died, June 28, 1813, at Prague. His statue stands in the King's square, in Berlin. SCHAUENBURG, or SCHAUMBURG-LIPPE. (See Lippe.)

SCHEELE, Charles William, a celebrated chemist, who contributed greatly to the improvement of the science which he cultivated, born at Stralsund, in Sweden, in 1742, was apprenticed to an apothecary at Gottenburg. He became his own instructer in chemistry, went to Upsal in 1773, where his abilities introduced him to the notice of professor Bergmann, and was admitted an associate of the academy. He subsequently became director of a pharmaceutical establishment at Kioping, where he continued to the close of his life, in 1786. He discovered the fluoric acid, and the acids of tungsten and molybden; and his experiments on barytes, chlorine, various animal and vegetable acids, on the composition of water, and several other subjects, are in the highest degree important.

SCHEEREN; the rocks on the coasts of Sweden and Finland, particularly those situated before Stockholm, which extend from seventy to eighty miles into the sea. The Scheeren fleet protects the entrance into the harbor, and consists of flat vessels, able to sail in shallow water.

SCHEERERITE; a newly discovered mineral species, of a combustible nature, found in a bed of brown coal near St. Gall, in Switzerland. It exists in loosely aggregated, whitish, feebly-shining, pearly, crystalline grains and folia. It is rather heavier than water, does not feel greasy, is very friable, and destitute of taste. It melts at 36° R. into a colorless liquid, in which state it resembles a fat oil. It seems to be a mineral naphthaline.

SCHEIK. (See Sheik.)

SCHELDT, OF SCHELDE (anciently Scaldis, French Escaut); a river which rises in the French department of the Aisne, becomes navigable at Condé, and enters the kingdom of Belgium at St. Antring. At Ghent it receives the Lys; and it is further increased by two great canals which form a communication between Ghent, Bruges, and Sas. After passing by Dendermonde, where it receives the Dender, Aupelmonde, where the Aupel, formed by the junction of the Dyle and the two Nethes, empties into it, and Antwerp, where it is 1600 feet wide, it divides, eighteen miles below the latter city, into two great branches, the East and West Scheldt. The latter takes the name of Hondt, and empties into the North sea at Flushing. Both arms are connected with the Meuse

and Rhine. The principal places on the Scheldt are Cambray, Valenciennes, Condé, Tournay, Oudenarde, Ghent, Dendermonde, Antwerp, and Flushing. In 1784, the navigation of the Scheldt became a subject of dispute between Austria (then in possession of Belgium) and the Dutch republic. The subject was amicably settled by the mediation of the king of France, Austria renouncing her pretensions to the free navigation of the river, in consideration of some cessions, and the payment of a sum of money by Holland. (See Netherlands, Appendix to last volume.)

SCHELLING, Frederic William Joseph von, one of the most distinguished philosophers of Germany, was born at Leonberg, in Würtemberg, in 1775, studied at Leipsic and Jena, in which latter university he was a pupil of Fichte, whom he succeeded as professor there. Some years since, he was made secretary of the academy of fine arts at Munich, and was ennobled by the king of Bavaria. In 1820, he went to Erlangen,and delivered lectures at the university in that city. In 1827, he was appointed a professor in the university at Múnich. His works are, On the Possibility of a Form of Philosophy in general (Tübingen, 1795); Contributions towards a Philosophy of Nature (first edition, Tübingen, 1795); Of the Soul of the World, a Hypothesis of the higher Natural Philosophy, for the Explanation of the general Organization of Things (Hamburg, 1798); First Sketch of the Philosophy of Nature (Jena, 1799); System of Transcendental Idealism (Tűbingen, 1800); Lectures on the Method of Academical Study (Tübingen, second edition, 1814; first edition 1803); Bruno, or On the Divine and Natural Principle of Things (Berlin, 1802); Philosophy and Religion (Tübingen, 1804); his Complete Philosophical Writings, of which the first volume only has yet appeared (Landshut, 1809); On the I (Ego), as a Principle of Philosophy, or On the Unconditional in Human Knowledge (first edition, Tübingen, 1795); Philosophical Letters on Dogmatism and Criticism (in the Philosophical Journal of Niethammer, Jena, 1796); a discourse on the Relation of the Fine Arts to Nature, delivered in 1807, at the festival of the baptism of the king of Bavaria; his General Periodical, by and for Germans, of which but three numbers appeared (Nuremberg, 1813); Representation of the True Relation of the Philosophy of Nature to the improved Doctrine of Fichte (Tübingen, 1806). Of late,

Schelling has also occupied himself with mythological inquiries, a fruit of which is his Treatise on the Deities of Samothrace (Tubingen, 1-16, To give a view of the philosophy of Schelling within our limits is imposible. It would require great minuteness of explanation, both of his phraseology and his ideas, and could not be made intelligible, in a limited space, to one who had not a previous knowledge of other German philosophical systems. His system, moreover, has not yet been presented to the public in a connected form, although he has promised so to exhibit it, in a work to be called the Ages of the World. The part of it as yet most developed, is the philosophy of nature; the least developed part is the ethical. His influence upon various branches of German science has been very great. Among those who have carried out his philosophy of nature, are Steffens, Troxler, Oken (q. v.), Kielmayer, Windischmann, Baader, Kieser, C. E. Schelling, Schubert, Nasse, Burdach, Creuzer, Solger, Gorres, Daub, Hegel, &c. Hegel, at a later period, pursued a course of his own, and adopted a dialectic method in philosophy. Other writers have labored on other parts of Schelling's system.

SCHEMNITZ (Hungarian, Selmecz-Banya; Selavonic, Stjawnitza); a royal free city of Hungary, in the county of Honth, eighty miles east of Presburg; lon. 18° 54 E., lat. 4 48 N; population, with the suburbs, 20,211. It stands in the midst of the most picturesque scenery, a few miles from the Raab, and contains some good houses, and tolerably wide streets, though irregularly built, on account of the unevenness of the surface. The mines of Schemnitz are the most extensive in Hungary, and are hardly surpassed by any in Europe. In eighteen mines, 2000 workmen are employed. The yearly value of the products is nearly one million dollars. The chief metals are gold, silver, and lead, combined with copper and arsenic. The whole of the mining works are the property of the government. The extent of ground containing the ores is about six miles square, and includes the town, most of which is undermined.Schemnitz has a castle, one Lutheran and four Catholic churches, a Lutheran gymnasium, and a mining academy, which has a director, five professors, and about 150 students. The course of education is completed in three years. The greatest amount of gold was produced in the year 160, which yielded 1-72 marks, or 132,428 ducats. The value of the gold and silver

obtained from 1740 to 1773, was thirty mallion dollars.

SCHENECTADY; a city of New York, on the south-east side of the Mohawk, fifteen and a half miles from Albany. It is regularly laid out in streets and squares. The Ene canal passes through it; and it contains the county buildings, the buildings of Union college, and the usual variety of dwelling houses, school houses, houses of worship, shops and offices. Population in 1830, 4256. It is a pleasant and Bourishing town, and is distinguished for the enterprise of its inhabitants. Union college, in this city, was incorporated in 1794. It is a highly respectable institution; Las 10 instructers, 205 students, 5150 volumes in its library, and 8450 in the students' libraries. The commencement is on the fourth Wednesday in July. The whole number of alumni in 1831 was 1373.

SHERZO (an Italian word signifying joke, jest), in music; generally applied to a passage of a sportive character in musical pieces of some length; e. £ to symphonies, quartettos, &c. Beethoven has made it a common part of the symphony, and it has taken the place of the minuet. (q. v.)

SCHIAVONE, Andrea, an eminent painter of the Venetian school, whose true name was Medola, his surname (the Sclavonian being derived from his birth place, wa born at Sebenico, in Dalmatia, in 1522 His parents, who were in humble circumstances, placed him with a house-painter, at Venice, where, at his leisure hours, he studied the works of Parmegiano, Giorgione, and Titian. The latter took him under his care, and soon after employed him in the library of St. Mark, where he s said to have painted three entire ceilings He was accounted one of the finest colorists of the Venetian school. Two of his compositions are in the church of the Padri Teatini, at Rimini, representing the notivity and the assumption of the Virgin. His Perseus and Andromeda, and the Apostles at the Sepulchre, are in the royal collection at Windsor. He died at Venice in 1582.

SCHICHT, John Gottfried, one of the most scientific musicians and composers of sacred music, was born in 1753, near Zatau, in Saxony, and was the son of a poor weaver. In 1776, he went to the university of Leipsic to study law, but soon devoted himself entirely to music. In 1810, he was appointed to superintend the music in the two chief churches at Leipsic. He stud ied the theory of music with great zral and success, and composed several beau

world, that they were permitted to see no females, except their mothers or very young sisters, who visited them on Sundays. Thus the influences, under which Schiller's talents were developed, were precisely opposite to those which operated on Gothe. (q. v.) The plan of the school was afterwards extended, and medicine allowed to be studied in it; and the school itself was transferred to Stuttgard. Schiller now seized on the opportunity offered, and, in 1775, began to study medicine and Latin zealously. His teachers did not all consider him as possessing uncommon talents; but the duke used to say, "Let that boy alone; he will come to something." When 16 years old, he published a translation of part of Virgil's Eneid in hexameters, in a Suabian periodical; but poetry was a forbidden fruit for him and his companions, and attracted them, therefore, the more. Some poetical books found their way, by stealth, into the school-the works of Klopstock, Gerstenberg, Göthe and Lessing. In 1773, Schiller began an epic, the hero of which was Moses; but he destroyed it at a later period. Shakspeare kindled in him a passion for the drama. He undertook two dramatic compositions, which he afterwards burned. Only some passages of one were retained in the Robbers. For two years he studied medicine very ardently, and wrote a Latin treatise On the Philosophy of Physiology, which was never printed. In 1777, at the age of 18 years, he began to write his Robbers-a composition with many striking faults; but which, nevertheless, awakens a powerful interest. Schiller himself says of it, that "he dared to describe men long before he knew any thing of them within his grated cell;" but, notwithstanding this, it contains some deep views and admirable displays of character. In 1780, when he had finished his studies, he wrote a treatise, entitled Essay on the Connexion of the Animal and Intellectual Nature of Man, printed in 1821, in the Monatschrift of Berlin. In the same year, he was appointed physician to a regiment in Stuttgard. Whilst in the school, he had been able to compose only by stealth, and had often reported himself sick, in order to have the use of the lamp in the sick-room, while writing his Robbers, not being allowed a light in his own room. Now he enjoyed, for the first time, some degree of liberty. His Robbers was printed at his own expense, as he could not find any publisher who would take the risk; and, in 1781, he was requested to change the

play in certain particulars, so as to adapt it for the stage at Manheim. In 1782, it was performed at Manheim, Schiller having willingly made changes wherever he could be convinced that they were improvements. Not being able to obtain leave of absence, to go out of the limits of the state, he left his regiment without permission, saw his piece performed, and returned with the deepest conviction of the unfitness of his present situation for his talents; particularly as the duke had asked him, after the publication of the Robbers, to show him all his poetical produetions, and, upon his refusal, had prohibited him from publishing any thing more, except medical works. In 1783, the Robbers was performed again at Manheim, and he again attended the performance, but, this time, was discovered, and put under arrest. During his detention, he formed the plan of his Cabale und Liebe, and conceived the idea of his Conspiracy of Fiesco. He was now convinced that he must leave Stuttgard, unless he should choose to sacrifice his poetry, the charm of his life; but how could he quit the army, when he had so long enjoyed an education at the public expense? It was not probable that the duke would allow him to go. Some friends proposed to him to propitiate the duke by a panegyr ical poem; but, much as he wished to gain his favor, chiefly on account of his beloved parents, he could not bring himself to use these means; besides, he knew that even if the duke should allow him to print poetry again, there was no safety m the exercise of the privilege. Schubart(q.v. was sighing on Hohenasperg, on account of his Fürstengruft, in which he had painted, in strong colors, the burial-place of princes. He now thought of deserting. but the feeling of gratitude towards the duke, and the fear that his father, who, with his family, altogether depend d upon the duke, would be made to suffer on his account, caused a great struggle in his mind. At last, the impossibility of living without poetry made him resolve to quit his situation. In 1782, he went, under an assumed name, to Franconia, where he was received by the mother of some gentlemen who had studied with him. He lived in great solitude, in a somewhat wild country, in a village called Bauerbach, in order to remain concealed and secure against the possible persecutions of the duke. In this situation he finished his Fiesco and Cabale und Liebe. In 1783, he went to Manheim, and conceived the idea of Don Carlos and

Maria Stuart. During this period, he also composed the Battle, the Infanticide, and poems to Laura. In Darmstadt, he won the favor of the prince by reading to him some scenes from Don Carlos. In 1785, he went to Leipsic; towards autumn to Dresden, where intercourse with men of talents, the charming scenery, the beautiful gallery, and the library, detained him until 1787. Here he became acquainted with the father of the poet Körner. (q. v.) This gentleman has since written a biographical sketch of Schiller. During this period, he studied all the works which he could procure, relating to the history of Philip II, to prepare himself for his Don Carlos; and these studies led to his History of the Revolt of the United Netherlands (Leipsic, 1788, vol. i). His History of the most remarkable Revolutions and Conspiracies, of which only one volume was published, was also produced at this period. Don Carlos first appeared at Leipsic, 1787. He himself has written the best and severest critique on this piece, in his Letters on Don Carlos. The Ghostseer (Leipsic, 1789) was probably caused by the tales respecting Cagliostro. (q. v.) In 1787, Schiller went to Weimar, where Wieland and Herder received him in a friendly manner. In 1788, he met Göthe, after the return of the latter from Italy. He had seen him but once before, in his boyhood, when Göthe, accompanied by the duke of Würtemberg, visited the academy where he was studying. He did not like him at first: partly through his influence, however, he received, in 1789, a professorship of philosophy at Jena. Schiller entered on his office with the discourse, What is universal history, and for what is it studied? He now devoted himself to history; and the few poetical productions which he wrote at this period are mostly of a historical character, though the Gods of Greece was composed at this time; and he also then formed the idea of an epic poem, the hero of which was to be Frederic the Great. He paid much attention to philosophy, particularly Kant's; and many of his philosophical and aesthetical treatises date from this period. He lectured on history, and began to publish Historical Memoirs from the twelfth Century to the most recent Times (1790); and his History of the Thirty Years' War, which appeared first in the Pocket Almanac for Ladies, from 1790 to 1793. In 1790, he married. The French republic, at the beginning of the revolution, conferred on him the rights of

citizenship, and the emperor of Germany ennobled him in 1802. Incessant study, protracted far into the night, and the use of stimulants, undermined his health. In 1793, he visited his parents; on which occasion the duke took no notice of him. The periodical Thalia having ceased in 1793, he formed the plan of publishing, with the coöperation of the first writers of Germany, the Hora. He became more intimately acquainted with Göthe, returned with renewed ardor to poetry, and produced, particularly after 1795, the finest lyrical poems which appeared in the Hore, and in his Almanac of the Muses (first number in 1796). In 1797, he produced his first ballads. In 1795, he conceived the plan of a play, to be called the Knights of Malta; but all his other projects gave way to Wallenstein (completed in 1799). Wallenstein's camp is a striking introduction to the parts which constitute the proper tragedy. From 1799, he lived in Weimar, where, in 1800 and 1801, Maria Stuart and the Maid of Orleans were produced. In 1803, appeared the Bride of Messina, and his last dramatic work, William Tell, in our opinion, much the best of his tragedies. Death prevented the completion of his PseudoDemetrius. He also adapted Shakspeare's Macbeth, Gozzi's Turandot, Racine's Phaedra, &c., for the stage, with which his dramatic works close. Among the numerous criticisms on his merits as a dramatist, we would refer the reader to Frederic Schlegel's Lectures on the History of ancient and modern Literature (2d vol.). After attending a representation of his own Tell at Berlin, where he was received with much honor, he died at Weimar, May 9, 1805, only 46 years old, mourned by all Germany. Göthe well says of him:

Er wendete die Blüthe höchsten Strebens,
Das Leben selbst an dieses Bild des Lebens.

Schiller hated nothing so much as the vulgar or mean. He strove perpetually for the noble and the beautiful; hence that melancholy hue which is sometimes spread over his productions. There exist several editions of his work: a very cheap one was published, in 1822, by Cotta, in eighteen small volumes. He left a widow and several children, in narrow circumstances. His correspondence with Göthe is interesting. The correspondence between Schiller and Will. von Humboldt (Stuttg., 1830) is, perhaps, more so; because it gives us more insight into the growth of his mind. The best account