ducing his letters and manuscripts as matters of accusation against him. In 1553, Servetus published his matured theological system, without his name, under the title of Christianismi Restitutio; but Calvin took care that the magistrates of Vienne should be duly informed of it, and Servetus was committed to prison, whence he contrived to escape, and thereby avoided that fate from Catholic hands which he was soon after to suffer from those of the reformers. Purposing to proceed to Nales, he imprudently took his way through Geneva, where Calvin induced the magistrates to arrest him on a charge of blasphemy and heresy, advanced against him by a person who had been a servant in Calvin's family. In order to ensure his condemnation, his various writings were sifted for accusations; and, as a proof of the malignity and injustice which he encountered, it may be mentioned that one of the charges was extracted from his edition of Ptolemy's Geography, in which he asserted that Judea had been falsely extolled for its beauty and fertility, modern travellers having found it both sterile and unsightly. The magistrates of Geneva were, however, aware that many eyes were on them, in respect to this extraordinary treatment of a person who was neither a subject nor a resident, but, properly speaking, a traveller kidnapped in his passage. They thought proper, therefore, to consult the magistrates of all the Protestant Swiss cantons, who referring the matter to their divines, the latter unanimously declared for his punishment. As he refused to retract his opinions, therefore, he was condemned to the flames, which sentence was carried into execution the 27th of October, 1553, in the forty-fourth year of his age. Servetus is numbered among the anatomists who made the nearest approach to the doctrine of the circulation of the blood, as appears from a passage in his De Restitutione Christianismi. The life of Servetus has been written in Latin by Mosheim (Helmstädt, 1728).

SERVIA (Turkish, Serf-Vilajeti); a province of European Turkey, bordering on Walachia, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Albania, Bosnia and Hungary, from which last it is divided by the Danube. It contains 19,500, or, according to some, 21,200 square miles, and 960,000 inhabitants. This thin population is owing, partly to the desolating wars to which the country has been exposed for centuries, but principally to the oppression of the Turkish government. Servia contains immense forests; but the soil is very fer

tile, and cattle are raised in large numbers. Agriculture and commerce are in a very low condition. There are no manufactures except some of cotton. The country forms a part of Rumili, and is subject to a pacha, who resides at Belgrade, the capital. Besides Belgrade (q. v.), Semendra and Nissa are the most important cities. In the fortified village of Passarowitz (q. v.), July 21, 1718, a peace was concluded between Austria and the Porte, very advantageous to the former. On the plains of Cossova or the Amselfeld, on the borders of Bosnia, the Turkish sultan Amurath I, in 1389, defeated the Servians; and, Oct. 19, 1447, in the same place, Amurath II triumphed over the Hungarian and allied forces under John Hunniades, and was stabbed in his tent by Milosch Kobilitschk, a Servian. Servia is a part of ancient Illyria, which the Romans reduced under their dominion. The proper name of the province was Mosia. Belgrade (Taurunum) belonged to Lower Pannonia. About the middle of the seventh century, Sclavonic tribes overspread all these regions. One of those tribes, the Servii (Serbi), a branch of the Sarmatians, to which the emperor Heraclius had previously assigned a portion of Macedonia, expelled or subdued the aborigines, the Illyrians, and kept possession of their country. From them it derived the name of Servia, which at that time included Bosnia (q. v.).—The Servians were almost incessantly involved in quarrels with the Greek emperors, Hungary, and the republic of Venice, and, notwithstanding their valor, were generally worsted. After they had been under the dominion of the Greek emperors for many years, though governed immediately by their own princes, they formed an alliance, in 1150, with Hungary, to oppose the emperor Manuel Comnenus. Manuel defeated them in 1151. A second attempt to make themselves independent was equally unsuccessful. Isaac Angelus, the Greek general, afterwards emperor, defeated them, in 1193, on the Morava. ninth century, Budimir, the first Christian prince, divided the country into several provinces. One of them, Bosnia, afterwards withdrew from the general government, and eventually came into subjection to Hungary, though it retained its own rulers. In the beginning of the fourteenth century, Milatin Urosch, king of Servia, was compelled by Charles I, king of Hungary, to cede a part of his territory. King Stephen Duschan (who reigned from 1336) made many successful expeditions

In the

against the Greek emperors, and subdued some of the neighboring provinces. He assumed the title of emperor, and distributed the empire of Servia into several governments; but he thus prepared the way for its fall and subsequent dissolution. During his reign, Amurath I, the Turkish sultan, as above related, defeated the Servians, June 15, 1389, on the Amselfeld. Bajazet, Amurath's successor, divided Servia between Stephen, son of Lazar, the last ruler, and his son-in-law, Wuk Brankouitsch. Both were compelled to pay tribute to him. Servia now became the chief theatre of the unhappy wars between the kings of Hungary and the Porte. After the battle on the Amselfeld in 1447, in which Amurath II conquered the Hungarians under Hunniades, Servia was completely subdued by the Turks. The successes of Eugene, indeed, procured for Austria, at the peace of Passarowitz, in 1718, the largest part of Servia, that is, the northern part, with the capital, Belgrade. But by the peace of Belgrade, in 1739, Austria again lost all this territory, and it was transferred to Turkey. The barbarity of the Turkish governors and the arrogance of the janizaries led to an insurrection in 1801. George Petrowitsch, a man of courage, known by the name of Czerny George, placed himself at the head of the malcontents, and fought, for eleven years, with the greatest ardor. The Servians received assistance secretly from the Russians, and their army was at length increased to 30,000 men. Czerny George, taking advantage of the weakness of Turkey, demanded that Servia, like Moldavia and Walachia, should be elevated to a principality, under a Greek hospodar. The demand was rejected. After the Servians had gained some successes over the Turks, Russia declared in their favor, and a Russian army marched into Moldavia to their aid. Supplied by the Russians with warlike stores, particularly with cannon and engineers, Czerny took Belgrade, in December, 1806, and, some time after, Shabacz and Nissa. The Servian army was now increased to 80,000 men. The Turks, occupied with other troubles in the interior of their country, and repeatedly defeated by the Servians and Russians, at length proposed an armistice, which was concluded, July 8, 1808, at Slobosje, at the Servian head-quarters. Czerny George, with the other chiefs of his nation, now prepared a constitution for Servia, under the protection of Russia. Having been before appointed chief ruler by the people, he was formally declared

prince of Servia, and recognised by the Russian emperor, who, at the same time, made him lieutenant-general of the Rus sian army, and knight of the order of Alexander Newsky. When the war broke out again, in March, 1809, between Russia and the Porte, Czerny George, with his Servian troops, took part in 2, and essentially aided the Russian armas. But the invasion of Russia by the French, in 1812, put a sudden end to the war, and led to the peace concluded at Bucharest, May 28, 1812, between Russia and the Porte. It was agreed, in the conditions of the peace, that the Porte should treat the Servians with kindness, and grant them a full amnesty. The fortresses erected by them in their country during the late war, were to be demolished, and the remainder to be put into the hands of the Turks. The administration of s internal affairs was committed to the nation. The Servians were to enjoy the same advantages with the Turkish subjects in the islands of the Archipelago and in other countries. At the end of Jun, 1812, the Russian troops left Servia. Many of the Servian chieftains, who were mak devoted to their cause, accompanied them The war between Servia and the Pure began anew in July, 1813, and was prosecuted with much bitterness, and with various success. After it had continued nearly four months, the Turks prevaNKİ. Czerny George and his adherents tied to the neighboring states. The conquerurs treated those who remained with the greatest cruelty. The country was made a desert. Finally, under the court of Milosch, the Servians concluded the treaty of December 15, 1815, which maar them not so much the subjects as the dependants of the Porte, The attempt et Czerny George, in July, 1817, to kind new war, cost him his life. Till pat negotiations with the Servians were exa tinued in Constantinople. They demarsed that no Turk should possess property in Servia without the walls of BeigTION It was granted. From that time the cointry has been governed by a senate, who 2 consists of a president, Milosch, who w made prince in 1817, and four members or Servian representatives. The wor holds its sessions at Semendra, a fortaziend city on the Danube, containing 8000 habitants and an archbishop; also the res idence of the hospodar Milosch Obrenowitsch, formerly a general under Czer ny George. The Servians have their own judges and local magistrates, and have an agent constantly at the Porte. They pay

to the Porte only the kharadsh, which amounts to one ducat for every father of a family, and one piaster for every other member. No Servian is permitted to reside permanently in Turkey, and no Turk in Servia. Belgrade and all the Turkish fortresses in Servia are occupied by Turkish troops. In case of a war between the Porte and any foreign power, the Servians are to furnish 12,000 men. The orders of the vizier, who remains with the Turkish garrison in Belgrade, are committed for execution to prince Milosch. This ruler, in 1825, put down, with an iron hand, a rebellion excited by his own severity, and was rewarded for it with the high office of hospodar. In the war of Russia with the Porte in 1828, the Servians were ready to rise in support of Russia. See Ranke's Serbische Revolution (Hamburg, 1829).

Servian Language and Literature. The Servian language, generally called the Illyrian, is a Sclavonic dialect, and, among all the southern Sclavonic idioms, the most powerful. It is spoken by five millions of people, from the Culpa to the Timeck. The Sclavonic dialect, spoken in Bulgaria and Bosnia, differs little from the Servian. Recently the Servian has been more cultivated. In 1814, Wuk Stephanowitsch published, in Vienna, a Servian grammar (translated into German, with a preface by J. Grimm, and remarks by Vater, Berlin, 1824). In 1819, he published his Dictionary of the Servian Language, with German and Latin Definitions, containing above 30,000 words in common use. In the Servian poetry, the excellence of which Göthe and Grimm have acknowledged, a Sclavonic character of rude energy is united with an Oriental warmth. In 1823, Wuk Stephanowitsch published three volumes of Servian poetry, at Leipsic, which have been translated into German. Some of the songs are uncommonly fine. In 1826, he published Danitza (i. e. Morning Star), an annual for ladies, in Servian. The most recent publications in Servian literature are Simeon Milutinowitsch's Serbianka, a series of Servian heroic songs, which celebrate the insurrection of Servia, of which he was an eye-witness (4 vols., 12mo., Leipsic, 1827), and two Servian translations of Horace's Ars poetica (Vienna, 1827), in hexameters, and in the heroic measure of the Servians. Both are by Johannes Hadsitsch (under the name of Milosch Swetitsch). The Servian prose has produced little besides theological and religious works. In fact, the lite

rary dialect is not yet settled: the Servian scholars are not agreed whether the artificial book language, formed after the ecclesiastical Servian, and which has been in use for almost four centuries, or the common dialect of the country, shall become the language of literature. In the former Raitsch has written his History of various Sclavonic Tribes (Vienna, 1792, 4 vols.). See Bowring's Servian Popular Poetry (London, 1827).

SERVICE TREE (sorbus); a pretty large European tree, closely allied to the apple and pear, but easily distinguishable by its pinnated leaves. The flowers are numerous, disposed in corymbs at the extremities of the branches, and are succeeded by very small, rounded or pearshaped fruit. This fruit is excessively austere and astringent before perfect maturity, is little esteemed, and difficult of digestion, but, notwithstanding, is sometimes eaten when in a state of incipient decay. The tree attains the height of forty or fifty feet, but the growth is exceedingly slow, the trunk hardly acquiring the diameter of a foot in a century. The wood is very hard, compact, solid, fine-grained, and susceptible of a brilliant polish. It is in great request among turners and cabinet makers, and is very dear, especially the larger pieces. The service tree grows wild in most parts of Europe, and is, besides, occasionally cultivated. -The mountain ash is a second species of sorbus, often cultivated as an ornamental plant. It does not exceed the height of twenty or twenty-five feet, and is found wild in many parts of Europe. We have in the northern parts of the U. States, a species of sorbus (S. Ame.icana), closely resembling the mountain ash, and also frequently cultivated in European gardens. it is found wild as far south as lat. 43°, and is frequent in Canada. Another species (S. microcarpa) inhabits the range of the Alleghany mountaius.

SERVILE, a Spanish word of the same meaning with the English servile, was the name given to the opponents of the liberal changes, contemplated by the cortes, from their first session in 1808. In 1823, when the French put down the liberals, the apostolical party (so called) obtained the ascendency.

SERVILE ARTS. (See Arts.)

SERVING is the winding any thing round a rope to prevent it from being rubbed: the materials used for this purpose, which are called service, are generally spun-yarn, small lines, sennit, or ropes, sometimes leather, old canvass, &c.

SERVITES, Or Servants of the HOLY VIRGIN; a religious order, founded at Florence in 1233, which became numerous, particularly in Germany and Italy, and received the privileges of the mendicant orders, but never had much influence in the church. (See Orders, Religious.) The monks were also called Brethren of the Ave Maria, because they always began their conversation with the words of the angelic greeting, and Brethren of the Passion of Christ. They follow the rule of St. Augustine, and wear a black dress. Their general has the fifth place among those of the mendicant orders at Rome. They have, in recent times, lost much of their consideration. Paul Sarpi, and Ferrarius belonged to this order.

SERVITUDE (servitus), in the civil law, is the right to the use of a thing, without property in the same, for all or for some particular purposes. This right, by the Roman law, was not confined to any particular kind of property, but could either be limited to a particular person (servitus personalis), or so connected with real property (prædium dominans), that the owner of the same, whoever he might be, could exercise his right upon the estate subjected to the servitude ( prædium serviens). The servitude consisted either in a right to do some act, as to gather fruit from the estate, &c. (servitus affirmativa), or to prevent the owner of the property from doing certain acts, as building walls beyond a certain height, blocking up a window, &c. (servitus negativa). The owner of a property to which a servitude was attached, could not, by the Roman law, be obliged to perform any act himself (servitus in faciendo consistere nequit); but this rule is not adhered to, in modern times, in those countries where the civil law prevails. Personal servitudes consist either in the full use of the property, and its products (usus fructus), or in a limited use (usus) of the same (as, for instance, merely free occupancy-habitatio). The usufruct was originally allowed only in regard to those things which were not consumed in the use, but was afterwards extended to such things as were consumed by use, but could be replaced by articles similar in number and quality (quasi usus fructus). Servitudes connected with real estate (servitutes prædiorum), which were divided into servitudes on tenements (prædiorum urbanorum), and servitudes on land (prædiorum rusticorum), were, by the old Roman law, required to be attached to a permanent cause (causam perpetuam), and

to be designed for the preservation of some actual advantage. They could not, therefore, by the Roman law, be lunited by conditions, or for a term of time, but were inseparable from the property, and indivisible. Servitudes being burdens upon an estate, the usufructuary must respect the rights of the owner of the same, and use his own rights civiliter, that is, with as little injury to the former as possible.

SERVIUS TULLIUS, the sixth king of Rome, was the son of a slave, given by Tarquin to Tanaquil, his wife. Young Servius was educated in the palace of the monarch, and raised himself to so much consequence, that Tarquin gave him his daughter in marriage. Servius became the favorite of the people and the darling of the soldiers, and was raised to the throne, on the death of his father-in-law. He defeated the Veientes and the Tuscans, established the census, beautified the city, and enlarged its boundaries by taking within its walls the hills Quirinalis, Viminalis, and Esquilinus. He also divided the Roman people into tribes, and built several temples. Servius married his two daughters to the grandsons of his fatherin-law; the elder to Tarquin, and the younger to Aruns. The wife of Aruns murdered her own husband, to unite herself to Tarquin, who had likewise assas sinated his wife. Servius was murdered by his own son-in-law, and his daughter Tullia ordered her chariot to be driven over the mangled body of her father (533 B. C.). Such is the history of Servius, as commonly related. But see Niebuhr's Roman History (3d ed., 1828), in the chapters On the Legend of Tarquinius Priscus and Servius Tullius, and Critical Examination of the History of Tarquin and Servius.

SERVUS SERVORUM (servant of servants); the title which the popes give themselves.

SESAMUM ORIENTALE; a plant, known from a very ancient period, and very interesting on account of the economical purposes to which it is applied. It was originally brought from India, and is said to grow wild in Ceylon, and a'eng the coast of Malabar. It is called senso in Egypt and other parts of the East, where it is cultivated extensively on account of the seeds, and an oil which they yield, not unlike or inferior to the oil of almonds. This plant was introduced into Carolina, from Africa, by the negroes, and succeeds there perfectly. It is called bear or bonny. The oil will keep many years, does not acquire any rancid smeli or

taste, but, on the other hand, in two years becomes quite mild, and is a good substitute for olive oil. The negroes use the seeds as an aliment. The sesamum was introduced into Jamaica by the Jews, and is now cultivated in most parts of the island. It is called vanglo or oil plant; and the seeds are frequently used in broths by many of the Europeans, but the Jews make them chiefly into cakes. In Japan, China, and Cochin-China, where they have no butter, they use the oil for frying fish, and in dressing other dishes, as a varnish, and, medicinally, as a resolvent and emollient. Pliny speaks of this oil as equally good to eat and burn. Nine pounds of the seed yield upwards of two pounds of oil. The plant grows to the height of two feet or more; the stem is upright, herbaceous, hairy, and almost cylindrical; the leaves are oval oblong, the inferior ones opposite, with long leafstalks, entire, or with some very distant teeth; the superior, much narrower, entire, acuminate, almost alternate, and nearly sessile: the flowers are solitary, axillary, and the corolla is white, and resembles, in form, that of the foxglove. S. indicum is another species, cultivated in Egypt, and used for the same purposes as the preceding.

SESOSTRIS; a king of Egypt, who by some has been deemed the Shishak of Scripture, but whom Champollion has shown to be a different person. He is called Sethos, and Sethosis, and his royal name is Ramses, or Rameses. He reigned in the fifteenth century B. C. Sesostris was a great conqueror, who overran Asia, and is said to have erected magnificent temples in all the cities of his empire, to have built a great wall on the eastern boundary of Egypt, and to have dug a number of canals from the Nile, for the purposes of commerce and irrigation.

SESSILE; a botanical term, signifying without footstalks.

SESSION, COURT OF, in Scotland; the highest civil judicatory in the kingdom. The judges (lords of the session) are fifteen in number. It has extensive original jurisdiction, and its powers of review, as a court of appeal, have no limits. In 1808, it was divided into two chambers, called the first and second division; the lord president and seven judges constituting the former, and the lord justice clerk, who is head of the court of justidiary, with six judges, the latter. These civisions have independent but co-ordinate jurisdiction. The high court of justiciary or supreme criminal jurisdiction

for Scotland, consists of six judges, who are lords of the session, the lord justice clerk presiding. In this court the number of the jury is fifteen, and a majority decides. The court of session is divided into the inner house and outer house, with appeal from the latter to the former, and from the former to the house of lords of the United Kingdom.

SESSIONS. (For the quarter sessions, see Courts, vol. iii, p. 589.)

SESTERTIUM. (See Sestertius.) SESTERTIUS; an ancient Roman silver coin, worth two and a half asses (hence the name sesquitertius, the third half). (See As.) In sterling money, the sestertius was about one penny and a quarter; but it was not at all periods precisely the same. The neuter form, sestertium, denotes a much larger amount. It generally appears in the plural, and signifies not a real coin, but a sum of 1000 sestertii. If the sum amounts to 1,000,000 or more, a numeral in ies is connected with sestertium (e. g. quadragies sestertium is four millions of sestertii, i. e. quadragies centena millia sestertiorum nummorum). Sometimes the numeral adverb is used alone, and decies ei dedit signifies decies sestertium, i. e. decies centena millia sestertiorum, or a million. The sestertius was generally expressed by the letters L. L. S. (i. e. libra libra semis); and these letters were contracted into H. S. In common life, it was generally called nummus only. (For the manner in which the Romans expressed numerical values, see Notation.) As a weight, a sestertius amounted to about fifteen and three fourths French grains (about 12.91 grains Troy.)

SESTETTO; a musical piece for six independent voices, whether instrumental or vocal. The former is particularly used for wind instruments, and often employed for serenades (q. v.), or notturni. Moscheles, Beethoven and others have composed sestettos for wind and stringed instruments. Vocal sestettos are used in operas; and that of Mozart, in the second act of Don Juan, is celebrated.

SESTINA; a lyric form of versification, which comprises six strophes of six lines, and one of three lines. The verse is generally the iambic of five feet. The characteristic of the sestina is, that in each of the six strophes the six final words of the first are repeated in such an order that the final word of the sixth verse of the first strophe becomes the final word of the first verse of the second strophe; the other five verses of the second strophe end with the final words of the five first