Probable Existence of a Forest in the neighbourhood of Birken-

head in Ancient Times; the Peninsula of North Cheshire

formerly a Baronial Territory; Priory established on the

Spot now known as Birkenhead in 1170; Possessions of the

Priors of Birkenhead; Birkenhead, an insignificant place

Twenty Years ago; Hinderances to the Navigation of the

Dee; Wallasey Pool

160

Scheme for Building Docks at Birkenhead proposed by Mr.

Laird; Gradual Improvement of Birkenhead during the

last Twenty Years; Opening of the Railway to Birkenhead

in 1840; Purchase of Land at Birkenhead from the Corpo-

ration of Liverpool, for the purpose of Building Docks; Mr.

Rendel's Plan for the Birkenhead Docks

161

Bill brought into Parliament in 1843 to sanction the Building of

the Birkenhead Docks; First Stone of the Birkenhead

Docks laid in 1844; the Woodside Ferry; Ferry-boats

between Liverpool and the Cheshire side of the Mersey;

Birkenhead, in one sense, a Suburb of Liverpool; the

Railroad from Chester to Birkenhead

162

Various Railway Lines opening to the Inhabitants of Birken-
head; the Landing-place at Birkenhead; Woodside Basin;
the Prevalent Stone of Birkenhead

The Low Water Basin; Warehouses on the Western Side of the

Great Floating Harbour at Birkenhead; Finished Portions

of the Dock Warehouse Company's Works; the Workmen's

Dwellings; Sanatory Condition of Birkenhead

163

164

166

gence.

Interior arrangements of the Workmen's Dwellings; Ventilation

of the Workmen's Dwellings; Substitute for Gardens to

the Birkenhead Workmen's Houses.

167

Rents of the Dwellings for the Birkenhead working men;

houses for the working classes lately built in a central part

of Birkenhead; Description of Birkenhead in "Chambers's

Edinburgh Journal; ' the New Streets of Birkenhead;

Underground arrangements of Birkenhead; the vigilance

of the Town Commissioners marred by individual negli-

168

Hamilton Square; commercial and social improvements of

Birkenhead effected by a small number of individuals;

Churches at Birkenhead; various public buildings at Bir-

kenhead; the New Market at Birkenhead; the Park at

Birkenhead

169

Resolutions passed in the House of Commons relating to En-
closure Acts; advantages of public parks to the people;
Gift to the people of Derby of the Arboretum' by Mr.
Strutt; Address delivered by Mr. Strutt on opening the
'Arboretum' in 1840

170

Account given by Dr. Hunter Robertson of Birkenhead Park;

the future of Birkenhead; first attempts made for the im-

provements of Birkenhead

171

Body of Commissioners formed for the superintendence of Bir-

kenhead; Additions made in 1838 to the powers intrusted

to the Commissioners; the Birkenhead Town Commission

and Dock Commission; the Dock Warehouse Company;

Elements destined to form the future greatness of Birken-

head

172

The Shipping of Birkenhead; position of Birkenhead as a

port

173

175

Liverpool in past ages; Liverpool Castle attributed to King
John; Account given by Mr. Baines of the Rise of Com-
merce in England; allusions to Liverpool found in early
annalists and topographers; small importance of Liverpool
in the thirteenth century
174
Feud between the Stanleys and Molyneuxes at Liverpool in
1424; mention of Liverpool made by Leland; Shipping
arrangements of Liverpool in 1565; advancement of Liver-
pool after the year 1561; Liverpool besieged by Prince
Rupert; Liverpool during the Commonwealth; Descrip-
tion of Liverpool given by Blome in 1673

Growing importance of Liverpool in the seventeenth century;

Liverpool in the year 1700; Employment of Liverpool

ships for transport of slaves; the Liverpool Merchants at

the beginning of the eighteenth century; unchecked pro-

gress of Liverpool during the latter half of the eighteenth

century; Account of Liverpool given by Mr. Derrick in

1760; Increase in the Shipping of Liverpool

176

Spread of the Commerce of Liverpool in the reign of George

III.; position of Liverpool-a bird's-eye view; Liverpool

from the Mersey

View of Liverpool Docks from the river; Mr. Kohl's remarks

177

on the Docks of Liverpool; Plan for the formation of New

Docks at Liverpool; the Clarence Dock, Liverpool . 178

Description given by Sir George Head of the landing of pigs at

the Clarence Dock; the Trafalgar, Victoria, and Waterloo

Docks; Prince's Dock, Liverpool, opened in 1821; Ameri-

can sailing-ships in Prince's Dock; Account given by Mr.

Kohl of the minor arrangements of the Liverpool Docks 179

Prince's Dock, the recipient of the American steamers; Espla-
nade in front of Prince's Dock, Liverpool

George's Dock, the central spot of the Dock System of Liver-

pool; System of the Commercial Telegraph between Liver-

pool and Holyhead; the Goree Piazza, Liverpool; the

Ferry Steam-boats of Liverpool; the Canning Dock, Liver-

pool; the Public Baths, Liverpool; the Salthouse and

Duke's Docks at Liverpool

Mr. Kohl's opinion of the Liverpool Custom House; purposes

to which the Liverpool Custom House is appropriated;

vastness of the commerce of which the Liverpool Custom

House is the representative; Imports into Liverpool from

the United States

Commerce of Liverpool with the South American States; Com-

merce of Liverpool with the East; activity of Liverpool

in the Slave Trade; the Irish trade of Liverpool; amount

of the Customs' receipts at Liverpool; number of vessels

belonging to the Port of Liverpool; Liverpool one of the

chief Emigration Ports

185

Formation of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway; the
Railway Tunnels of Liverpool; the Passenger Station at
Liverpool; projects of the Manchester and Leeds and East
Lancashire Railway Companies

Architecture of St. Paul's Church, Liverpool; St. Luke's, one

of the best of the Modern Churches of Liverpool; Archi-

tecture of the Ecclesiastical Buildings of Liverpool 192

Foundation of the Collegiate Institution; Mr. Gladstone's

Speech at the Opening of the Collegiate Institution, . 193

Arrangements and Form of the Collegiate Institution; Exhibi-

tion there in 1843; Opening of the Liverpool Royal Insti-

tution in 1817; the Mechanics' Institute in Liverpool 194

The Instructional Classes of the Liverpool Mechanics' Institu-
tion; Occasional Exhibitions at the Institution; Educa-
tional and Scientific Societies in Liverpool

Mr. M'Culloch's Remarks on the People of Liverpool; Result

of the Health of Towns' Commission in Liverpool in 1844;

Mr. Duncan's Sketch of the Poorer Parts of Liverpool 197

195

205

Manchester the Steel Hercules; compared with London and

other Districts; its Geographical position

204

Sources from which various Materials of Industry are derived;

dependence of the Manchester workman upon foreign sup-

plies; Manchester, not always the Cotton Metropolis; facts

concerning Manchester anterior in date to the Norman

Conquest; College founded in Manchester in 1422; Man-
chester cottons mentioned by Camden

Progress of Manchester in the reign of Henry VIII.; Leland's

description of Manchester; evidences of the existence of

Manufactures in Manchester in the 16th century; Free

Grammar-school founded at Manchester in the 16th century;

College and Library founded at Manchester by Humphrey

Cheetham; advance of Manchester as a manufacturing

town; original Branch of the Trade of Manchester; Dr.

Aiken's division of the History of the Trade of Manches-

ter about the middle of the eighteenth century; Man-

chester in the reign of George I.; Canals formed by the

Duke of Bridgewater; commencement of the Manchester

Cotton Epoch

209

Cotton Manufacture of Manchester in 1760; the Fly-shuttle of

John Kay; Inventions applicable to the Spinning and

Weaving of Cotton; Arkwright's first Patent for the Spin-

ning Machine taken out in 1769; Hargreave's Spinning-

jenny; successive Improvements in the system of Cotton-

spinning; Rise of the Factory System

210

Arkwright's Mill at Cromford; the Power of Cotton; Car-

lyle's Sketch of Cartwright; Improvements in the Cotton

Manufacture of Manchester in the nineteenth century;

Chemical Discoveries in the Manufacture of Cotton. 211

The Streets of Manchester; an Extract from Mr. Love's

"Handbook of Manchester;" the Modern Part of Man-

chester

212

Value of Land in the heart of Manchester; the Cotton Ware-
houses of Manchester; the Old Streets of Manchester;
the North-east District of Manchester; Picture given
by a writer in "Blackwood" of Manchester at one

216

Opening of Queen's Park and Philip's Park; Features of the

Manchester Parks; Play-grounds in the Manchester Parks;

the Manchester Zoological Gardens; the Victoria Park of

Manchester; the People of Manchester

217

The Club System at Manchester; the Local Absenteeism of

the wealthier Inhabitants of Manchester; Condition of

the Humbler Classes of Manchester Society; Endeavours

to raise the Cotton-workers to their proper Position; Let-

ter relating to the Elevation of the Working Classes, in

the "Westminster Review"

Improvement in the Condition of the Operatives in Mr. Greg's

Factory; Types of the Factory Population; Sanatory

Amendments .

218

219

Manchester, the centre of the Cotton District; increase of the

quantity of Cotton imported into England during the pre-

sent century; Cotton in its unmanufactured state; specu-

lations in Cotton

221

222

Sketch given by Mr. Baines of the mode of conducting Cotton
Sales at Liverpool; the Conveyance of Cotton from Liver-
pool to Manchester; Act of Parliament obtained in 1826
for the Construction of a Railway between Liverpool and
Manchester; Examples of expeditious Transit and Manu-
facture

Manufacturing History of a Bag of Cotton Wool; Manchester

the centre of a System; number of Cotton Factories in

Lancashire; Distribution of Cotton from Manchester;

efforts of Railways; Railway Termini at Manchester 223

The Cotton Towns of Lancashire; distinction between different
varieties of Factories; the Hand-loom Weaver; Appear-
ance of the Factories of Manchester; Viaduct across the
Mersey at Stockport; Orrell's Cotton Factory at Stock-
port.

Process of Manufacturing Cotton.

Annual Exportation of Cotton Yarn to Foreign Markets; the
Weaving Factories of Manchester; the Power-loom 227
The Forest of Rossendale; Bleaching and Printing Establish-
ments around Manchester

Bleaching powder brought to perfection at the beginning of the

present century; routine of operations in the Lancashire

Bleach-works; Patterns for Calico Printing; the Dye-

works and Print-works of Manchester; the Print-works

of Lancashire among the most interesting that can be

visited

The Manchester Silk Trade; its origination and protection;

superior excellence of Manchester silks; the Jacquard-

loom; India-rubber Works

The Phoenix and Atlas Works; Sharp Brothers' Factory;

The Pottery District; how Bounded; its varied Topographical

Features; Situation of the Pottery District; the Moorlands

of Staffordshire; Mole Cap; Character of the Pottery Dis-

trict; Towns included in the Pottery District; Mr. Kohl's

Account of the Appearance of the Pottery District . 252

The Northern Members of the Pottery Towns: Tunstall,

Burslem, and Longport; Characteristics of the Working

Population of the Potteries; Juvenile Labour in the

Potteries; Hanley and Shelton; The North Staffordshire

Infirmary

254

Etruria; Condition of the Workmen of the Pottery District;

Stoke; Lane End and Longton; Government Estimate of

the Number of Establishments in the Pottery District 256

Pottery found in the Nunnery Chapel at Farewell; Sun-kiln

Potteries; Dr. Plott's Account of the Potteries about 1680;

Butter-pots; Early Improvements in the Pottery Art;

Accidental Discovery of the Efficiency of Salt in Glazing;

Potteries at Burslem in 1700; State of Atmosphere pro-
duced by the use of Salt in the Potteries; Establishment of
a Pottery at Bradwell, by the Brothers Elers, in 1690;
Stratagem by which Twyford and Astbury discovered the
Manufacturing Secrets of the Brothers Elers; Mr. Astbury's
Discovery of the Use of Coloured Flint in Pottery.

Josiah Wedgwood; Partnership between Wedgwood and Mr.

Bentley; the Queen's Ware; Jasper Ware; Establishment

of the Etruria Pottery in 1768; incident of the Barberini

or Portland Vase; evidence given by Mr. Wedgwood, in

1785, illustrative of the importance of the Pottery Manu-

facture at that time; attempts made in various Countries

258

to imitate Chinese Porcelain; introduction of Porcelain

Manufacture into the Potteries

260

Messrs. Copeland's Works at Stoke; General Arrangement of

Pottery Works; Processes in Preparing the Materials for

Porcelain; the Potter's Wheel; operations of the Thrower;

Pressed Ware; the Casting process; the Baking process;

the Glazing process; the process of Baking in the Glaze-

oven; the Painting-room; processes of the Blue Printed

Ware; the "Potter's Art"

265

Mr. Kohl's Remarks on the Pottery Ware of England; diversity

of Articles of Taste in the Porcelain Show-rooms; Museum

of the Royal Porcelain Manufactory, at Sevres; M. Brong-

niart's Remarks on the advantage of Labelling Specimens

in Museums

267

State of Intercommunication between the Pottery Towns in

1750; Cutting of the Grand Trunk Canal; Canals in the

Pottery District; the Harecastle Tunnel; the North

Staffordshire Railway; the Station at Stoke; Mr. Ward's

Remarks on Tesselated Pavements; Various Plans for

making Tesselated Pavements suggested within the last

Century; Mr. Prosser's Discovery concerning Tesselated

Pavements

269

Environs of the Potteries: Leek; Congleton; Biddulph Hall;

Sandbach; Crewe; Newcastle-under-Lyne; Trentham;

Stone

271

Cheadle ;

New Roman Catholic Church at Cheadle; Mr. Did-

ron's Account of the Ceremony of Opening the New Roman

Catholic Church at Cheadle; Alton Towers; Mr. Loudon's

Description of Alton Towers

273

Population of Sheffield in 1615; the Town and District of
Sheffield in the beginning of the seventeenth century;
Feudal Domination of the Earls of Shrewsbury; the Shef-
field Whittle; Demolition of the Castle of the Earls of
Shrewsbury; local Tradition connected with John Tal-

bot
274

Cardinal Wolsey at Sheffield; Mary, Queen of Scots, a prisoner

at Sheffield Castle; treatment of Mary by the Earl of

Shrewsbury; Sheffield Castle surrendered to the Parlia-

mentary Forces in 1644; lines from Elliott's "Steam;"

First Aspect of Sheffield

275

Sheffield truly called "The Metropolis of Steel;" Subdivision

of Manufactures at Sheffield; Manufacture of Plate at

Sheffield; the Sheaf Works of William Greaves and

Sons.

276

The Tilt-houses; Preparation of Crucibles; Process of Casting

Steel; the Rolling-mill; General View of the great Divi-

sions of Handicraft Employment at Sheffield; the File

Trade; the Edge Tool Trade; the Saw Manufacture. 277

The Spring-knife Manufacture; Fork-making; Mortality among

Fork-grinders; Peculiarities of File-making; File-cut-

ting

278

Finer Branches of Sheffield Cutlery; Mr. Wilkinson's Sheffield
Plate Manufactory; Description given by Mr. Roberts of
a Mountain-stream Grinding-wheel

Country around Sheffield .

279

280

The Don, the Sheaf, and the Porter; Eastern side of Sheffield;

the Cholera Mount; Beauty of the Western Suburb; Mr.

Hunter's Description of Sheffield; James Montgomery's

Description of a Walk within the Precincts of Sheffield 282

Beauchief Abbey; the Village of Norton; the Birth-place of
Chantrey; the Milk-boys of Sheffield; Chantrey appren-
ticed to a Carver and Gilder at Sheffield

Chantrey's First Work; the Grave of Chantrey in Norton

Churchyard; Scenery of the Sheaf; a Visit to Wharncliffe;

the Hallamshire Harriers; the Hare-hunting of the Shef-

field Cutlers and Grinders

283

284

The Village Cutlers and File-makers; the Precincts of Wharn-

cliffe Chase; Prospect from Wharncliffe Lodge; John Tay-

lor, the Water-Poet, at Wharncliffe .

285

7

Richness of the Northern Part of Derbyshire in points of Gene-

ral Interest; Matlock in 1724; Change in the Character

of Matlock during the last two generations; the Situation

of Matlock; Mr. Rhodes's Description of the Impression

produced on a Stranger by the first View of Matlock;

absurdity of the names at Matlock; the 'Lions' of Mat-

lock; the Attractions of Matlock; the Vicinity of Matlock;

the High Tor; Willersley Castle; the Village of Matlock;

the Village of Bonsall

292

Wirksworth; Cromford; Stonnis; Mr. Rhodes's Description of

the View from Stonnis; Road from Matlock to Wingfield;

Crich

294

South Wingfield Manor-house; Imprisonment of Mary Queen

of Scots in South Wingfield Manor-house; Architecture of

Wingfield Manor-house; Present Appearance of the Ruins of

Wingfield Manor-house; Road from Wingfield to Hard-

wick; Exterior of Hardwick Hall; Interior of Hardwick

Hall; General Character of Hardwick Hall; "Mary Queen

of Scots' Apartment;" the Picture Gallery; Hardwick

Park; Bolsover Castle; Chesterfield

298

The Walk from Matlock to Rowsley; Darley Dale; the "Pea-

cock" at Rowsley; Attractions of Rowsley to an Angler;

Advantages of some light occupation to a Traveller; Bake-

well; Castle Hill; "the Rutland Arms," Bakewell; Peat

Well; the Vale of Haddon; Haddon Hall.

301

Exterior of Haddon Hall; the Chapel of Haddon Hall; the

Great Hall; the Dining and Drawing Rooms; the Long

Gallery; Dorothy Vernon; Gardens of Haddon Hall 303

Way from Haddon Hall to Chatsworth; View of Chatsworth;

several Buildings of Chatsworth; the Interior of Chats-

307

314

Way from Rowsley to Stanton Moor; number of Druidic

Remains in the Neighbourhood of Stanton Moor; Circles of

Stones in the Neighbourhood of Stanton Moor; Rocking-

Stones on Stanton Moor; Barrows of North Derbyshire;

Mr. Bateman's Account of the Green Low; Various Attrac-

tions of Stanton Moor; Ashford; Monsall Dale; Cress-

brook and Litton Dales

309

Wormhill; Chee Tor; Chee Dale; the Road from Tideswell to

Castleton

311

Castleton; the Peak Cavern; the "First Water;" the Castle of

the Peak; the Blue John Mine; the Speedwell Mine; the

Winnats; Cave Dale; Mam Tor; Eldon Hole

The High Peak; Hathersage; the Plague at Eyam; Cucklett

Dale;

Mr. Macaulay's Mention of Buxton; Thomas

Browne's Tour in Derbyshire; Refutation of Mr. Macau-

lay's Charge against Buxton; Buxton in the Sixteenth

Century; John Jones's Description of the Baths of Buxton

in 1572; Dr. Jones's Dieting; Hobbes's Account of a Visit

to the Buxton Baths; Improvements made in Buxton by

the late Duke of Devonshire; the Baths of Buxton; Ap-

pearance of Buxton; Walks and Drives around Buxton 319

Cotton's Notice of Pike Pool; Narrow Dale; Mill Dale;

Dove Dale; Pickering Tor; Reynard's Cave

320

324

Connection between a particular Branch of Industry and the

Physical Features of the District; the Triangle of Towns

forming the Clothiery District; Leicester; the Situation

of Leicester; Sanitary Advantages of Leicester; the Streets

of Leicester; Hutton's Description of Richard III.'s Visit

to the Blue Boar at Leicester; the New Walk; St. Martin's,

St. Mary's, St. Nicholas's, and St. Margaret's Churches;

Antiquities of Leicester; the Ancient Castle.

Management of the Hosiery Arrangements in Leicester; Market

Harborough; Lutterworth; Hinckley; Market Bosworth;

the "Battle of Bosworth Field;" Loughborough; Melton

Mowbray; the Statistics of the Stocking Manufacture 326

Story told of the Invention of the Stocking-loom; Queen Eliza-

beth and Lea, the Inventor of the Stocking-loom; Progress

of the Stocking-loom; General Character of the Stocking-

loom; Phraseology of the Stocking Manufacture; Stocking

Weaving not Steam-engine Work; Obstacles to the

Adoption of the Factory System in Stocking Weaving; the

Mode of Proceeding of a Stocking Manufacturer; the

System of Frame Rents; Mr. Muggeridge's Mention of the

System of Frame Rents; the "System of Independent

Frames" the Middleman System; the Bagman System;

Varieties in the Stocking Manufacture; Alternations in the

Hosiery Manufacture

331

Limits of the Hosiery District; Situation of Nottingham; Not-

tingham Castle; Historical Associations with Nottingham

Castle; Present State of Nottingham Castle; Mortimer's

Hole; the Capture of Mortimer in Nottingham Castle;

Mrs. Hutchinson's Account of Nottingham Castle; History

of the Modern Castle

332

The Streets of Nottingham; Nottingham Market; St. Mary's

and St. Peter's Churches; St. Nicholas's and St. Barnabas's

Churches; Public Buildings and Bridges of Nottingham;

the Hosiery Trade in Nottingham; Peculiar Character of

Nottingham; Kirke White connected with Nottingham 334

Nottingham Park, the Sand Field, Nottingham Forest, Map-

perley Plain, the Clay Field, the East Croft, and the

Meadows; Notables in the Neighbourhood of Nottingham;

Manufacturing Parishes around Nottingham; Wollaton

House; the Great Hall of Wollaton House

336

The Bobbin-net Manufacture; Difference between hand-made

Lace and machine-made Net; Rise of the Bobbin-net

Trade; Mr. M'Culloch and Dr. Ure on the Bobbin-net

Mania; Usages of the Bobbin-net Trade; Processes of

Bobbin-net Manufacture; the Four Groups in Nottingham

Industry; the "Mistress" System; the Various Divisions

of Hand-workers; the Derby Station; the Railway Ap-

proach to Nottingham

General Character of Derby; the Churches of Derby; Indus-

trial Features of Derby; Connection of Derby with the

Strutts; the Arboretum; Account of the Opening of the

Arboretum; Arrangements of the Arboretum

341

Manufacturing Villages on the Derwent; Darley, Belper, and
Milford; Cromford, and its connection with Arkwright;
the Butterley Iron Works; the Ripley Iron Works; Prin-
cipal Mansions around Derby

339

342

Derby the Parent of the Silk Manufacture of England; the

Characteristics of Raw and Thrown Silk; Narrative of the

Introduction of Silk-throwing into England; Hutton's

Account of the Fate of John Lombe; little Change in the

Old Mill at Derby since its erection; Hutton's Account of

his first year in a Silk-mill; Silk Hosiery

344