In 1759, having been promoted to the rank of admiral, he commanded the expedition destined for the bombardment of Havre, which he executed with success. In 1761, he sailed to the West Indies, where he distinguished himself in the reduction of Martinique, and, on his return, was rewarded with a baronetcy. A contested election for Northampton (1768) impaired his finances, and he found it necessary to retire to the continent. The French govFrument made some overtures to him, which would have recruited his fortune. These he rejected; and, the fact having transpired, he was placed in command of a squadron destined for the Mediterranean. In 1780, he fell in with admiral Langara's fleet, off cape St. Vincent, and completely defeated it. In 1781, he sailed for The West Indies; and, April 12, 1782, obtained a decisive victory over the French fleet, under De Grasse, capturing five and sinking one of his largest vessels. A barony, and a pension of £2000, were bestowed upon him for his services; and on his decease, in 1792, a monument was voted to his memory, at the national expeuse, in St. Paul's. Lord Rodney is described by some writers as the first who practised the system of breaking through the centre of the enemy's line. (See Clerk.)

RODOLPH I, emperor of Germany, founder of the imperial house of Austria, was jorn in 1218, being the eldest son of Albert IV, count of Hapsburg, and landgrave of Alsace. He was brought up in the court and camp of the emperor Frederic II; and, on the death of his father, succeeded to territorics of a very modrate extent, which, in the spirit of the times, he sought to augment by military enterprises. In 1245, he married a daughter of the count of Homburg, by whom he acquired an accession of territory; and, some years after, served under Ottocar, king of Bohemia, against the pagan Prussians. Several years of active warfare ensued, in which he much distinguished innself by his prudence, valor, and the spirit of justice with which he protected the inhabitants of the towns from their aronial oppressors. In 1273, as he was encamped before the walls of Basle, he received the unexpected intelligence that he was elected king of the Romans, and emperor, in preference to Alphonso, king of Castile, and Ottocar, king of Bohemia. Rodolph, then in his fifty-fifth year, willingly accepted the proffered elevation, and, being crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle, nediately strengthened himself by

marrying two of his daughters to the count palatine of Bavaria and the duke of Saxony. He also took measures to ingratiate himself with pope Gregory X, who induced the king of Castile to withdraw his pretensions. The king of Bohemia, however, at that time one of the most powerful princes in Europe, persisted in his opposition, and a war ensued, in which he was defeated, and compelled to sue for peace, and agree to pay homage. Stung by this disgrace, the Bohemian king broke the treaty in 1277, and the following year Ottocar was again defeated and slain. By the treaty with his successor, which followed, Rodolph was to hold Moravia for five years, and retain the Austrian provinces which had been previously yielded by Ottocar, and the securing of which to his family was henceforward his primary object. After some abortive attempts to restore the influence of the empire in Tuscany, he contented himself with drawing large sums from Lucca and other cities, for the confirmation and extension of their privileges. No foreign foe remaining, he assiduously employed himself to restore peace and order to Germany, and wisely put down the private fortresses, which served as a retreat to banditti and to ferocious nobles. For these and other eminent services in the same spirit, he obtained the title of "a living law," and was regarded as a second founder of the German empire. He subsequently engaged in war with the counts of Savoy and of Burgundy, and delivered the young king of Bohemia from the captivity to which he had been subjected by the regent Otho, and married him to one of his daughters. The final object of the emperor was to secure the imperial succession to his son Albert; but the electors, jealous of the rapid rise of the family, could not be made to concur, and Rodolph felt the disappointment severely. He had, however, laid a permanent foundation for the prosperity of his race; and, after a reign of nineteen years, expired in July, 1291, in the seventy-third year of his age. There is scarcely an excellency, either of body or mind, which the biographers of the house of Austria have not attributed to its founder; and he appears to have merited no small portion of their panegyric. Few princes have surpassed him in energy of character and in civil and military talents. He was personally brave, almost to rashness, indefatigable, simple and unaffected in his manners, affable, and magnanimous. In the beginning of his career, he seems to have

shared in the usual license of the period, in pursuit of aggrandizement; but, as an emperor, he has been considered, for the most part, as equitable and just as he was Frase and intelligent.

KEDERER, PTTe Louis, count, born at Metz, in 1754, was counselor of the parliavent of Metz before the revolution. In 1789, Le was chosen deputy to the constituent amy. A high reputation for talents preceded him, which was justified by the orience of his speeches on the most important questions He was a constitutional my aust, yet made such frequent conces sons to the republican party that they reckoned him among their number. He was appointed a member of the committee of finance, of which he became the anal reporter, or chairman. In the manter in which M. Roederer developed his ystem of finances, and the ability with which he defended his reports, his talent was especially displayed. When the *hin arose in the Jacobin club, M. Rœderer joined the Feuillants, but speedily returned to the former. After the close of the session of the constituent assembly, he was appointed procureur-syndic of the department of the Seine. On the moruing of the 10th of August, accompanied by the directory of the department, he repaired to the palace, and represented to the king and queen that the danger was far beyond any thing they had conceived, and that the royal family incurred the danger of being destroyed within the palace, if the king did not repair to the natonal assembly for protection. Soon after the events of that day, he was accused by the revolutionists, and seals were put upon Lis papers. He withdrew himself from danger, and did not reappear till after the 9th of Thermidor. In 1799, when Bonaparte returned from Egypt, M. Roederer Succeeded in forming political ties between him and Sieyes; and he was also among those who most aided in preparing the revolution of the 18th of Brumaire. Called to the senate at its first formation, he declined to take a seat there, but was made counselior of state. There he occupied himself with the framing of a number of laws, which he presented to the legislative assembly; and he was principally charged with the establishment of the prefectures. He was the chief instrument of concluding the treaty which put an end to the misunderstandings between France and the U. States. In 1802, he presented to the legislative assembly the project of the order of the legion of honor, of which be was named commandant. In 1803, he

took a seat in the senate, and was one of the members appointed to confer with the Swiss deputies assembled at Paris upon the means of giving a new constitution to their country. Shordy after, he was made count. He took a large share in the whole organization of the kingdom of Naples under Joseph Bonaparte. (See Joseph Napoleon.) On the return of the Bourbons, M. Roederer disappeared from the political world. He is the author of several historical works of much value.

REMER: the name of the town-house in Frankfort on the Maine, in which the deliberations on the election of the German emperor were held. The newly crowned emperor here received homage. In one large room of the Romer are the pictures of all the emperors from Charlemagne to Francis II; and it is a curious fact, that the walls had been so filled as to leave room but for one picture more, when the portrait of, Francis II, with whom the German empire expired, was added to the series. The name of the house comes from the family Romer, which sold it, in 1405, to the city.

ROGER OF ROGIER VAN DER VEYDE, one of the most eminent painters of the Old Netherlandish school, was born at Brussels, and died in 1529. In the hall of his native city are four allegorical pictures by him. A celebrated Descent from the Cross, executed by him, was sent to Spain; another is in Aix-la-Chapelle. Roger was also distinguished as a painter on glass.

ROGER DE HOVEDES. (See Horeden, Roger d.)

ROGERS, Woods, an English circumnavigator, belonged to the royal navy in 1708, when he was invited by the merchants of Bristol to take the command of an expedition to the South sea. He set sail with two vessels, the Duke and the Duchess, taking out Dampier as a pilot. Passing to the south of Terra del Fuego, in January, 1709, they entered the Pacific ocean, and, February 1, arrived at the isle of Juan Fernandez, where they found Alexander Selkirk (see Robinson Crusoe), and, having visited the coast of California, crossed the Pacific, and returned to England in October, 1711. Captain Rogers was afterwards employed with a squadron to extirpate the pirates who infested the West Indies. He died in 1732. His Voyage round the World was published in 1712.

ROGERS, Samuel; a distinguished living poet. His father was à banker in London. Mr. Rogers is also a banker, and master of an ample fortune, which he has always been content to enjoy in pri

vate life. His first appearance as an author was in 1787, when he published an Ode to Superstition, with other Poems. After an interval of five years, this was succeeded by the Pleasures of Memory, which fixed his reputation as a poet. His Epistle to a Friend, with other Poems, appeared in 1798, and the Vision of Columbus in 1814. Since then he has sent from the press Jacqueline, a Tale, which accompanied lord Byron's Lara (1814); Human Life, a Poem (1819); and Italy, a Poem (1822). The power of touching the finer feelings, and of describing visual and mental objects with truth and effect, a graceful style, a happy choice of expression, and a melodious flow of verse, are the principal characteristics of the poetry of Mr. Rogers. Without being an imitator of Goldsmith, he belongs to the school of that poet. Byron says of him, "We are all wrong except Rogers, Crabbe and Campbell." (See Moore.)

ROGIER. (See Roger.)

ROHAN, Louis René Edouard, prince de, cardinal-bishop of Strasburg, born in 1734, was at first known under the title of prince Louis. The dissipation in which the young ecclesiastic indulged, did not prevent him from attending to study, nor from forming ambitious projects. In 1772, he went as ambassador to the court of Vienna. He derives his notoriety, however, chiefly from the affair of the necklace. (See Marie Antoinette, and Lamotte.) He was then grand almoner of France, and, being thrown into the Bastile, continned in prison more than a year, when he was acquitted and released by the parliament of Paris (August, 1786). He was afterwards a member of the constituent assembly, but, on account of his opposition to the revolutionary principles, was obliged to retire to Germany, where he died in 1803. (See the Mémoires of Georgel, Campan, &c., and the Recueil des Pièces concernant l'Affaire du Collier.)

ROLAND, Jean Marie Baptiste de la Platière, born in 1734, was, previous to the revolution, engaged in manufactures. Being sent to Paris by the city of Lyons, on official business before the national assembly (1791), he became connected with Brissot and other popular leaders, through whose influence he was appointed minister of the interior in 1792: his principles, however, were so far from being agreeable to the king, that he was dismissed after a few months; but, after the 10th of August (see Louis XVI), he was recalled to the ministry, and continued to hold his place until the proscription of the Giron

dists (q. v.) compelled him to leave Paris. On receiving, at Rouen, the news of the death of his wife, he killed himself with a sword-cane. Roland was the author of the Dictionary of Manufactures (3 vols., 4to.), forming part of Panckoucke's Encyclopédie Méthodique, and of several other works. His wife, Manon Jeanne, was born at Paris, in 1754, and was the daughter of an engraver. She was remarkable for her beauty, and received an excellent education. The study of Greek and Roman history early inflamed her imagination, and gave her a tendency to republican sentiments. After her marriage, in 1779, madame Roland took part in the studies and tasks of her husband, and accompanied him to Switzerland and England. The revolution found in her a ready convert to its principles; and, on the appointment of her husband to the ministry, she participated in his official duties, writing and preparing many papers, and taking a share in the political councils of the leaders of the Girondist party. (See Girondists.) On the fall of her husband, she was arrested. She conducted with great firmness during the trial, and at the time of her execution, "Oh Liberty, what crimes are committed in thy name!" was her exclamation, when she arrived at the scaffold (November 8, 1793). Madame Roland had laid aside the modesty and softness of her sex, and had adopted deistical notions in religion. While in prison, she wrote Memoirs of her Life, which have since been published, with her other writings relating to the events of the revolution. The most complete edition is that forming part of the memoirs relating to the French revolution, under the title Mémoires de Madame Roland, avec une Notice sur sa Vie, with notes (1820). (See Memoirs.)

ROLAND, OF ORLANDO; a celebrated hero of the Romances of Chivalry, and one of the paladins (q. v.) of Charlemagne, of whom he is represented as the nephew. His character is that of a brave, unsuspicious, and loyal warrior, but somewhat simple in his disposition. According to the romances, he fell, on the retreat of Charlemagne from Spain, in the Roncesvalles (Roncevaux), a pass of the Pyrenees, with the flower of the Frankish chivalry. His adventures are contained in the fabulous Chronicle of Turpin (De Vita Caroli Magni et Rolandi), and the old French romances relating to Charlemagne and his paladins. (See Romance.) The celebrated romantic epics of Boiardo (Orlando Innamorato) and Ariosto (Orlando Furioso) relate to him and his exploits.

ROLAND'S OF RULAND'S COLUMNS are stone statues of a man in armor, generally rudely formed, and found in twenty-eight German cities. According to tradition, they were erected in honor of Charlemagne's paladin q. v.) Roland; but, if ever this bero existed (see Roland), the Germans, particularly the Saxons, in whose former territory they are found, would probably have been the last to erect statues to him. Besides, they are evidently of a later age: probably they were the same with the Weichbild, the symbol of incorporated towns, possessing jurisdiction over their own members; and thus the name has been considered a corruption of Rugelandssäulen (Rügeland's columns, from Ruge, which was equivalent, formerly, to court of justice. See Türk De Statuis Rolandinis Rostock, 1824). ROLLER (Coracias); a genus of birds albed to the crows and jays, found in Europe, Asia, Africa, and the hot climates of America. They are more wild and untractable than their congeneres, and do not appear to possess the imitative faculty of the jay or magpie, as all attempts to teach them to speak have been unsuccessful. The plumage of almost all the species is very beautiful, being in general an assemblage of blue and green, mixed with white, and heightened by the contrast of more obscure and less vivid colors. The rollers are very shy, inhabiting the thickest and most unfrequented woods, though, like the crows, they are frequently seen in newly ploughed fields, searching for worms and larvæ. They are not carnivorous, except in cases of necessity, and their flesh is said to be palatable.

ROLLIN, Charles, a historian, was born at Paris in 1661. His father was a cutler, who intended him for the same business; but his talents obtained the notice of a learned Benedictine, who procured him a place in the college of Du Plessis, by which he was enabled to gratify his inclination for learning. After going through a course of theology at the Sorbonne, he received the tonsure. In 1688, he obtained the chair eloquence in the royal college, of which he became rector in 1694; reformed the academical course in many particulars, and revived the study of the Greek language. In 1698, he was chosen coadjutor or head of the college of Beauvais, which was also much benefited by his attention. In 1720, he was again chosen rector of the university of Paris; but was displaced in consequence of his connexion with the Jansenists. His productions are Traité des Études (1726);

Histoire Ancienne (13 vols., 1730 and 1738); and Roman History (5 vols.), to the war against the Cimbri (completed by Crevier, 16 vols., 12mo.). He died in 1741. Rollin's writings are distinguished for purity and elegance of style, but they are diffuse and prolix, and bis historical works are deficient in critical sagacity. There is an edition of his works in 30 vols., 8vo. (Paris, 1827), with notes on the historical part by Guizot.

ROMAGNA; formerly a province of the States of the Church, bordering on the Adriatic, forty-five miles in length b thirty in breadth. The delegations of For and Ravenna have been formed from it. ROMAIC. (See Greece, division Modern Greek Language and Literature.)

ROMANA, marquis de la; general in the war of the Spaniards against Napoleon. Preparatory to his plans against the Bourbons in Spain, the French emperor had drawn to Germany, in 1807, a body of from ten to twelve thousand Spanish troops, at the head of which was general Romana, who, taking advantage of his station on the island of Funen, enteres into a secret correspondence, with the commander of the English fleet established there, obtained English transports, and, with all his forces, excepting a few divis ions, who could not be brought up quick enough, embarked, between the seventeenth and twentieth August, 1808, at Nyborg and Svenborg, and arrived at Corunna. From this time, Romana was incessantly employed in exciting the Spaniards. He was the first to suggest the idea of arming the peasantry and forming the Guerillas. (q. v.) In this way, as well as by his personal services in the field, Romana had an important part in maintaining the independence of Spain. He died in 1811.

ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH; that society of Christians which acknowledges the bishop of Rome as its visible head, in contradistinction to the Greek church, which likewise calls itself a catholic, that is, a universal church, but disowns the Roman pope. The Roman Catholic church exercised a spiritual supremacy over all Europe, with the exception of Russia and Turkey, until the time of the reformation. It has more followers than all the Protestant sects united; and its exertions have gradually brought nearly 2,000,000 of the adherents of the Greek ritual in Europe under the spiritual dominion of the pope. (See the article United Greeks.)

I. The Foundation of the Catholic Faith. Christianity is a revelation, a positive his