but even in doing it they managed to put in something to the disadvantage of Lord Baltimore. He, as the Proprietor of the colony, received from every one who owned land a small "quit-rent," as it was called, a small sum of money, and of course paid no rent to himself for lands which he still held as his own. When the Assembly voted the £40,000 they laid a tax on land to raise part of the money and wished Lord Baltimore to pay the tax on all of his land that had not been granted to some one else. The amount he would have to pay was not very large, but Frederick Calvert* thought only of getting out of his colony all the money he could. We may feel sure that if George or Cecilius had been the Proprietor at that time, he would have given of his own free will much more than the Assembly had to force from Frederick. Surely the Proprietor ought to have been willing to share in the expense of defending his colony; but on the other hand the Assembly was more in the wrong to run the risk of having innocent men, not to say women and children, killed and tortured, by refusing to pass a straightforward Act to raise money for their defense. In the end Lord Baltimore, through Governor Sharpe, had to yield, and several matters concerning taxation that had made dissension between the Assembly and the Proprietor were decided in favor of the former.

* Frederick Calvert was succeeded as Proprietor of Maryland by his natural son, Henry Harford. There were thus six Lords Proprietary of Maryland: 1632, Cecilius Calvert; 1675, Charles Calvert; 1715, Benedict Leonard Calvert; 1715, Charles Calvert; 1751, Frederick Calvert; 1771, Henry Harford. The first Lord Baltimore, George Calvert, was not a Proprietor, and the last Proprietor, Henry Harford, was not a Lord Baltimore.

CHAPTER IV.

MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF THE COLONIAL PERIOD.

We have seen that the first colonists bought the site of St. Mary's from the Indians who already had a village there. These Indians belonged to the Pascataway tribes and were always friendly to the whites. At the head of Chesapeake Bay lived a more warlike nation, the Susquehannoughs, and in the East the Nanticokes. With these, as well as with the

Absence of
Indian Wars.

peaceful Pascataways, there was very little serious trouble beyond the occasional murder of a poor settler living on the outskirts, or his wife and children. There were no long and bloody wars such as were fought in other colonies, and this was largely due to the fairness with which the Indians were always treated. One of the Governors and his high officers even took part in the election of an Indian emperor, the successor of Uttapoingassinem; and some twenty years before another emperor, his queen, and his little son had been baptized. Afterwards this emperor and empress were married INDIAN AGRICULTURAL according to the Christian rites. The Pascataways seem to have died out gradually, while the Susquehannoughs were so weakened by attacks of smallpox and wars with their fierce neigh

AXE.

bors to the North, the Senecas and Cayugas, that they at last fled southward into Virginia. In their flight they were pursued by their enemies, the Senecas, who, while on the warpath did some damage to the plantations of the whites. The blame for this was laid on the Susquehannoughs, and in punishment their chiefs were massacred by the Virginia militia. The small remnant of the tribe returned to their old home on the Susquehanna River, and submitted to their Indian enemies. They lived on for about a hundred years, until, in 1763, the few remaining were massacred by the whites in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania.

The peacefulness

of the Indians had much to do with the way in which Maryland was settled. In New England, where the Indians might make an attack at almost any moment, the settlers naturally kept close together in towns and villages, where they could take refuge in a fort or block-house and defend themselves; but

Scattered
Settlements.

BLOCK-HOUSE.

in Maryland, where there was no need of this defense, they spread themselves out over the country, each family living on its own farm or plantation remote from the others. Even St. Mary's, where the courts were held and public business attended

to, never had more than sixty houses, and these were scattered for five miles along the shore.

For the first ninety years St. Mary's and Annapolis were the only real towns. Then came Joppa, on the Gunpowder River, which flourished after a fashion for fifty years, only to die away as its trade passed into the hands of the town of Baltimore.

Early Towns.

Before the present Baltimore was founded two other towns of that name had appeared, or rather had been made on paper and staked out, one* on the Bush River in Baltimore County in 1683, and another in Dorchester

*There is still a boat-landing on the Bush River, called "Old Baltimore." This landing seems to float up and down the river.

County. In the year 1729 the Assembly passed a law giving the planters near the Patapsco permission to buy land on that river to make a port for their vessels. The

Baltimore
Founded,

1730.

site of the town was first surveyed in 1730. Sixty acres of land, situated where the Basin now is, were bought of Charles and Daniel Carroll for forty shillings an acre. The town at the end of twenty years had only about twenty houses and one hundred inhabitants, but by the end of the Revolution it had grown to be a beautiful town. Market Street,

(From a sketch by John Moale in the possession of the Maryland Historical Society.)

Annapolis the Chief Town.

lined with houses brightly colored in blue, white and blue, or yellow, was the longest, gayest, and most beautiful street of any city in the country. For many years Annapolis was the chief town. It was small, but was beautifully laid out, and although originally a Puritan settlement, it became in course of time a centre of gayety. Balls were given, race meets were held, and the homes of the wealthy planters, such as the Carrolls, the Pacas, and others, were noted