CONCLUSIONS For normal efficient operation the ventilating currents should be positively controlled (mechanically) and should sweep all working places and travel ways. The air circulated in the mine should contain not less than 19.5 percent oxygen nor more than 0.5 percent carbon dioxide and no harmful quantities of noxious or poisonous gases. Fires, gases, and ventilation in all of their phases have a direct bearing on the health, safety, and efficiency of employees in metal and nonmetallic mines. Protection against the occurrence of mine fires and an occasional explosion involves the elimination or control of both the combustible materials and the sources of ignition. The first line of defense is adequate, mechanically controlled ventilation. Good housekeeping will do much to control flammable materials. The prohibition of smoking, use of electric cap lamps, safeguarded blasting, and the proper installation and maintenance of electrical equipment will remove many of the ignition sources. Other preventive and protective measures are: (1) Fire-fighting facilities; (2) positive warning systems; (3) evacuation methods; (4) formulated procedure plans for emergencies; and (5) employees trained to use emergency equipment and to comply with formulated plans. 118 SUGGESTED READING-FIRES, GASES, AND VENTILATION 1. TOLLY, R. E. Mine-Fire Methods Employed by the United Verde Copper Co. Trans. AIME, vol. 55, 1916, pp. 186-202. 2. HENDERSON, Y., and Paul, J. W. Oxygen Mine Rescue Apparatus and Physiological Effects on Users. Bureau of Mines Tech. Paper 82, 1917, 102 pp. 3. SHERMAN, G. Measures for Controlling Fires at the Copper Queen Mine. Trans. AIME, vol. 59, 1918, pp. 318-325. 4. BRUCE, J. L. Fire Prevention in Butte and Superior. Min. and Sci. Press, vol. 118, 1919, p. 752. 5. ROOD, V. S., AND NORDEN, J. A. Engineering Problems Encountered During Recent Mine Fire at Utah-Apex Mine, Bingham Canyon, Utah. Trans. AIME, vol. 61, 1919, pp. 204–215. 6. HARRINGTON, D. Metal Mines. 7. MCELROY, G. E. An Unusual Hazard in Reopening Long-Flooded Timbered Bureau of Mines Rept. of Investigations 2255, 1921, 3 pp. Rock-Strata Gases in Mines of the East Tintic Mining District, Utah. Bureau of Mines Rept. of Investigations 2275, 1921, 3 pp. 8. DALY, W. B., AND BERRIEN, C. L. Mining Methods and Installations of Anaconda Copper Mining Co., at Butte, Mont. Trans. AIME, vol. 68, 1922, p. 6. 9. GARDNER, E. D. Rock-Strata Gases in Mines of a Nevada Mining District. Bureau of Mines Rept. of Investigations 2427, 1922, 4 pp. 10. HARRINGTON, D. Lessons From Granite Mountain Shaft Fire, Butte. Bureau of Mines Bull. 188, 1922, 50 O pp. 11. HARRINGTON, D., PICKARD, B. O., AND WOLFLIN, H. M. Bureau of Mines Tech. Paper 314, 1923, 20 pp. Metal-Mine Fires. 12. BUREAU OF MINES. Mine Rescue Standards, A Tentative Study. Bureau of Mines Tech. Paper 334, 1923, 44 pp. 13. RAHILLY, H. J. Mine Fires and Hydraulic Filling. Trans. AIME, vol. 68, 1923, pp. 61-72. 14. TRACY, L. D., AND HENDRICKS, R. W. Small Hose Streams for Fighting Mine Fires. Bureau of Mines Tech. Paper 330, 1925, 23 pp. 15. PICKARD, B. O. Lessons From Fire in the Argonaut Mine. Bureau of Mines Tech. Paper 363, 1926, 39 pp. 16. DENNY, E. H., MARSHALL, K. L., AND FIELDNER, A. C. Rock-Strata Gases of the Cripple Creek District and Their Effects on Mining. Bureau of Mines Rept. of Investigations 2865, 1928, 24 pp. 17. GARDNER, E. D., AND STEIN, E. Explosibility of Sulfide Dust in Metal Mines. Bureau of Mines Rept. of Investigations 2863, 1928, 11 pp. 18. INTERNATIONAL CRITICAL TABLES. N. Y., vols. and 3, 1928. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, 19. DENNY, E. H., MARSHALL, K. L., FIELDNER, A. C., EMERY, A. H., YANT, W. P., AND SELVIG, W. A. Rock-Strata Gases of the Cripple Creek District, Colorado, and Their Effect on Mining. Bureau of Mines Bull. 317, 1930, 66 pp. 20. GLAESER, O. A. Protective Measures Against Gas Hazards at United Verde Mine. AIME Tech. Pub. 276, 1930, 10 pp. 21. YANT, W. P. Hydrogen Sulfide in Industry: Occurrence, Effects, and Treatment. Am. Jour. Pub. Health, 1930, vol. 20, pp. 598–608. 22. HARRINGTON, D., and DENNY, E. H. Gases That Occur in Metal Mines. Bureau of Mines Bull. 347, 1931, 21 pp. 23. MCELROY, G. E. Engineering Factors in Ventilation of Metal Mines. Bureau of Mines Bull. 385, 1935, 196 pp. 24. MONTGOMERY, W. J. Theory and Practice of Mine Ventilation. Jeffrey Mfg. Co., 1st ed., 1936, pp. 235-256. 25. ASH, S. H. Extinguishing a Fire at the Argonaut Mine. Min. Cong. Jour., vol. 25, May 1938, pp. 20-25, 53. 26. BERGER, L. B., AND SCHRENK, H. H. Methods for the Detection and Determination of Carbon Monoxide. Bureau of Mines Tech. Paper 582, 1938, 30 pp. 27. BUREAU OF MINES. Some Pertinent Information About Mine Gases. Inf. Circ. 6983, 1938, 15 pp. 28. HARRINGTON, D. Mine Ventilation. Bureau of Mines Inf. Circ. 7047, 1939, 16 pp. 29. FEISS, J. W. Ventilation and Dust Control at Climax Molybdenum. Min. Cong. Jour., vol. 26, July 1940, pp. 12–19. 30. EDGAR, JOHN, AND KNOERR, A. W. Streamlined Ventilation at Sunshine. Min. Cong. Jour., vol. 26, August 1940, pp. 23–26. 31. FORAKER, C. B. Underground Coaling at Magma Mine. Min. Cong. Jour., vol. 26, September 1940, pp. 49–50. 32. CARRIER, W. H. Air Cooling in the Gold Mines on the Rand. Trans. AIME, vol. 141, 1940, pp. 276-287. 33. FENE, W. J. Novel Device for Collecting Air Samples in Inaccessible Places. Bureau of Mines Inf. Circ. 7122, 1940, 2 pp. 34. GRIFFITH, F. E., AND SCHRENK, H. H. Use of Respiratory Protective Devices Under Abnormal Air Pressure. Bureau of Mines Rept. of Investigations 3488, 1940, 9 pp. 35. HUMPHREYS, W. J. Physics of Air. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, N. Y., 3d ed., 1940, p. 67. 36. CROSBY-FISK-FOSTER. Handbook of Fire Protection. Assoc., 1941, pp. 719-976. Nat. Fire Protect. 37. Fellman, C. M. Fires in Lake Superior Iron Mines. Proc. Lake Superior Mines Safety Council, 1941, pp. 96–112. 38. HARRINGTON, D., AND ASH, S. H. Some Essential Factors in Tunneling. Bureau of Mines Bull. 439, 1941, 61 pp. 39. HARRINGTON, D., AND DAVENPORT, S. J. Review of Literature on Conditioning of Air for Advancement of Health and Safety in Mines. II. Bureau of Mines Inf. Circ. 7182, 1941, 104 pp. 40. HARRINGTON, D., AND FENE, W. J., Barricading as a Life-Saving Measure Following Mine Fires and Explosions (revised December 1946). Bureau of Mines Miners' Circ. 42, 1948, 80 pp. 41. FORBES, J. J., AND GROVE, G. W. Procedure in Sealing and Unsealing Mine Fires and in Recovery Operations Following Mine Explosions. Bureau of Mines Miners' Circ. 36, rev. 1948, 84 pp. 42. HARRINGTON, D., AND EAST, J. H., JR. Stenches for Emergency Warnings in 43. HENDERSON, Y., AND HAGGARD, H. W. 44. MACDONELL, D. E. Installing Ventilation at Falconbridge. Canadian Milk Jour., vol. 64, March 1943, pp. 131-141. 45. RICHARDSON, A. S. Progress in Air Conditioning for Ventilation of the Butte Mines. Trans. AIME, vol. 153, 1943, pp. 203–222. 46. SCOTT, G. S. Anthracite Mine Fires: Their Behavior and Control. Bureau of Mines Bull. 455, 1944, 206 pp. 47. CASH, F. E., AND JOHNSON, E. W. Stench Warning Tests, Lake Superior District Mines. Bureau of Mines Rept. of Investigations 3850, 1945, 23 pp. 48. FORBES, J. J., GRIFFITH, F. E., CASH, F. E., AND PETERSEN, M. S. Mine Rescue Life-Line Telephone Assemblies. Bureau of Mines Rept. of Investigations 3875, 1946, 11 pp. 49. MAIZE, E. R., AND BERRY, J. V. A Plan for Training Mine Officials in Rescue Organization and Disaster Prevention. Bureau of Mines Inf. Circ. 7353, 1946, 13 pp. 50. BUREAU OF MINES. Some Safety Practices for Metal Mines, Nonmetal Mines (Other Than Coal), Mills, Metallurgical Plants, and Quarries. Inf. Circ. 7387, 1946, 56 pp. 51. BERGER, L. G., ELLIOTT, M. A., HOLTZ, J. C., AND SCHRENK, H. H. Diesel Engines Underground. Bureau of Mines Rept. of Investigations 4032, 1947, 26 pp. 52. FELLMAN, C. M., Fires and Fire-Prevention Practices in Lake Superior District Iron Mines. Proc. Lake Superior Mines Safety Council, 1947, pp. 46-94. 53. HARRINGTON, D., AND EAST, J. H., JR. Diesel Equipment in Underground Mining. Bureau of Mines Inf. Circ. 7406, 1947, 87 pp. 54. MCELROY, G. E. A Mine Air-Conditioning Chart. Bureau of Mines Rept. of Investigations 4165, 1947, 23 pp. 55. SHEPHERD, MARTIN. Rapid Determination of Small Amounts of Carbon Monoxide. Anal. Chem., vol. 19, 1947, pp. 77-81. 56. CASH, F. E., AND PETERSEN, M. S. Safe Equipment, Guards, and Practices, Lake Superior District Iron-Ore Mines. Bureau of Mines Inf. Circ. 7454, 1948, 98 pp. 57. COGGESHALL, E. J., FELEGY, E. W., AND HARRISON, L. H. Some Studies on Emergency Mine Communication. Bureau of Mines Rept. of Investigations 4135, 1948, 44 pp. 58. ELLIOTT, M. A. Review of Bureau of Mines Work on Use of Diesel Engines Underground. Bureau of Mines Rept. of Investigations 4381, 1948, 28 pp. 59. Look, A. D. Underground Metal-Mine Fires From Cutting and Welding. Bureau of Mines Inf. Circ. 7453, 1948, 9 pp. 60. PEELE, ROBERT (ed.). Mining Engineers' Handbook: Mine Ventilation. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 3d ed., vol. 1, sec. 14, 1948, pp. 1–66. 61. PIERCE, S. J., AND SCHRENK, H. H. Determination of Sulfur Dioxide in Air by Means of Midget Impinger. Bureau of Mines Rept. of Investigations 4282, 1948, 6 pp. 62. BERGER, L. B., AND SCHRENK, H. H. Sampling and Analysis of Mine Atmos 63. BUSCH, H. W., AND BERGER, L. B. Sampling and Determination of Aldehydes in Diesel-Engine Exhaust Gas and in Mine Air. Bureau of Mines Rept. of Investigations 4531, 1949, 9 pp. 64. GIBSON, CLIFFORD S. Fire Prevention at Ontario Mines. Proc. Lake Superior Mines Safety Council, 1949, pp. 110-123. 65. HYVARINEN, JOHN, JOHNSON, L. H., AND KENNEDY, D. O. Major Disasters at Metal and Nonmetal Mines and Quarries in the United States (Excluding Coal Mines). Bureaus of Mines Inf. Circ. 7493, 1949, 26 pp. 66. PATTY, F. A. Arsenic, Phosphorus, Selenium, Sulfur, and Tellurium; chap. in Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York, N. Y., vol. 2, 1949, p. 584. 67. ASH, S. H. Carbon Dioxide Content of Mine-Fire Atmospheres as an Aid When Fighting Metal-Mine Fires. Bureau of Mines Inf. Circ. 7590, 1950, 25 pp. 68. BERGER, L. B., AND DAVENPORT, S. J. Effects of the Inhalation of Oxygen. Bureau of Mines Inf. Circ. 7575, 1950, 36 pp. 69. MCELROY, G. E. Historical Résumé of Mine and Tunnel Ventilation Studies, Bureau of Mines, 1910-49. Bureau of Mines Inf. Circ. 7556, 1950, 16 pp. 70. RAHILLY, H. J. Mine Fires and Mine-Fire Prevention in the Butte Mines. Proc. Lake Superior Mines Safety Council, 1950, pp. 55–69. 71. VAN FLEET, L. A., AND LOOK, A. D. Central Mine Rescue Station, GlobeMiami District, Mine-Rescue and First-Aid Association, Globe, Ariz. Bureau of Mines Inf. Circ. 7575, 1950, 20 pp. 72. LEWIS, WALTER E. Ventilation-Air Heating Plants of the Menominee Range. Bureau of Mines Inf. Circ. 7596, 1951, 9 pp. 73. MCGUIRE, L. H. Extinguishing Mine Fires by Dry Ice or Carbon Dioxide. Pres. at Nat. Safety Cong., Chicago, Ill., Oct. 8-12, 1951, 20 pp. 74. TIMMERMAN, W. O. Safe Practices in Oxyacetylene Welding and Cutting. Proc. Lake Superior Mines Safety Council, 1951, pp. 82-89. 75. COWARD, H. F., AND JONES, G. W. Limits of Flammability of Gases and Vapors. Bureau of Mines Bull. 503, 1952, 155 pp. 76. FELEGY, E. W., AND FELLMAN, C. M. Fires and Fire-Prevention Practices in Lake Superior District Iron Mines. Proc. Lake Superior Mines Safety Council, 1952, pp. 33-100. 77. KINGERY, D. S., AND BAKER, F. D. A Practical Method for Teaching Mine Workers and Officials Use of Gas-Detecting Equipment. Bureau of Mines Inf. Circ. 7639, 1952, 6 pp. 78. YOPES, P. F. Fire-Retarding Points and Compounds for Use on Mine Timbers. Pres. at Nat. Safety Cong., Chicago, Ill., Oct. 20-24, 1952, 13 pp. 79. AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION ARCHIVES OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE AND OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE. Threshold Limit Values for 1953. Vol. 8, 1953, pp. 296-297. 80. BUREAU OF MINES. First Aid. A Bureau of Mines Instruction Manual. 1953, 160 pp. 81. Accident Prevention in Nonferrous-Metal Processing Plants. 1. Injury Statistics. 1954, 77 pp. 2. Mills and Concentrators. 1954, 380 pp. 3. Smelters, Refineries, and Reduction Plants. 1955, 499 pp. 82. BEISSEL, A'. L., JR. Auxiliary Ventilation: Surface Plants and Underground. Skillings Min. Rev., Jan. 9, 1954, pp. 1, 17. 83. FORBES, J. J., AND GROVE, G. W. (revised March 1954 by MCELROY, G. E., WATSON, H. A., COGGESHALL, E. J., DORNENBURG, D. D., AND BERGER, L. D.). Mine Gases and Methods for Detecting Them. Bureau of Mines Miners' Circ. 33, 1954, 82 pp. 84. FORBES, J. J., AND GROVE, G. W. (revised 1954 by WALKER, W. DAN, JR., PEARCE, S. J., MORROW, A. E., AND BERGER, L. B.). Protection Against Mine Gases. Bureau of Mines Miners' Circ. 35, 1954, 58 pp. 85. JONES, G. W., ZABETAKIS, M. G., AND SCOTT, G. S. Elimination of Ethyl Mercaptan Vapor-Air Explosions in Stench Warning Systems. Bureau of Mines Rept. of Investigations 5090, 1954, 8 pp. 86. MCELROY, G. E. A Network Analyzer for Solving Mine-Ventilation-Distribution Problems. Bureau of Mines Inf. Circ. 7704, 1954, 13 pp. |