inferior importance also, the magistrates of cities and royal burghs have a jurisdiction which is subject to the review of the sheriff. (For further details, see the article Scotland, in Brewster's New Edinburgh Encyclopædia.) The earliest inhabitants of Scotland belonged, probably, to the great Celtic race. The Romans, who had reduced the southern part of the island of * Britain fifty years before the Christian era, extended their conquests, about 130 years later, into the more northern part of the island, inhabited by the Caledonians. (See Gaul.) Agricola forced the natives back beyond the estuaries of the Forth and the Clyde, and the remains of Roman roads and stations still serve to trace the steps of the conquerors. Adrian (120) constructed a wall across the island, from the Tyne to the Solway, and, in the reign of Antoninus, a more northern wall was erected from the Forth to the Clyde. At a later period, the principal inhabitants of Caledonia (as the northern part of Scotland was called) were the Scots and Picts, the former of whom came from Ireland, and finally gave their name to the country; the latter were apparently of Gothic origin, but we have no knowledge of their earlier history. (See Scots.) Kenneth Macalpine joined in his person the crowns of the Picts and Scots, or Dalriads, as they are commonly called, and was, therefore, the first king of Scotland (843). Christianity appears to have been introduced into Scotland by Irish monks, in the sixth century. Malcolm III (1057 1093), son of Duncan (see Macbeth), was educated at the Saxon court, and had married a Saxon princess. The Norman conquest, also, carried many Saxon fugitives into Scotland, and a great change in the manners of the Scotch was produced by this connexion with a more civilized people. On the death of Alexander III (1284), the male line of the old race of kings became extinct, and Edward I of England began to lay schemes for extending his sway over this part of the island. Sir William Wallace (q. v.) perished on the scaffold; but Bruce (q. v.) achieved the independence of his country, by the battle of Bannockburn (1314). The Bruce male line became extinct in 1371, and the Stuart (q. v.) family ascended the Scottish throne. James I (q. v.), an accomplished prince, who endeavored to curb the power of the licentious nobles, and to promote the civilization of his dominions, was murdered by the nobles (1437). James II, his infant son, succeeded him, and pursued the plan of restraining the

barons with vigor and success. James III ascended the throne at the age of seven years: his reign was not less inglorious than his end. His immoderate attachment to minions, and his tyrannical conduct towards all classes, excited a rebellion, in which he was defeated and slain. James IV (1488), a brave and able prince, whose marriage with Margaret, daughter of Henry VII, resulted in the ultimate union of the English and Scotch crowns, introduced improvements in the laws and government, and in the condition of the lower classes. He fell in the battle of Flodden (1513). James V, an infant (during whose minority the kingdom was torn by factions), by his marriage with Mary of Guise, united the Scotch court more closely with that of France; and, in addition to the troubles occasioned by the French and English interest, a new torch of discord was lighted at the flames which consumed the first reformers. Patrick Hamilton, the first who publicly embraced the doctrines of the reformation, was burnt in 1538; but the new doctrines gained adherents in spite of persecution (see Beaton), both among the people and the nobles, and the work was accomplished by the boldness and activity of Knox. (See Knox, and Presbyterians.) James died in 1542, and was succeeded by his daughter Mary (see Mary Stuart), who was betrothed to the dauphin of France, and educated in that country. . Her hostility to the reformation laid the foundation of discontents, which, increased by her imprudent conduct, terminated in rebellion. Having fled for protection to England, she was beheaded at Fotheringay, in 1587. James VI (I of England; see James 1) ascended the English throne on the death of Elizabeth, in 1603, and thus united the crowns of the two kingdoms, which were themselves united, one hundred years later (1707), into one monarchy. (See Great Britain.) Scotland retained a separate parliament until the act of union. The first kings of the Stuart family, on the English throne, endeavored to subvert the Presbyterian church in Scotland, and establish Episcopalianism on its ruins. These attempts gave rise to the solemn league and covenant (see Covenant), and contributed not a little to the fall of Charles I. (q. v.). Cromwell (q. v.) reduced Scotland to submission; but in the reign of Charles II (q. v.), new attempts to establish the Episcopalian form of church government gave rise to new troubles (1666 and 1676). Even after the revolution and union, the

partisans of the Stuart dynasty twice rose in rebellion (1715 and 1745), against the house of Hanover (see Stuart, James Edward, and Edward, Charles); but since the middle of the last century, Scotland has been devoted to the arts of peace, and all kinds of industry have made a wonderful progress in that part of Great Britain.See Buchanan's History of Scotland, from the Latin, with a continuation (4 vols., Glasgow, 1827); Tytler's History of Scotland (fourth vol., 1831, unfinished); and Scott's History of Scotland (2 vols.).

Scotch Language and Literature. The inhabitants of Scotland speak three different languages; the English, the Scotch, and the Gaelic. The English is spoken by all well educated persons in the kingdom, and is used in all deeds and prose works; and, although the pronunciation, and some peculiarities of dialect, generally betray the Scotch origin of the speaker, it is well known that some of the best writers and most eloquent orators in the English language during the last seventy years have been Scotchmen. The Scotch language, which is used by the lower classes in the Lowlands, and by some old persons of the higher ranks, is still employed in the national poetry. The Gaelic language is spoken in every part of the Highlands; but almost all Highlanders are acquainted with English, which is taught in their schools. (See Highlands, and Ossian.) The Scotch language has been commonly regarded as a corrupt dialect of the English; but doctor Jamieson has shown that it is a separate language, of Teutonic origin, with a strong mixture of Gaelic and French. He considers the Picts as a Teutonic race; and the fact that the topographical names in the north of Scotland, and in the Orkney islands, are of Gothic origin, strongly confirms the view. Neither has the Scotch been merely a dialect of the vulgar. It was formerly the language of a polished court, and a cultivated nation; and the earlier Scottish writings are much superior in delicacy to those of modern times. The study of polite literature was, some centuries ago, in a more advanced state in Scotland, than in many other countries, which afterwards surpassed it. Barbour, a Scottish historian and poet, prior to Chaucer, wrote in a style as pure, and with a versification as harmonious, as the latter. The poetical compositions of James I, and the work of James VI, containing precepts for writing Scottish poetry, with the numerous other productions still extant, show that much attention was paid by the court and the

educated classes to the native languag The close connexion of the Scotch with the French courts introduced many of the terms of the latter. The Scottish is remarkable for its copiousness, and well calculated to express the humorous, the plaintive, and the tender. Its power of terminations, especially in diminutives is considerable, and it is often compared, for its simplicity, to the Doric of th Greeks. It drops final consonants, subst tutes one for the other, and delights in a concourse of vowels. Apart from the peculiarly national literature of Scotland, to be found in the poetry of James 1, o: Douglas, Barbour, Ramsay, Burns, &c. she has contributed largely to the rich stores of English literature and science. In mathematical and physical science, the Gregorys, Maclaurin, Simpson, Black. Hutton, and Playfair, and in the practical arts, Watt, Rennie and Telford are distinguished. In history, the great names of Robertson and Hume, with those of Ferguson and Mackintosh; in philosophy, and criticism, Reid, Adam Smith, Campbeil. Kames, Blair, Stewart and many others of the first eminence, show that in this provincial kingdom there has been no want of men of large views, of bold and original speculation, and of deep insight into the characterof society, the workings of the human heart, and the more secret and subtile operations of the intellectual powers. In works of imagination it is only necessary to mention the names of Smollett, Mackenzie, Thomson, Armstrong, and sir W. Scott. The poems of Ossian, and the Waverley novels, have contributed to give to Scotland a romantic interest in all foreign countries, where the sorrows of the bard and the adventures of the Jacobite or Cameronian heroes are almost as familiar as on their own soil. See Irving's Lives of the Scottish Poets, and Jamieson's Dictionary of the Scottish Language 12 vols., quarto, 1808), Supplement (2 vols., quarto, 1825), containing much curious matter, illustrative of the national rites, customs and institutions.

SCOTS. The Picts and Scots are first named in history in the fifth century. The former inhabited the eastern shores of Scotland as far south as the frith of Forth, and as far north as the island extended. The name of Picts seems to have been given them by the Romans, from their habit of staining their bodies when going to battle (picti, painted). They were probably of Gothic origin, though some think they were descendants of the ancient Caledonians, who were Celts min

gled with Gothic settlers. The Scots, on the other hand, were of Irish origin. A colony of this people, from Ulster, settled on the coast of Argyleshire, under Fergus, about the year 503, and gradually occupied nearly the whole of the western coast of Scotland. After a long and bloody struggle between the two people, Kenneth II, king of the Scots, finally ascended the Pictish throne (843), and united the two states into one kingdom, comprising the whole country north of the wall of Antonine. (See Scotland.)

SCOTT, Michael; a celebrated Scottish philosopher, and reputed magician, of the thirteenth century. He made an early progress in the languages and the matheinatics, and, after residing in France some years, repaired to Germany, and applied closely to the study of medicine and chemistry. On quitting Germany, he proceeded to England, and was received with great favor by Edward II. After his return to his native country, he received the honor of knighthood from Alexander III, by whom he was also confidentially employed. He died at an advanced age, in 1291. Michael Scott was a man of considerable learning for his time, and, being much addicted to the study of the occult sciences, passed among his contemporaries for a magician, and as such is mentioned by Boccaccio and Dante. He is supposed to have been buried in Melrose abbey, and his books were either interred in his grave, or preserved in the abbey. He is author of De Secretis Natura; De Natura Solis et Luna; On the Transmutation of Metals; Mensa Philosophica, a treatise replete with the visionary sciences of chiromancy and astrology. (See Mackenzie's Lives.)

SCOTT, Thomas, an emment evangelical clergyman of the English church, born in 1747, in Lincolnshire, was the son of a farmer. After having acquired some acquaintance with classical learning, he was, at the age of sixteen, apprenticed to a surgeon and apothecary at Alford, in his native county. In this situation he staid only two months; and then, returning home, he was employed in his father's business. Having a strong inclination to enter into the church, he applied himself closely to study, and obtained a considerable knowledge of both the Latin and Greek languages. In 1773, he was ordained. Becoming acquainted with Mr. Newton, curate of Olney, he was converted to Calvinism, in the defence of which, both from the pulpit and the press, he greatly distinguished himself. In 1781, he removed to Ol24

VOL. XI.

ney, and, in 1785, to London, having obtained the chaplainship of the Lock chapel, near Hyde-Park corner. In 1801, he was appointed rector of Aston Sandford, in Buckinghamshire, where he died April 16, 1821. He published, in 1779, a tract, entitled the Force of Truth, 8vo., which was followed by several single sermons, and other works; but his principal productions are a Defence of Calvinism, against bishop Tomline; and a Commentary on the Bible, 6 vols. quarto.

SCOTT,Sir Walter,bart.,eldest son of Walter Scott, writer to the signet in Edinburgh, was born in that city, August 15, 1771. His mother, a friend of Burns and Allan Ramsay, was a lady of talent, and author of several small poems of considerable merit. He was educated at the high school of Edinburgh under doctor Adam, and at the university under professor Stewart. According to his own account, he had a distinguished character as a tale-teller, “at a time when the applause of his companions was his recompense for the disgraces and punishments which the future romance writer incurred for being idle himself, and keeping others idle, during hours that should have been employed on their tasks." It was the favorite amusement of his holydays to wander, with a friend of the same taste, through the solitary environs of Arthur's seat and Salisbury crags, reciting and listening to such wild stories as his own and his friend's imagination were able to devise. This truant disposition seems to have been increased by a long illness, the consequence of the rupture of a blood-vessel, at the age of fifteen, during which he was left to the indulgence of his own taste in reading, and, after having devoured all the romances, old plays, and epic poetry furnished by a considerable circulating library, his time was occupied in perusing histories, memoirs, voyages and travels. Two years spent in this manner, were followed by a residence in the country, in which he made the same use of a good library, to which he had access, that Waverley is represented to have done in a similar situation. Though lame from his birth, and early of feeble health, his health was afterwards confirmed; and, during the greater part of his life, he has been remarkable for his personal activity, and passionately fond of field sports. In 1792, having completed his preparatory studies, he was called to the bar; but his literary taste diverted his attention from the practice of his profession, which he soon abandoned for employments more agreeable to his inclina

tions. His patrimonial estate was also considerable, and, in 1800, he obtained the preferment of sheriff of Selkirkshire, of about £300 a year in value. In 1806, he was appointed one of the principal clerks of the session in Scotland. His first literary attempts were translations from the German ballad poetry, which first became known in Great Britain towards the close of the last century. In 1796, he published a volume containing a poetical version of Bürger's Lenore, and of the ballad of the Wild Huntsman (Der Wilde Jäger). This attempt he himself describes as a complete failure. His first original productions were several excellent ballads (Glenfiulas, the Eve of St. John, &c.), which appeared in Lewis's Tales of Wonder (1801). In 1802, appeared his Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border, a collection of ballads, ancient and modern, of the Border districts, with an introduction and notes (2 vols. 8vo.), which very much extended his reputation; to which succeeded, in 1804, Sir Tristram, a metrical Romance of the Thirteenth Century, by Thomas of Ercildoune, with a preliminary dissertation and glossary. Meanwhile, Mr. Scott had married, and taken up his residence at Ashiesteel, on the banks of the Tweed, about thirty miles from Edinburgh, "a delightful retirement," to use his own words, "in an uncommonly beautiful situation, by the side of a fine river, whose streams are favorable for angling, and surrounded by hills abounding in game." His first original work of considerable extent, was the Lay of the Last Minstrel (1805), which was received with universal applause, and was succeeded, two years after, by Marmion (1808), the appearance of which was hastened by the misfortunes of a near relation and friend. The Lady of the Lake (1810), the Vision of Don Roderick (1811), Rokeby (1812), Lord of the Isles (1814), Harold the Dauntless, and the Bridal of Triermain, the two latter of which appeared anonymously, with some other works of less merit, marked his brilliant poetical career. Upwards of 30,000 copies of the Lay were sold by the trade in England, previously to 1829, and of Marmion (for which the author received £1000), 36,000 copies were sold between 1805 and 1825; for the manuscript of Rokeby the publishers gave him £3000. If the success of his first productions is in some measure to be attributed, as the author himself modestly intimates, to the low state of poetry in Great Britain at the beginning of the present century, and to the substitution of the animated and varied octosyllabic verse, or

romantic stanza, for the more cumbersome and stately heroic, yet the freshness, fire, and truth of description, the dramatic distinctness of the action and characters, the richness of the imagery, and the vivacity and poetical beauty of style which characterize them, would at any time have attracted attention, and won the admiration of the public. Mr. Scott was, during the period in which his principal poems appeared, also employed in editing the works of other authors. In his capacity of editor, he completed the Works of Dryden, with a Life of the Author, and Notes (18 vols. 8vo., 1808); Lord Somer's Tracts (12 vols., 1809 to 1812); Description and Illustration of the Lay of the Last Minstrel (1810); Sir Ralph Sadler's State Papers (2 vols. quarto, 1810); Poetjcal Works of Anna Seward (3 vols. 8vo. 1810); the Works of Jonathan Swift (19 vols. 8vo., 1814); and the Border Antiquities of England and Scotland, 4to. In 1811, he removed to Abbotsford, six or seven miles below his former residence, on the Tweed, where he purchased a farm of about 100 acres, for the purpose of having some more quiet out-door occupation than field sports. "The nakedness of the land," says he, "was in time hidden by woodlands; the smallest of possible cottages was progressively expanded into a sort of dream of a mansion house, whimsical in the exterior, but convenient within. Nor did I forget what is the natural pleasure of every man who has been a reader; I mean the filling the shelves of a tolerably large library." Here he has since continued to reside, exercising the most open hospitality, and receiving the homage of admiration from all parts of the world. His grounds have been very picturesquely,and, at the same time, profitably laid out, and his library amounts to about 15,000 volumes. But, in 1814, he already appeared in a new character-that of a novelist. Although the greater part of his romances were published anonymously, and he did not disclose the fact of his being the author until February, 1827, yet little doubt was previously entertained on the subject. A portion of Waverley was written as early as 1805, and announced under the title of Waverley, or "Tis Fifty Years since. On account of the unfavorable opinion of a friend, it was thrown by and forgotten, until, about eight or nine years afterwards, the author accidentally discovered it in searching for some fishing tackle, and immediately set to work to complete it. The subsequent novels have come out in the following order: In 1815,

Guy Mannering; in 1816, the Antiquary, and Tales of My Landlord (consisting of the Black Dwarf and Old Mortality); 1818, Rob Roy, and Tales of My Landlord (2d series, consisting of the Heart of Mid Lothian); 1819, Tales of My Landlord (3d series, consisting of the Bride of Lammermuir, and the Legend of Montrose); 1820, Ivanhoe, the Monastery, and the Abbot; 1821, Kenilworth; 1822, the Pirate, and the Fortunes of Nigel ; 1823, Quentin Durward, and Peveril of the Peak; 1824, St. Ronan's Well, and Redgauntlet; 1825, Tales of the Crusaders; 1826, Woodstock; 1827, Chronicles of the Canongate (1st series); 1828, Chronicles of the Canongate (2d series); 1829, Anne of Geierstein; and 1831, Tales of My Landlord (4th series). These works, rapidly as they were produced, were not only the fruits of his unaided genius, but the original manuscripts are entirely written in his own hand, excepting those of 1818 and 1819, when his illuess obliged him to employ an amanuensis. Among his miscellaneous works, most of which are contained in the collection entitled Miscellaneous Prose Works of Sir W. Scott (6 vols., 1827), are Paul's Letters to his Kinsfolk (1815), giving an account of his visit to Waterloo, &c.; Essays on Chivalry, Romance, and the Drama, in the Supplement to the Encyclopædia Britannica; Lives of the Novelists; and contributions to different periodical works, &c. In 1820, he was created a baronet. In 1827, appeared his Life of Napoleon (9 vols.)a work of partial views, and executed with too little care and research to add to the brilliant reputation of the auThe first, second, and third series of the Tales of a Grandfather, illustrative of events in Scottish history, The Letters on Demonology, and the History of Scotland (2 vols., 1830), close the long list of the works of this prolific writer. The revised editions of his poems and novels contain many interesting personal details, and sketches of his literary history, and some of them have been collected and arranged in this country, in a single volume, under the title of Autobiography of Sir Walter Scott, Bart. (Philadelphia, 1831). See likewise Peter's Letters to his Kinsfolk, by his son-in-law, Mr. Lockhart, from which we extract the following observations:-"His conversation is, for the most part, of such a kind, that all can take a lively part in it, although, indeed, none that I ever met with can equal himself. It does not appear as if he ever could be at a loss, for a single moment, for some new supply of that which

thor.

constitutes its chief peculiarity and its chief charm; the most keen perception, the most tenacious memory, and the most brilliant imagination, having been at work throughout the whole of his busy life, in filling his mind with a store of individual traits and anecdotes, serious and comic, individual and national, such as it is probable no man ever before possessed; and such, still more certainly, as no man of original power ever before possessed, in subservience to the purposes of inventive genius. Never was any physiognomy treated with more scanty justice by the portrait painters; and yet, after all, I must confess that the physiognomy is of a kind that scarcely falls within the limits of their art. I have never seen any face which disappointed me less than this, after I had become acquainted with it fully; yet, at the first glance, I certainly saw less than, but for the vile prints, I should have looked for; and I can easily believe that the feelings of the uninitiated, the uncranioscopical observer, might be little different from those of pure disappointment. It is not that there is a deficiency of expression in any part of his face, but the expression which is most prominent is not of the kind which one who had known his works, and had heard nothing about his appearance, would be inclined to expect. The common language of his features expresses all manner of discernment and acuteness of intellect, and the utmost nerve and decision of character. He smiles frequently; and I never saw any smile which tells so eloquently the union of broad good humor with the keenest perception of the ridiculous; but all this would scarcely be enough to satisfy one in the physiognomy of Mr. Scott."

SCOTT, sir John. (See Eldon.) SCOTT, Sir William. (See Stowell.) SCOTUS, Duns. (See Duns.) Scorus, John. (See Erigena.) SCOUGAL, Henry, an eminent Scotch divine, born in 1650, was educated in the university of St. Andrews, where he became professor of Oriental philosophy at the age of twenty. In 1673, he was presented by his college to a living, but recalled the following year, and made professor of theology. His great exertions, both in this capacity and as a preacher, threw him into a consumption, and he died, greatly lamented, in 1678, at the early age of twenty-eight. He was the author of an eloquent and able work, entitled, The Life of God in the Soul of Man, which has run through many editions; and also of Nine Sermons, by which he