MERCANTILE AND COMMER IAL LAW. 159 10. In what cases does the Attorney-General ex officio institute criminal proceedings? 11. When may the House of Lords become the ultimate tribunal for determining a Crown case? 12. What statutes have recently been passed for consolidating the criminal law of England? Are any alterations or amendments made in our law by these statutes? Mercantile and Commercial Law. Set to Candidates for the Consular Service. I. (Time 2 hours.) 1. What is meant by the consideration of a contract? Must the consideration be expressed, in order to make a written contract binding? Is a moral consideration a sufficient consideration? is a consideration said to be executed and when executory? When 2. If a bill of exchange in the hands of the indorsee is dishonoured, what steps must the indorsee take in order to recover on the bill, and against whom will his action lie? 66 39 66 3. What is meant by the terms charter-party," bottomry," "respondentia," "general average," and "demurrage"? 4. What is the right of stoppage in transitu, and when can it be exercised? 5. Under what circumstances can a passenger be compelled to assist in working the vessel ? 6. What is the evidence required to show the ownership of a British ship? 7. What kinds of damage are indicated by the following expressions: "acts of God," "perils of the sea,” barratry," takings at sea,' and "jettison"? 99 66 8. When do contracts by one partner bind the firm? 9. What is meant by a shipowner's lien for freight? 10. What is the limit of time within which actions on simple contracts can be generally brought? In what manner can demands be kept alive, so as to be enforceable after the usual limit of time has been passed? 11. Under what circumstances will a seaman quitting his ship not be guilty of desertion? II. (Time 24 hours.) 1 What is fraudulent preference by an indebted trader? What circumstances tend to show that this character belongs to a particular act, and what to show the contrary? 2. When the voyage of a ship is suspended unavoidably for repairs, will freight continue to run against the merchant? How does this depend on the form of the agreement ? 3. What are the statutory rules respecting the time at which the master or owner of a foreign-going ship is to pay the seamen their wages? What rules must the master observe as to keeping and giving in his accounts with the seamen ? 4. When the voyage of a ship, so far as the underwriters' risk is concerned, is to end when she has been moored 24 hours in good safety, whence arises the importance of the expression "in good safety"? 5. When a surety has paid the debt of his principal, what rights does the law give him (1) against his principal, (2) against co-sureties? Along with questions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, of No. 1. POLITICAL ECONOMY. Specimen Paper. (Time, 3 hours.) 1. What commodity does Adam Smith regard as the measure of the value of other commodities, and on what grounds? 2. How is it that the profits in some employments are greater than in others? 3. What is Adam Smith's view of the rent of land, and in what respect does it differ from that of later writers on the subject? 4. What is meant by a legal tender? What is the law on this subject in England? 5. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of a metallic and a paper currency. 6. Explain and illustrate the difference between productive and unproduc tive labour. 7. Show, in detail, how moral qualities may have an economical value. 8. Define capital. Explain and illustrate the difference between fixed and circulating capital. 9. How is the real wealth of a nation to be measured? 10. Explain the nature and effects of Trades' Unions. II. Specimen Paper. (Time, 3 hours.) 1. In what sense does an increase of the currency 'quicken industry'? Illustrate by examples. 2. Under what circumstances can the largest revenue be raised-when wealth is accumulated in few hands, or when it is distributed among many persons? 3. In what way is the price of commodities in the United kingdom varied by the character of its foreign trade? 4. What is the use of a banker? How does he obtain his profit ? 5. Peasant proprietorship. Is the expediency of encouraging this form of tenure affected by the character of different agricultural operations? 6. Criticise Mr. De Quincey's theory of supply and demand in their effect upon prices. 7. All taxation is an evil.' In what sense is this statement true? 8. What constitutes the capital of a country? 9. What is communism? Can you give any illustrations of it from the social life of communities? 10. What was the colonial system'? What is the present economical value of her colonies to the United Kingdom? RELIGIOUS KNOWLEDGE. (THE BIBLE.) (Time allowed, 3 hours.) 1. Sketch briefly the life of Abraham. 2. In what respects are Isaac, Joshua, David, and Jonah "types" of our Lord ? 3. Narrate the circumstances that led to the captivity of the Ten Tribes. 4. What do you know of the Samaritans? On what occasions are they mentioned in the New Testament? 5. Write down the names of the Twelve Apostles, and mention any other names or appellations by which any of them are called. 6. Give the substance, and as much as you can of the words, of our Lord's answers on the following occasions : (a) When his disciples asked, "Why then say the scribes that Elias must first come." "" (b) When they asked, "Did this man sin, or his parents, that he was born blind. ? (c) When Philip said, "Show us of the Father, and it sufficeth us." (d) When Peter asked, "Lord, and what shall this man do? 7. Sketch a map of Palestine, as large as your paper will permit, and mark on it the course of the Jordan, the Sea of Tiberias, the Dead Sea, and the situation of Jerusalein, Jericho, Samaria, Cæsarea, Cæsarea Philippi, Capernaum, Nazareth, Cana, Hebron. 8. Write out, as nearly as you can in the words of the Bible, the parable of the Labourers in the Vineyard. What lesson was it intended to convey (1) to those who heard it, (2) to us? 9. What was the charge brought against Stephen? How did he answer it? Describe the circumstances of his death. 10. Give a brief outline of the substance of any one of St. Paul's Epistles. L SCHOOL MANAGEMENT. (Time 3 hours.) 1. How would you organize a school of 60 children from 7 to 13 years of age, supposing you had one capable assistant? Draw a plan of the schoolroom you would prefer, showing the arrangement of the classes, and the forms and desks. 2. What are the chief difficulties in teaching a young child to read? By what methods may they best be overcome? 3. What are the chief characteristics of good reading? 4. Describe fully, and illustrate by an example, how you would teach a class Long Division so that they might see the reason of each step. 5. In what order would you propose to teach the elements of grammar? Give reasons for your answer. 6. Write down the heads of a lesson on any one of the following subjects (1) the sheep, (2) salt, (3) self-help. : 7. Show the importance (1) of questioning, (2) of lecturing. Draw up a few hints on the best methods to be employed in each. 8. What are most important statistics to be recorded in a school, (1) to aid the schoolmaster in his work, (2) for the information of the school managers? Draw up tables such as would be most useful for both purposes. ENGLISH COMPOSITION, OR CORRESPONDENCE. In test examinations the candidate is usually required to write at least two folio pages on some abstract subject. The following have lately been proposed : Prudence, Benevolence, Honesty. In competitions the specimens given are often on some topic of public interest at the time. The following have recently been given : Visit of the Prince and Princess of Wales to Egypt, the New Year, Emulation, the Elephant, Summer. The examiners, as a rule, prefer a simple narrative style of composition, without any great attempt at ornament or metaphor. The time varies from 1 to 2 hours. CHEMISTRY. Specimen Paper. 1. Define the term element. What elements are gaseous, what are liquids, under the ordinary conditions of the globe? What changes do these undergo by considerable alteration of such conditions? 2. State the law of multiple proportions; and illustrate it by means of the oxides (1) of nitrogen, (2) of manganese. 3. Give the chemical names of, and write in formulæ, alum, common salt, green vitriol, calomel, corrosive sublimate, and chloride of lime. CHEMISTRY AND NATURAL SCIENCE. 163 4. The equivalent of aluminium is 13.7. How much per cent. of oxygen, of sulphur, and of aluminium is contained in the anhydrous normal (or neutral) sulphate of alumina? 5. Of what gases does the atmosphere consist? Give any accurate method of effecting its analysis; and state the results of this analysis. 6. Explain the changes resulting from the action (1) of hydrochloric acid, (2) of strong nitric acid, (3) of very dilute nitric acid, on gold, iron, tin, and zinc respectively; and state any facts regarding the modification of the result by the purity or the alloying of any of these metals. 7. Define the terms temperature, specific heat, and latent heat, and the term volume as applied to a gas. 8. What law has been asserted connecting the specific heats of the several elements? How far is it universal? 9. What is meant by the theoretical density of carbon vapour? Within what limits is its determination true, and on what assumptions is that determination based? 10. Describe the oxides (1) of carbon, (2) of iron; and give a complete account of the most important oxides of chlorine. 11. Phosphoric acid is tribasic. Give illustrations of each type of its salts. It undergoes modifications by the action of heat. Under what circumstances, and what types of salts result? 12. What is meant by the empiric as distinguished from the rational formula of a substance? Illustrate each by means of acetic acid. 13. Describe the chemical changes involved in the process called the vinous fermentation 14. The analyst employs sulphuretted hydrogen to separate metals from each other. Into what groups does he thus divide them, and what principles are involved in the separation ? 15. A solution contains lead, tin, nickel, iron, zinc, magnesia, potash, with hydrochloric and nitric acids. Give, in detail, the process of of analysing (qualitatively) such a solution. 16. Give a series of illustrations, (1) from minerals, (2) from the products of the laboratory, of isomorphism, dimorphism, allotropism, and isomerism. NATURAL SCIENCE. 1. Enumerate the various kinds of levers, and state the general relation between the power and weight, when balanced on a lever. 2. Explain fully the principle of the graduation in the common and in the Danish steelyard. 3. What are the three laws of motion in dynamics, and how is their truth established? |