growing out of a desire to regulate commerce on Chesa peake Bay and the connected waters, was passed, appointing commissioners to meet representatives of the other States for the purpose of considering the commercial condition of the United States. This commission, to which only five States sent delegates, reported the fault to be with the Articles of Confederation, and recommended a convention of all the States to amend them, without which step they despaired of any improvement in the condition of trade. Their report was approved by Congress, and on May 25, 1787, the representatives of seven States met and elected as their president George Washington, the delegate of Virginia. All the States except Rhode Island were ultimately represented in the convention. The first plan proposed was that of Edmund Randolph, of Virginia, known as the Virginia Plan. It consisted of fifteen resolutions and provided for two Houses, one elected by the people, the other elected by the first House from nominations made by the State Legislatures. Congress was to have a veto power on State laws and power to coerce delinquent States; it was also to choose the executive. These are the salient features in which the plan differed from the Constitution as ultimately adopted. Charles Pinckney, of South Carolina, introduced a plan, the original of which has been lost and the only record of which, a copy furnished by Pinckney over thirty years later, is not believed to be entirely accurate. In its general features it resembled the Virginia Plan, but it differed from the latter in being more nearly like the present Constitution. It was known as the South Carolina Plan. On June 13th the committee of the whole reported a modification of the Virginia Plan in nineteen resolutions, the most striking change being that the power to coerce a State was not granted to Congress. June 14th the convention adjourned in order to enable William Paterson, of New Jersey, to introduce what is known as the Jersey Plan, the main features of which were as follows: Congress was to continue as a single House, but with additional powers; it was to elect the

executive; acts of Congress and treaties were to be paramount to State laws, and the executive was to have power to coerce refractory individuals and States. Hamilton suggested a plan whereby, among other provisions, the Senate and President were to hold office for life, but his plan had no supporters. On July 24th the various resolutions and plans were referred to a committee of detail, from which, on August 6th, a draft of a constitution in twenty-three articles was reported. After debate of more than a month, during which the clause permitting the slave trade for twenty years, the fugitive slave clause and the electoral system clause were inserted, the draft was referred to a committee consisting of Gouverneur Morris, Johnson, Hamilton, Madison and King. This committee, most of whose work was done by Morris, on September 13th reported the Constitution in substantially its present form. Some trifling changes were made by the convention, which then adopted the instrument, and after deciding against a new convention to consider amendments suggested by the States, the convention adjourned September 17th. The Constitution, accompanied by a request that it be submitted to the States for ratification, was sent to Congress, by whom copies were sent to the State Legislatures. The Constitution, as finally adopted, was signed by but thirtynine out of the fifty-five delegates. The proceedings of the convention were secret. Its papers were placed in Washington's custody, subject to the disposal of the new Congress, and in 1796 they were deposited with the State Department.

Convention of London. (See Fishery Treaties.) Conventions. (See Nominating Conventions.)

Coodies, The, were a faction of the New York Federalists that favored the War of 1812. The Federalists generally opposed it. The Coodies opposed De Witt Clinton, who, though a Democrat, was on good terms politically with the Federalists. Their name arose from the assumed name, Abimalech Coody, adopted by their leader, Gulian C. Verplanck, in his communications to the newspapers.

Cooly. As generally used in this country, the word cooly is applied to Chinese laborers of the lower classes who come to this country. It has obtained this broad meaning during the discussion of the Chinese question: strictly, it includes only such laborers as have been imported under contract or by force or fraud.

Co-operation.-In 1861 some of the members of the South Carolina Legislature attempted to check the impetuosity of those in favor of immediate secession, by proposing that the Governor be empowered to assemble a secession convention "as soon as any one of the other Southern States shall, in his judgment, give satisfactory assurance or evidence of her determination to withdraw from the Union." This course was called co-operation. It was voted down.

Copperhead.-A name applied during the Civil War to Northern sympathizers with the South. It is also the name of a snake that "prefers dark and moist places," and is said "to sting from behind." The allusion is obvious.

Corea, Difficulty with.-In 1871 Admiral Rodgers, with several United States vessels, was surveying one of the rivers of Corea, when, without warning, the vessels were fired on from the Corean forts. Though little damage had been inflicted, some retaliation was necessary to support the dignity of our flag, and on June 11th several of the fortifications were captured and destroyed by the Americans with a loss of three killed. and seven wounded. The Corean government refused to be communicated with as to the prisoners we had taken, so they were released and the squadron sailed away.

Corn-Crackers.-A name given to the inhabitants of Kentucky.

Corner-Stone Speech.-By this name is known the speech made by Alexander H. Stephens, at Savannah, immediately after his election to the vice-presidency of the Confederate States. He spoke of the United States government as founded on the 66 fundamentally wrong assumption of the equality of races,”

and continued as follows: "Our new government is founded upon exactly opposite ideas. Its foundations are laid, its corner-stone rests, upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man; that slavery, subordination to the superior race, is his natural and normal condition."

Corporal's Guard.-The few supporters of President Tyler's administration are so called.

Corps de Belgique. (See American Knights.) Corwin, Thomas, was born in Kentucky, July 29, 1794. He was a lawyer by profession. He served in the Ohio Legislature, in the House of Representatives and the Senate, and as Governor of his State. In 1844 he was a presidential elector. Under President Fillmore he was Secretary of the Treasury. In 1861 he was appointed Minister to Mexico. He died December 18, 1865.

Cotton Whigs. (See Conscience Whigs.)

Council of Appointment.-The New York State Constitution of 1777 placed in a Council of Appointment the power to appoint chancellors, judges of the supreme court, all State officers except State treasurer, all mayors, recorders, sheriffs, clerks, justices of the peace; in fact, nearly all civil and military officers except aldermen, constables, Assemblymen and Senators. The council consisted of the Governor and four Senators chosen by the Assembly. The Governor at first nominated, and the council confirmed or rejected the nominations, but in time the other members of the council claimed the right also to nominate, and in 1801 a convention, assembled for the purpose, declared this latter view of the Constitution correct, thus placing the Governor on the same footing as the other members. The enormous influence wielded by this body was vigorously used as a political weapon. The Constitution adopted in 1822 abolished the council.

Council of Revision.-A body created by the State Constitution of New York, adopted in 1777 and abolished by the Constitution adopted in 1822. It had the power of negativing any action of the Legislature unless passed by a two-thirds vote of each House.

Counting in the Alternative.-This phrase is applied to a method of counting the electoral vote of a State before Congress, sometimes adopted in cases where objections are raised to their reception. The first case of this kind was in 1821. Objection having been made to the reception of the vote of Missouri, the Houses directed the President of the Senate to declare that “if the votes of Missouri were to be counted the result would be for A. B. votes; if not counted, for A. B. votes; but in either event A. B. was elected." In 1837 the votes of Michigan, and in 1869 and in 1881 the votes of Georgia were so counted.

Counting Out.- It sometimes happens that the political candidate that has received the largest number of votes is, by fraud in the canvass, deprived of the office to which he has been elected, the vote of his opponent being made to appear larger than his. then said to have been counted out.

He is

Courtesy of the Senate.-In considering the nomination made by the President for a federal office in any State, the Senate is almost invariably guided by the wishes of the Senators from that State. If only one of these Senators is of the party in the majority, his sole desire is followed. This practice is called the courtesy of the Senate. It is plainly a violation by the Senate of the trust imposed upon it by the Constitution regarding the confirmation of nominees. This practical control of federal nominations in the State gives the Senators great local influence. Since the consent of the Senators of a State is practically necessary to an appointment, it has become customary for the President to consult Senators before making appointments. The failure of President Garfield to consult the wishes of Senators Conkling and Platt, of New York, in the appointment of a Collector of the Port of New York in 1881, led to their resignation. They at once sought reëlection, but after a protracted fight in the Legislature they were not returned. (See Senate.) The term, "Courtesy of the Senate," is also applied in a general way to a number of customs governing that