . . 346 331. The Gothic War . . . . 359

His Family . . . . . . 348 334. Expulsion of the Sarmatians 361

Virtues of Crispus . . . . 350

... 350 i 337. Death and Funeral of Con-

324. Jealousy of Constantine . . 351

stantine . . . . . 302

325. Edict of Constantine.. 351 Factions of the Court . . . 363

326. Disgrace and Death of Crispus 351 Massacre of the Princes . . 364

The Empress Fausta . . . 353 337. Division of the Empire . . 366

The Sons and Nephews of 310. Sapor, King of Persia . . . 366

Constantine . . . . . 355 State of Mesopotamia and

Their Education . .. 356

Armenia . . . . . . 367

Manners of the Sarmatians . 357 342. Death of Tiridates . . . . 368

VOL. 11.

.