INDEX.

ADANSONIA digitata (monkey-bread tree), one of the largest and oldest trees

of the globe, ii. 89.

Allco, the native Peruvian dog, i. 108.

Alöe, ii. 27, 180.

Altai, one of the four parallel mountain chains in Central Asia, i. 86.

American races, connection between the inhabitants of Western America and
Eastern Asia probable, but its nature and period uncertain, i. 176.
Andes, etymological considerations connected with the word Andes or Antis,
ii. 303.

Animal life, its universal diffusion, ii. 1.

Asia, Central, general review of its mountain systems, i. 85.

Atlas.-The position of the ancient Atlas discussed, i. 144.

Atahuallpa, site of his ancient palace, ii. 289; his prison, 290; death, 291;
descendants, 292; notice of the comet which appeared in the year on
which the Inca was put to death, 313.

Banks, slightly elevated portions of the Llanos, called Banks" by the
natives, i. 2, 33.

Boa, swims in the South American rivers, and carries its head above water

like a dog, i. 190.

Bogota, the seat of an ancient civilisation of the Muyscas or Chibchas, ii. 309.
Cactus, ii. 24, 147.

Camel, i. 68; Ritter's memoir on the diffusion of the camel, present existence

in a wild state, i. 70; fossil in the Sewalik hills, i. 71.

Casas grandes, ruins of an Aztec palace, i. 168.

Casuarineæ, ii. 25, 152.

Caxamarca, the ancient capital of the Incas, ii. 267, 287.

Cereals. Original country of the principal Cereals discussed, i. 169.
Chibchas, ii. 309.

Chimborazo, conjectures as to the origin of the name,

Chota, silver mines of, ii. 282.

Cinchona, fever-bark, or quina, ii. 267, 305.

ii. 37.

Climate of the eastern or flat portions of South America widely different from
that of Africa in the same latitudes, causes of the difference, i. 8, 123;
the southern hemisphere cooler and moister than the northern, 139.

Climatic effects of extensive forests, i. 126.

Calebogyne, produces perfect seeds without any trace of pollen having been
discovered, ii. 51.

Condor.-Discussion of the height in the atmosphere to which the condor
ascends, ii. 40.

Coniferæ, or needle trees, ii. 25, 175.

Coral reefs, classified by Darwin, ii. 64; his hypothesis of the origin and
growth of coral reefs, 76.

Correo que nada, the "swimming post" in the upper waters of the Amazons
river, ii. 277.

Curare, plant from which the poison is obtained, i. 203.

Current.-Great revolving current of the Atlantic Ocean discussed, i. 159.

Dogs.-European dogs have become wild in South America, and live in troops
in the Pampas, i. 107; native Peruvian dogs, 108; Tschudi's remarks
on the indigenous races of dogs in America, 111.

Dragon-tree of Orotava, ii. 16, 85.

Esquimaux, instances recorded of their having been carried across the Atlantic
to the shores of Europe, i. 162.

Ferns, ii. 28, 188.

Figured rocks, i. e. figures engraven on rocks in an extensive district of South
America, i. 196.

Fresh-water springs in the ocean near Cuba, i. 233.

Fournel, recent contributions to the physical geography of Northern Africa,
i. 115.

Frémont, Captain, importance of his geographical memoirs on our knowledge
of the geography of North America, i. 37, and generally in Note (5),
also i. 280.

Geographical distribution of plants, laws of the, ii. 102.

Gobi, the plateau of, i. 74, 79.

Gramineæ, ii. 27, 183.

Guaranis, a tribe inhabiting the sea-coast and rivers near the mouth of the
Orinoco, i. 178.

Granite, leaden-coloured rocks of, in the Orinoco, i. 188.

Great basin, the elevated plain so called, between the Rocky Mountains and
the Sierra Nevada of California, i. 44; forms an inland closed river
basin, 280.

Gymnotus, description of its capture in South America by means of horses,
i. 22.

Heat in plants developed during inflorescence, ii. 175.

Heaths, ii. 23, 145.

Himalaya, oue of the four parallel mountain chains of Central Asia, i. 92.
Hiongnu, i. 101.

Hooker, Dr. J., recent determination of the elevation of the Kinchinjinga,
one of the highest peaks of the Himalaya, i. 93; on the production of
perfect seeds by the Cœlebogyne, ii. 51; remarks on the geographical
distribution of plants in Antarctic floras, ii. 122.

Illimani and Sorata, their height above the sea recently corrected, i. 57, 96,
277.

Kashmeer, valley of, i. 80.

Kinchinjinga, one of the highest peaks of the Himalaya, its elevation recently
determined, i. 92.

Kuen-lün, one of the four parallel mountain chains in Central Asia, i. 72, 90.

Lama, alpaca, and guanaco, three originally distinct species of animals,
described, i. 166.

Laurels as a characteristic form of vegetation, ii. 28, 200.

Lianes, ii. 26, 178.

Liliaceæ, ii. 28, 193.

Llanos, their description, i. 7; climate strongly contrasted with that of the
African plains, 8; animals which inhabit them, 15; their prevalent vege-
tation, 120.

Luminosity of the ocean, ii. 53.

Malvaceæ, ii. 22.

Maranon, or Amazons, upper valley of, ii. 281.

Mauritia palm, i. 16, 181.

Melastomaceæ, ii. 28, 200.

Mimoseæ, ii. 22, 145.

Mississipi, river, its source correctly ascertained, i. 52.

Moon, mountains of the, their existence, extent, distance from the Equator,

and general direction, discussed, i. 149.

Mountain chains in Asia, in the direction of parallels of latitude, i. 85; those
coinciding nearly with meridians, i. 94.

Muyscas, ancient civilisation of the, ii. 308.

Myrtaceæ, ii. 28, 196.

North America, general aspect of its natural features, and considerations on
its physical geography, i. 39.

Orchidea, ii. 24, 151.

Orinoco, i. 207; magnitude of the river compared with that of the rivers
Plate and Amazons, 211; its sources yet unvisited, 213; general de-
scription of its course, 214; "black waters” of the Upper Orinoco, 215;
cataracts of Atures and Maypures, 217; discussion of questions con-
cerning its sources, 239; supposed origin in a lake, 243.

Otomacs, a tribe on the Orinoco who use earth as food, i. 190.

Pacific, the author's gratification at first seeing the Pacific from the Alto de
Guangamarca, ii. 300.

Palms, ii. 20, 128.

Panama.-Communication by canal or railroad across the Isthmus of Panama

discussed, ii. 319.

Paramo, a mountainous region in South America so called, i. 105; its

climate and vegetation, i. 105, ii. 269.

Pastoral life almost unknown to the original inhabitants of America, i, 13.
Plants, physiognomy of, essentially distinct from a botanical arrangement, ii. '
14, 17, 208; is the principal element in the characteristic aspect of
different portions of the earth's surface, 16; about sixteen different
forms of plants enumerated, which are chiefly concerned in determining
the aspect of Nature, 18; Palms, 20; Plantains or Bananas, 21
Malvaceæ and Bombaceæ, 22; Mimosas, 22; Heaths, 23; Cactuses,
24; Orchideæ, 24; Casuarineæ, 25; Coniferæ, 25; Pothos, 26;
Lianes, 26; Aloes, 27; Grasses, 27; Ferns, 28; Liliaceæ, 28;
Willows, 28; Myrtacea, Melastomaceæ, and Laurineæ, 29; number of
species contained in herbariums, 97; points of view in which the laws
of the geographical distribution of plants may be regarded, 102; con-
jectures as to the whole number of species on the globe, 119; more than
half the number of species are probably yet unknown, 121; heat deve-
loped during inflorescence, 175; general remarks on a physiognomic
classification, 205.

Pothos, ii. 26, 175.

Quina (or fever bark), ii. 267.

Roads, old Peruvian, of the times of the Incas, ii. 270.

Rotiferæ, their revivification, ii. 45.

Sahara (African desert) composed of several detached basins, i. 114.
Sand-spouts a phenomenon characteristic of the Peruvian Sand Desert, i. 183.
Sargasso, Mar de; its geographical position discussed, i. 63; is the most
remarkable assemblage of plants of a single species yet known on the
globe, i. 64.

Schomburgk.-Travels of the brothers Robert and Richard Schomburgk im-
portant in many respects in regard to the physical geography of Guiana
and the bordering countries, i. 178, 197, 236, 250.

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