In summing up, therefore, our written picture of Nottingham in its industrial relations, we have to superadd to all those features presented by Leicester, the additional ones arising out of the bobbin-net trade. The population is larger, the kind of work more varied, the amount of work done more extensive, the inventive powers more active, the national influence more important; but Nottingham, in the relations which the various classes of its population bear to each other, does not differ greatly from Leicester.

DERBY AND ITS ARBORETUM.

Let us now imagine that the railway rattles us along to Derby-a journey of some thirty or forty minutes. In bygone days it was a coach-ride of about fifteen miles, through Lenton, Bramcote, Stapleford, and Risley; but now the railway takes a south-western direction from Nottingham to Long-Eaton, where four lines of railway meet, one of which takes us to Derby. Derby is the meeting-point of those three railways -the North Midland, the Midland Counties, and the Birmingham and Derby-which, by amalgamation, form the huge and wide-spreading Midland Railway. The station is a large one, and (as matters stand at the present day) is the first object to which a tourist's attention is necessarily drawn. Were it not for the enormous extension recently made at the Euston Station, the Derby Station might well nigh claim to be ranked as the largest in the kingdom. The length of buildings and covered platform considerably exceeds a thousand feet; while the engine-establishment, the carriage and store-departments, the booking-offices and refreshmentrooms, are all on a scale of great magnitude.

It is not quite correct, however, to claim the first attention of the railway-traveller to the station, for the steeples of Derby appeal to his eye long before he reaches the town. The approach from Nottingham is a pleasant one. The pretty river Derwent flows through a portion of the town from north-west to south-east, on its way from the Derbyshire hills, above Matlock, to its termination in the Trent; and this river separates the railway from the main portion of the town, the churches of which stand out in bold relief as seen from the east. There is another and smaller stream which enters the Derwent at Derby. There are several bridges over this stream,—the Markeaton Brook; and there is a larger and finer stone bridge over the Derwent itself.

Derby is much more simple in its construction than Nottingham or Leicester. It consists mainly of one high street, running through the whole town from north to south; all the others being much subordinate to it. In this high street, or rather in an open area contiguous to it, on the east, is the market-place, containing a covered market and a spacious assembly-room. The town-hall and the county-hall, the grammar-school and the other schools, the hospitals and almshouses, the infirmary, the union-house, the lunatic asylum, the gaols-all bespeak the same kind of arrangements, and present the same general features as similar buildings

The churches, however, are somewhat remarkable. The chief architectural ornament of Derby is All Saints' Church (Cut, No. 7), in the High Street. Prior to the dissolution of the monasteries, it was a collegiate church. The tower is now the chief ornament, as it is a particularly rich specimen of the latest period of the perpendicular style; it consists of three stages, the lowest of which has a western doorway, and a niche on the east side; while the others have ornamented windows, and the whole is crowned with battlements and crocketted pinnacles. The tower has been lately restored; it contains a peal of ten bells, and there is a tradition in Derby, said to be borne out by the vestiges of an inscription, that it was erected at the expense of "young men and young maids." It is, however, only the steeple which thus claims notice as a monument of middle-age architecture; the body of the church is a Roman Doric edifice by Gibbs, built in 1725; but the interior is very light and elegant; there are rich monuments to the memory of one of the Earls of Devonshire, and the celebrated Countess of Shrewsbury; and there is a beautiful screen of open iron-work which is said to have cost £500. This church was formerly (and is still popularly) called Allhallows; at the time when it was collegiate, it had a master and seven prebendaries, and there is a house adjoining the church called the college, which was probably the residence of the collegians. St. Werburgh's Church is an old structure, situated near the Markeaton brook; it consists of a nave, chancel, and aisles in the Tuscan style, with a Gothic tower. St. Peter's is an ancient Gothic church, with a nave, chancel, aisles, and square embattled and pinnacled tower. St. Michael's is also an old Gothic structure, with similar general features to those of St. Peter's. St. Alkmund's Church was rebuilt in 1846; it is a fine structure, in the decorated style, with a beautiful spire rising to a height of 200 feet. St. John's Church, Trinity Church, and Christ Church, are modern structures. The Roman Catholic Church of St. Marie, erected about ten years ago, is one of the largest and finest places of worship in Derby. Besides the above, there are several Episcopal and Dissenting Chapels; and in the Nottingham-road there has recently been erected a Convent for the Sisters of Charity, with schools attached. St. Alkmund's, St. Marie's, and the remains of St. Mary's Chapel, appear in Cut, No. 8.

Derby, though not such a scene of intense and continued work as Nottingham, is yet a busy town, and its branches of employment are more numerous and more varied. The Trent is too far from Nottingham to be immediately available as a source of water-power for machinery; but the Derwent runs so conveniently through Derby, that it is an object of much commercial value to the townsmen, though not well fitted for navigation. The relation which Derby bears to the silk trade will merit a little attention presently, in which we shall see how much the Derwent had to do with the working of the first silk-mill erected in England.

it was opened to the public, and presented in great form to the corporation of the town, as trustees on the part of the inhabitants. The record of the proceedings of the day is very interesting. It was a general holiday in the town, and the corporate officers met in council. Mr. Strutt addressed the council at some length; and spoke of the increase in the trade and population of the town-its position as a central railway town-the spread of information and intelligence among the people -and the deficiency of healthy play-grounds and walks around the town; he stated that he had purchased eleven acres of land on the south side of the town, which he had caused to be laid out with paths and walks, and planted with trees and shrubs, for the use of the inhabitants; he explained the manner in which he proposed the corporation should manage the Arboretum, in respect to hours of admission, guardianship, &c.; and detailed the nature of his arrangements for supplying and stocking the grounds. He then made the following graceful and well-timed observations :"It has often been made a reproach to our country, that, in England, collections of works of art, and exhibitions for instruction and amusement, cannot, without danger of injury, be thrown open to the public. If any ground for such a reproach still remains, I am convinced that it can be removed only by greater liberality in admitting the people to such establishments; by thus teaching them that they are themselves the parties most deeply interested in their preservation, and that it must be the interest of the public to protect that which is intended for the public advantage. If we wish to obtain the affection of others, we must manifest kindness and regard towards them; if we seek to wean them from debasing pursuits and brutalizing pleasures, we can only hope to do so by opening to them new sources of rational enjoyment. It is under this conviction that I dedicate these gardens to the public; and I will only add, that as the sun has shone brightly on me through life, it would be ungrateful in me not to employ a portion of the fortune which I possess in promoting the welfare of those among whom I live, and by whose industry I have been aided in its acquisition."

The indoor ceremonies of the day terminated by the presentation by Mr. Strutt to the corporation of the deeds of settlement and other documents relating to the Arboretum. Then commenced the outdoor holiday: the whole assemblage, official and non-official, rich and poor, proceeded to the Arboretum,—some as component parts of a procession, and the rest as joyous spectators. The procession walked through the grounds-volleys of such kind of salutes as gunpowder can give were heard in plenty-cheers, and so forth, formed a much better kind of volley- and the official personages retired. Then began a merry afternoon for the nonofficials. Tents were erected in the grounds, under which dancing-parties assembled; then tea-drinking succeeded; then a printing-press within the grounds was employed in printing off copies of Mr. Strutt's Presentation Address; and, lastly, the retiring multi

The Arboretum thus presented to the townsmen of Derby cost Mr. Strutt upwards of £10,000. The trustees have lately purchased several more acres of land, and added to its size. It lies on the Osmaston road, southward of the town. At the entrance is a neat lodge, with gates, and in the lodge is a room for the temporary reception of visitors, where a 'suggestion-book,' or visitors' remark-book,' is kept: the idea is a liberal one; but a glance through the book shows that the visitors' suggestions,' or 'remarks,' are very seldom of much value. Immediately within the gates is a fine broad straight gravelled path, five or six hundred feet in length; and from this smaller winding paths branch out to the right and left. Mr. Loudon, having an eye to the picturesque diversity of landscape-gardening, did not allow the ground to maintain its former level untouched, but formed pleasant hillocks or mounds, around which the smaller paths bend. Grassy plots occupy for the most part the spaces between the paths; but there are numerous circular and oval beds, planted with shrubs. The gravelled walks exceed, in the whole, a mile in length; and at intervals, where favourable spots occur, seats or benches, and little arbours or summer-houses, are placed. In order that the arrangement of the grounds may be at once instructive and pleasurable, Mr. Loudon caused small tablets to be prepared and fixed near each tree or botanical specimen; each tablet consists of a brick support, in which is imbedded a small porcelain slab, containing an inscription; this inscription, in most cases, gives the number of the tree (as referred to in a catalogue), the Latin or scientific name, the English name, the country in which it principally grows, the date of its introduction into England, the height when full-grown, and other particulars. At various parts of the grounds boards are placed, on which are inscriptions indicative of the same kindly spirit and good taste observable in all the other arrangements of the grounds: "This Arboretum has been given to the public for their advantage and enjoyment, and is placed under their special care and protection. It is hoped, therefore, that the public will assist in protecting the trees and shrubs and seats from injury, and in preserving the property which is devoted to their use."

Long may the donors of such boons live to receive the thanks of those benefited thereby! These traits of kindness and consideration, between the favourites of fortune and those who occupy a less favoured position, are of infinite social service. They rub off the asperities of class and party and coterie, and bring man and man together in heartiness and friendliness.

THE MANUFACTURING ENVIRONS OF DERBY. Derbyshire is a county rich in pictorial and historical interest. The hills and the caves, the beautiful valleys and rivers, the noble mansions of the Devonshires and the Rutlands, the 'Peak,' and the imaginary 'Peverel,' with which Scott has associated it in our minds, are all noticed in another part of this volume. In the same way as in relation to the two former counties, therefore, we shall simply touch upon those few features observable in the environs of Derby, bearing upon industrial development.

In the first place, with respect to hosiery, silk, and cotton manufactures, we find the river Derwent by no means an unimportant one: it is an Irwell on a small scale. After passing beyond the town of Derby itself, we find, at a distance of a couple of miles, the village of Darley, where is situated a cotton-mill employing 700 or 800 persons. Two or three miles further on is Milford, one of those villages which owe almost all they possess to the operations of one establishment. The Messrs. Strutt have a vast factory for the spinning and manufacture of cotton, the bleaching and dyeing of the woven goods, a foundry for the manufacture of the machinery used in their business, and gasworks for supplying all their buildings: these varied operations give employment to more than 1,000 persons; and the stream of the river Derwent supplies the motive-power for the whole of the machinery. After another distance of about three miles we arrive at Belper, still more associated with manufactures than Milford. The Messrs. Strutt have here another vast establishment principally for spinning and weaving cotton, but combining most of the varied features observable at Milford. This mill, and the surrounding scenery, are sketched in Cut, No. 9. There are two other firms which have extensive factories of cotton and silk hosiery and gloves; and the three establishments together give employment to most of the inhabitants of Belper, the rest being employed in nail-making-an employment which generally locates itself not far from iron-mines. The Church of St. John the Baptist, erected in 1824, is rather an elegant specimen of the decorated style. Again advancing northward along the Derwent, to a spot about as far distant from Belper as Belper is from Derby, we come to Cromford—one of the most notable spots in connection with the history of the cotton manufacture. Cromford was a place of small importance till the time of Sir Richard Arkwright. He purchased the manor of Cromford, and erected there, in 1771, the first cotton-factory-the first factory whose arrangements embodied the completeness which distinguishes machine labour from hand labour. The Derwent was then the moving power, and after an interval of seventy-eight years, it still continues to be so. Improvements have been introduced and enlargements made; but the spot whence Arkwright first astonished the world by his cotton - spinning machinery still remains as a memento of that remarkable man. The Derwent was to Arkwright what it was

to Jedediah Strutt, a prime-mover to fortune; and the descendants of the two hard-working laboricus inventors, are now, perhaps, the wealthiest families in the county, excepting it may be the patrician owners of Chatsworth and Haddon. Darwin, in his Botanic Garden,' personifies the Derwent, in lines which were quoted in page 167 of our first volume, in connection with the cotton-factories of Manchester.

There are three cotton-factories belonging to the present descendant of Sir Richard Arkwright in and near Cromford, all of which are worked by the stream of the Derwent. Above this point the river leads us into the beautiful Matlock and Buxton regions, where picturesque scenery takes the place of productive industry.

Lying a little way east of Cromford is another busy district, in which coal, iron, stone, and lime, take the place of cotton and hosiery. This spot lies between the Derwent and the Erewash rivers, and comprises the rich mineral district around the Butterley Ironworks. Here lies, or rather underlies, the Derbyshire coal-field, interspersed with beds of iron ore; while at Crich, and other places in the vicinity, there are abundant supplies of limestone to smelt the ore; so that the means are at hand of making iron with great facility. The Butterley Works are conducted on a very large scale; since they are among the very few establishments in which the whole train of operations are centred under one proprietorship. Not only are the iron ore, the coal, and the lime found and worked on the Company's ground; not only is the iron melted and formed into pigs, bars, and sheets; but manufactures in iron are wrought there to a large extent. At Codnor and at Riddings, near at hand, are other large iron-works; and there are canals and railways not far distant, to afford an outlet for the valuable goods thus prepared. At Ripley, on the road from Ambergate to Butterley, we soon see that we are in the vicinity of extensive works; for the inhabitants of that town or village are mainly dependent on the works; and the fiery furnaces are not far distant from the town itself. These furnaces are elevated some forty or fifty feet from the ground; and at a level nearly equal with their tops commences an embankment, with a railway along it. This embankment extends to the coal and iron-mines of the Company, so that the ore and coal can be thrown into the furnaces at once from the pits. Vast ranges of coke ovens occupy portions of the space: the coke being in part for the Company's own use, in part for sale to railway companies and others. The two establishments at Butterley and Codnor-nearly three miles apart-belong to the same Company; a railway extends along the Company's ground from one to the other; and iron mines and coal mines are dotted over this large space. At the Butterley Works were made the castings for Vauxhall Bridge, and for many other structures of similar importance; so that these works are among the most interesting of the kind in England. The Company, too, have made admirable arrangements