remarkable for its lofty tower, the palais de justice, and the theatre. In the market-place aur veaux is a statue of the maid of Orleans, who was burnt here by the English, in 1430. Rouen has several literary and scientific institutions and societies, and seminaries of education, a public library, a mint, fourteen churches, several hospitals, &c. The transit trade of Rouen is considerable. The city is seventy miles from the sea, including the windings of the river, and, with the aid of the tide, vessels of 150 or 200 tons come up to the quays. It is more important as a manufacturing place, having manufactures of cotton, linen, woollen, iron ware, paper, hats, pottery, sugar-refineries, &c. Dyeing is also extensively carried on.

ROUGET DE L'ISLE. (See Marseillaise Hymn.)

ROUM (i. e. the kingdom of the Romans); a name given to Natolia by Solyman, sultan of the Turks, when he invaded and became master of it, in the eleventh century. It is now chiefly applied to a part of Asiatic Turkey, extending from the Mediterranean to the Black sea, east of Caramania and Natolia, and west of Armenia and the government of Diarbekir, including the governments of Sivas, Adana and Marasch. (See Turkey in Asia.)

ROUMELIA. (See Romania.)

ROUND ROBIN (corruption of ruban rond, a round ribbon) was used, originally, by the French officers when signing a remonstrance. They wrote their names in a circular form, so that no one should be obliged to head the list.

ROUND TABLE. If we may believe tradition, towards the end of the fifth century, there reigned in Britain a Christian king, the British Uther-Pendragon, who had a most powerful and not less wise and benevolent enchanter, Merlin, for a counsellor. Merlin advised him to assemble all his knights, who were distinguished for piety, courage, and fidelity towards him, at feasts about a round table. It was calculated to receive fifty knights, and was to be occupied, for the present, only by forty-nine, one place remaining empty for an occupant yet unborn. This was Arthur, or Artus, son of the king by Igerna, whom the king, by the magic power of Merlin, was permitted to enjoy under the form of her husband. Merlin had exacted a promise that the education of the prince should be intrustedto him; and he accordingly instructed him in every thing becoming a brave, virtuous and accomplished knight. Arthur,

therefore, at a later period, occupied the empty seat at the round table, which, under him, became the resort of all valiant, pious and noble knights. (See Merlin, and Arthur.) This table, admission to which became the reward of the greatest virtues and feats of arms, afforded materials for the romantic poets of the Anglo-Normans, forming a distinct cycle of characters and adventures. (See Romance, and Chivalry.) According to another account, Arthur himself established the round table at York. Von Hammer thinks the fiction is of Eastern origin. The adventures of the knights of the round table are founded on the legend of the Sangreal, or Sangraal, which is probably a corruption of the Latin sanguis realis, or the French saing real (true blood). According to this le gend, Joseph of Arimathea received into the cup from which Jesus drank at the last supper the blood which flowed from his side on the cross. By means of this cup, called graal, Joseph performed the most astonishing miracles, in different countries, particularly in Britain—a power which was also possessed by his descendants, who inherited the cup. In the course of time, however, it was lost; and, for the purpose of recovering it, Pendragon, father of Arthur, founded the order of the round table, the knights of which bound themselves to wander over the whole world in search of the sangraal. This legend was probably blended with the British traditions of king Arthur by the Trouvéres, or Anglo-Norman poets Among the romances of the round ta ble, are Tristan de Leonnois, Lancelot du Lac (see Lancelot), Perceforest, Sangraal, &c.

ROUSSEAU, Jean Baptiste, an eminent French lyric poet, born at Paris, in 1671, was the son of a shoemaker, but received a good education, and, at an early period, displayed a strong taste for poetry. In 1688, he obtained a situation in the service of the French ambassador at Copenhagen, and subsequently accompanied marshal Tallard to England, as his secretary. He wrote several pieces for the theatre, on the success of one of which, having, according to the Parisian custom, appeared on the stage to receive the congratulations of the audience, he is said to have had the ingratitude to disown his father, when the old man, rejoicing at his son's triumph, came forward to speak to him, before the friends who surrounded him. In 1701, he was admitted into the academy of inscriptions and belles-lettres, and his lyric compositions procured him

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high reputation among the French literati; but his turn for satire, and his quarrelsome temper, at length involved him in disgrace. Some abusive and indecent verses were circulated at Paris, which Rousseau was accused of having written, but which he disclaimed, and professed to have discovered the author in the person of his enemy, Saurin. To relieve himself from the obloquy under which he labored, he commenced a prosecution of that academician, for composing the defamatory couplets in question, and having failed in substantiating the allegation, he was exiled from France in 1712. He went to Switzerland, and afterwards resided at Vienna, under the patronage of prince Eugene. The latter part of his life was spent in the Netherlands, where he obtained a pension from the duke of Aremberg, which he resigned on having forfeited the favor of that nobleman. His death took place at Brussels, in 1741. An edition of his works was published under his own inspection, by Tonson (London, 1723,2 vols., 4to.); and since his death they have been often printed, in various forms. The best edition is that of Amar, with a commentary and life of the author (5 vols. Paris, 1820). The same editor has also published his Euvres Poétiques, with a commentary (2 vols., 1824). Rousseau's works are 1. Four books of Odes, the first book containing odes from the Psalms: purity and elegance of expression are here combined with beauty and dignity of versification; but the lyric enthusiasm is of ten wanting; 2. cantatas, of which he was the creator, and in which he is very distinguished; 3. epistles in verse, the least pleasing of his works, but highly popular in their day, on account of their satirical allusions; 4. allegories, forced and monotonous; 5. epigrams, which, next to his odes and cantatas, are the best of his works, and, with some exceptions, are witty, finely turned, and well expressed; 6. four comedies in verse, and two in prose; 7. his operas have no merit.

ROUSSEAU, Jean Jacques, born at Geneva, in 1712, was the son of a watch-maker. His mother died in bringing him into the world, and he therefore calls his birth his first misfortune. In his Confessions, he tells us that at the age of seven he was very devout; that at this time he was a great reader of romances; and at !the age of eight knew Plutarch's Lives by heart. He also became acquainted with Tacitus and Grotius, which lay about in his father's shop, while quite a boy, and his musical taste was displayed at the same

early age. In his tenth year, he was placed with a clergyman in the country, and in his fourteenth was articled to an engraver, whose severity disgusted him with his situation. He therefore ran away from his master, and, after wandering about for some time in Savoy, became a convert to the Catholic religion, to save himself from starvation. Being placed in a monastery to receive the necessary instruction, the young convert soon made his escape, and, after a series of adventures, was recommended, by a clergyman, to the notice of madame de Warens, in Annecy, who caused him to be instructed in science and music, and treated him with the greatest affection. At the age of twenty, Rousseau went to France, with the expectation of being able to maintain himself by giving lessons in music. In Besançon, he sang at some concerts with success, and received the promise of a place; but after teaching music some time at Chamberry, he went, on account of ill health, to Montpellier. Here, finding the sea air not to agree with him, he returned to his benefactress, and remained with her until 1742, when he received the place of secretary to the French ambassador in Venice. After remaining there a year and a half, he went to Paris, and made his living by copying music, employing his leisure hours in the study of natural science. In 1750, he gained the prize offered by the academy of Dijon, on the question, whether the revival of learning has contributed to the improvement of morals, taking the negative side of the question, it is said, at the suggestion of Diderot. He soon after brought out his Devin du Village, a comic opera, of which he had himself composed the music. This piece was received with general favor, and the author was almost worshipped by the French; but the appearance of his celebrated Letter on French Music (1753), in which he pointed out its defects, excited a general storm. Singers and connoisseurs, who could not wield the pen, contributed to spread calumnies, pasquinades and caricatures against the author, who retired to Geneva. By his change of religion he had lost the rights of a citizen. He now again embraced Protestantism, and was formally reinstated in the privileges of a free citizen of Geneva. From Geneva, Rousseau went to Chamberry, where he wrote his essay Sur l'Inégalité parmi les Hommes. This work excited still more sensation than his prize essay. In it he compares the wild and civilized man, represents the former as the state of nature and innocence, and treats

the idea of property, and the wealth and inequality of condition to which it gives rise, as the source of misery and corruption among men. He now returned to Paris, and, fixing himself at Montmorency (q. v.), wrote his Social Compact, his New Eloisa, and his Emilius-works which had a powerful influence on his age. His political treatises, particularly the essays on the social compact, and the inequality of conditions, were the sources of many of the speculative errors of the French revolution. His New Eloisa produced a very different, but equally strong sensation in France, where love merely fluttered around the toilet, and in those countries where female virtue was looked upon with respect. His celebrated work on education, Émile, ou de l'Éducation (1762), was originally written for the use of a mother. It was condemned by parliament to be burnt on account of its religious views, and he himself was sentenced to imprisonment. He wished to retire to Geneva; but he was also threatened with imprisonment there, and his book was burnt by the common hangman. He therefore took refuge in Moitiers-Travers, a small village of Neufchâtel, where he again found himself among Protestants, the simplicity of whose worship was agreeable to him. The Geneva clergy assailing him from their pulpits, he wrote his celebrated Letters from the Mountains, in reply to their calumnies. This work, with his Letter to the Archbishop of Paris, and his Dictionnaire Physique Portatif, were publicly burnt in Paris, in 1765. New troubles drove him from Moitiers, and he resided two months on Peter's island, in the lake of Bienne. His residence here produced his Botaniste sans Maitre. Neither was he long tolerated here; but the canton of Berne ordered him to quit the country without delay in the severest season of the year. On reaching Paris, he became the object of ridicule to the philosophers, but was kindly received by Hume, whom he accompanied to England; but, yielding to his unfounded suspicions of his friends in England, towards whom he conducted with the most perverse ingratitude, he left the country, and returned to Paris in 1767. (See Hume's Private Correspondence, London, 1820.) In 1768 he published his Musical Dictionary, and soon after appeared his melo drama of Pygmalion. As he grew older his dislike of society increased, and he retired in May, 1778, to Ermenonville (q. v.), near Paris, where he died of apoplexy, July 2 of the same year, at the age of sixty-six years.

He was buried in the isle of poplars, where a monument is erected to his memory. The principal traits of his character were an enthusiastic passion for love and freedom, a spirit of paradox, an inflexible obstinacy, and a warm zeal for the good of men, combined with a gloomy hypochondria. His works were published at Paris, 10 vols., 1764, and have often been republished. The best edition is that of 1824, seq., 20 vols., with the notes of Musset-Pathay, who is the author of an excellent work-Histoire de la Vie et des Ouvrages de J. J. Rousseau (1 vol., Paris, 1827). Theresa Levasseur became his companion in 1745; in 1768 Roussean married her. His children by her had all been placed in the foundling hospital. She was faithful to him, and knew how to gratify his humors, but had no other merit. In 1791, a fete champètre was established at Montmorency, in honor of Rousseau, and his bones were deposited, in 1794, in the Pantheon.

ROUSSILLON; before the French revolu tion, a province of France, once belonging to Spain, bounded north by Languedoc, east by the Mediterranean, south by Catalonia, and west by the Pyrenees; about eighteen leagues in length, and twelve in breadth. The land is fertile in general. The principal rivers are the Tet and Tech. Perpignan (q. v.) is the capital. It now forms the department of the Eastern Pyre nees. The counts of Roussillon governed this district for a long time. The last count bequeathed it to Alphonso of Arragon, in 1178. In 1462, it was ceded to Louis XI of France; but in 1493 it was restored to the kings of Arragon, and in 1659 was finally annexed to France by the treaty of the Pyrenees. (See Pyrenees, Peace of

ROUSSILLON WINES; in general, the wines of the province of this name. The best for export are those of Baix, Tormilla, Salces, Rivesaltes, Spira, Collioure, Bagnols, Parcous, and St. André. The red sorts are thick, of a beautiful color, and used chiefly to improve other wines. A particular sort is called Grenache, and is, at first, similar to the Alicant wine, dark red, but grows paler with age, and in the sixth or seventh year is similar to the famous Cape wine. Of the white Roussillon wines, the Maccabeo is the most costly.

ROVEREDO (in German, Rovereith); a well built town in Tyrol, in the valley of the Adige, on the road from Trent to Peschiera, with about 12,000 inhabitants, who chiefly live by spinning, dyeing, and selling silk, particularly sewing silk; lat. 45° 55′ 36′′ N.; lon. 11° 0 43 E. The

place is of military importance, as is proved by several battles which have been fought there. Masséna obtained a victory at this place over a part of the army of Wurmser, September 3 and 4, 1796. The loss of the Austrians was estimated at 5000 men and 25 cannons.

ROVIGO; a town on a branch of the Adige, in the Lombardo-Venetian kingdom, with 1000 inhabitants, from which Napoleon gave the title of duke to his minister of police, Savary. (q. v.)

Rowe, Nicholas, an English dramatic poet, born in 1673, at Little Berkford, Bedfordshire, was the son of John Rowe, a serjeant-at-law. He studied at Westminster, as king's scholar, under the celebrated Dr. Busby, and at the age of sixteen was eutered a student at the Middle Temple; but on the death of his father, he gave up the law, and turned his chief attention to polite literature. At the age of twenty-four, he produced his tragedy of the Ambitious Stepmother; Tamerlane followed, which was intended as a compliment to king William, who was figured under the conquering Tartar; while Louis XIV, with almost equal want of versimilitude, ranked 23 the Turkish Bajazet. It was, however, a successful piece; and indeed, with little nature, contains many elevated and mansentiments. His next dramatic perrnance was the Fair Penitent, re-modelled from the Fatal Dowry of Massinger. In 1706, he wrote the Biter, a comedy, which being altogether a failure, he was prudent enough to keep to his own line, and, from that time to 1715, produced his Ulysses, Royal Convert, Jane Shore, and Lady Jane Grey. When the duke of Queensbury was made secretary of state, be appointed Mr. Rowe his under-secretary. This post he lost by the death of is patron; and, on the accession of George I, he was made poet-laureate, and also obtained several posts, the emolnents of which, aided by his paternal fortune, enabled him to live respectably. He died in 1718, in his forty-fifth year, and was buried in Westminster abbey, where his widow erected a monument to memory. Rowe was respectable, and possessed agreeable talents for society. His dramatic fables are generally interestg, and the situations striking; his style Angularly sweet and poetical; his pieces orribly arrest attention, although they at slightly affect the heart. As an origial poet, Rowe appears to advantage in a w tender and pathetic ballads; but as a anslator, he assumes a higher character, a in his version of Lucan's Pharsalia,

published after his death, which, although too diffuse, was highly praised by Johnson. The poetical works of Rowe were published collectively, in 3 vols., 12mo., 1719.

ROWE, Elizabeth, a lady distinguished for her piety and literary talents, was the daughter of Mr. Singer, a dissenting minister of Ilchester, where she was born in 1674. She became accomplished in music and painting at a tender age, and even attempted versification in her twelfth year. In 1696, she published a volume of Poems on several Occasions, by Philomela. The charms of her person and conversation procured her many admirers, among whom she chose Mr. Rowe, the son of a dissenting minister, whom she lost a few years after marriage, by a consumption, at the early age of twenty-eight. On this event she retired to Frome, where she produced the greatest part of her works, the most popular of which was her Friendship in Death, or Twenty Letters from the Dead to the Living-a work of a lively imagination, strongly imbued with devotional feeling. This production, which was published in 1728, was followed, in 1729 and 1731, by Letters, moral and entertaining, in Prose and Verse. In 1736, she published a History of Joseph, a poem, which she had composed in early life. After her death (1736), doctor Isaac Watts published her Devout Exercises of the Heart; and in 1739 her Miscellaneous Works, in Prose and Verse, appeared in 2 vols., 8vo., with an account of her life and writings prefixed.

ROXANA. (See Alexander.)

ROXBURGH, duke of, was a celebrated bibliomanist. His library of 9353 works, which was particularly rich in old romances of chivalry, and in early English poetry, was sold by public auction in London, in 1812. The catalogue was made out by G. and W. Nicol. The prices paid for some works were enormous. A copy of the first edition of Boccaccio (Venice, in 1471, folio) was bought by the marquis of Blandford (duke of Marlborough), for 2260 pounds sterling; a copy of the first work printed by Caxton, with a date, Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye (1471, folio), was sold for 1000 guineas; and a copy of the first edition of Shakspeare (1623, folio) for 100 guineas. The Roxburgh club, formed in commemoration of this triumph of bibliomany, celebrates its anniversary (June 17), on that of the sale of the Boccaccio. Every year, one of the members is required to be at the expense of an impression of some rare book, of

ROXOLANA. (See Solyman II.) Roy, Rammohun. (See Rammohun Roy.)

ROYALISTS. In France, after the revolution of 1792, this name was given to the adherents of the Bourbons; and from the restoration, in 1814, down to the revolution of 1830, it served to designate those who were in favor of the old system of things, and opposed to liberal principles. Those of the former royalists who continue to adhere to, and in fact are often active for the elder line of the Bourbons, are now generally called Carlists (from Charles X). Those royalists who carried farthest the doctrine of legitimacy (q. v.), the touchstone of this party, are called ultras, without addition, though this term might be, and in some cases actually is, applied to the ultra-liberals.

ROYER-COLLARD, Pierre Paul, one of the most profound orators in the left centre (see Centre) of the French chamber of deputies, born in 1763, at Sompuis, near Vitry le François, in 1789 was chosen advocate of the parliament of Paris. He was elected a member of the common council of Paris, being considered a friend of legal freedom. With the tenth of August his membership ceased. He passed safely through the bloody period of 1793 and 1794, and in May, 1797, was chosen a member of the council of five hundred, from the department of Marne; but three months later, on the 18th of Fructidor, he was expelled, because he was opposed to the oath required of the clergy. He afterwards, together with the marquis of Clermont-Gallerande, the abbé Montesquiou, and M. Becquey, was one of the counsellors of the king in France, until Louis XVIII fled to England, when this body was dissolved. Royer-Collard now lived devoted to the sciences, and, in 1811, was made dean of the philosophical faculty, and professor of the history of modern philosophy. Here, for two years, he displayed the talents of a Pascal. So profound was he in theory, so convincing was his logic, and so animated and eloquent his delivery! Victor Cousin was his scholar. He likewise exhibited the rare talent of philosophical eloquence as a political orator in the chamber, where his calm and firm character gave something of the sublime to his independent thought. Royer-Collard adhered, as appears from his Discourses (Discours), printed in December, 1813, to the Scotch school of philosophy. In 1814, Louis XVIII appointed him di

trade, and afterwards state counsellor and knight of the legion of honor. When Napoleon returned, in 1815, he resigned all his political offices, and remained only a professor. After the second restoration. he was again called into the council of state, and appointed president of the department of education. Here he effected much good, especially in the norma school, which is now abolished; he likewise defended all he could against the ef fects of party hatred. In the session of the chamber, in 1815, he voted with the minority for the charter, and for the costitutional mode of election. In the fol lowing sessions he maintained that the chamber of deputies is not bound by the opinions of its constituents, being merely an elective, and not a representative body and was often proposed as a candidate f the presidency. In the session of 1817 he was considered as the head of the few deputies who were called doctrinaires (q. v.) After 1819, he was no longer at the head of the department of public educa tion, probably because his views did n coincide with those of the ministry; fo he opposed with all his ability the law of exception (see Laws of Exception the new mode of election; the grant o the 100,000,000 francs for the Spanis war, and similar measures, until the disso lution of the chamber in 1823. Bein again elected from the department o Marne, for the session of 1824, he vote against septennial elections, and, in 182 against the laws respecting sacrilege. I 1827, he was chosen a member of th French academy in place of La Plac In February, 1828, he was chosen predent of the chamber of deputies, and r chosen in 1829 and 1830.

ROZIER, Pilatre de. (See Aeronautic RUBBLE WALLS. (See Architecture, v i, page 335.)

RUBENS, Peter Paul, the most er inent painter of the Flemish school, w the son of a doctor of laws and a sher of Antwerp, who, during the troubles the Low Countries, retired to Colog where his celebrated son was born 1577. The family subsequently retur to Antwerp, where the subject of this: ticle received a literary education, a early displayed a talent for design, whi induced his mother, then a widow. place him with the painter Van whom he left for the school of Otto V nius. His talent having made him know to the archduke Albert, governor of Netherlands, that prince employed