Endicott, William C., was born at Salem, Massachusetts, November 19, 1826. He was graduated from Harvard and was admitted to the bar. He is of the Democratic party. He was for a short time on the bench of the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts. Although several times nominated, he has never held elective office. President Cleveland, in March, 1885, appointed him to his Cabinet as Secretary of War.

Enemies in War, in Peace, Friends.-These words occur in the Declaration of Independence, which was written by Thomas Jefferson: "We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our separation, and hold them [the English], as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war, in peace, friends.” Entangling Alliances.-Jefferson's inaugural address contained the following sentence: "Equal and exact justice to all men, of whatever state or persuasion, religious or political; peace, commerce and honest friendship with all nations, entangling alliances with none; the support of the State governments in all their rights, as the most competent administrations for our domestic concerns and the surest bulwarks against antirepublican tendencies; the preservation of the General Government in its whole constitutional vigor, as the sheet-anchor of our peace at home and safety abroad; freedom of religion; freedom of the press; freedom of person under the protection of habeas corpus; and trial by juries impartially selected-these principles form the bright constellation which has gone before us and guided our steps through an age of revolution and reformation."

Envoy Extraordinary. (See Foreign Service.)

Equality of States. In the House of Representatives the members are apportioned according to the population of the States, those containing most inhabitants thus obtaining preponderance over the others. To prevent the subjugation and oppression of the smaller States by the larger, the device of a Senate containing two members from every State, regardless of size, was resorted to. That the importance of this provision, as

a guarantee of the equality of the States in the Union, was recognized by the framers of the Constitution, is shown by Article 5 of that instrument, which declares "that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived. of its equal suffrage in the Senate."

Equal Rights Party.-This was the name of the New York faction of the Democratic party that subsequently became known as the Loco-foco party. (See Loco-foco.) In the presidential contest of 1884, Mrs. Belva A. Lockwood was the candidate of an Equal Rights party (which see) advocating woman suffrage. She had practically no following. Her vote in the United States was less than 2,500 out of a total of over 10,000,000.

Era of Good Feeling.-The period from 1817 to 1823 is so called. The Federal party was all but dead; the administration had done its best to conciliate the minority, and the latter was so well satisfied that the name of Federal-Republican was adopted by many to show their sympathy with the party in power. Monroe was reëlected in 1821 and received all but one of the electoral votes. After the election of John Quincy Adams in 1825, the Democratic-Republican party gradually split into two parts, from which the Democratic and Whig parties sprung.

Essex Junto, The.-In 1781 John Hancock ap plied this name to a number of public men from Essex County, Massachusetts, and their followers. The commercial classes were naturally those that desired a strong federal government, and these men were the ablest representatives of that class and foremost among the advocates of the adoption of the Constitution. After the adoption they formed a part of the Federal party, and were more particularly adherents of Hamilton. They thus incurred the opposition of John Adams, who attempted to make them appear as a "British faction" hostile to France. It was he, also, that revived the name that had fallen into disuse. Subsequently the name came to stand generally for the Federalist spirit of New England, and the troubles in that section during

the War of 1812, as the Hartford Convention, etc., were attributed to the Essex Junto. Among its members were Pickering and Fisher Ames.

Evarts, William M., was born in Boston, Massachusetts, in February, 1818. He was graduated at Yale and studied law at Cambridge. He was admitted to the bar in New York. He was of the counsel defending President Johnson in his impeachment, and served as Attorney-General in 1868 and 1869. He was one of the lawyers representing the United States before the tribunal for the arbitration of the Alabama Claims (see Geneva Award), and represented the Republican interests before the Electoral Commission (which see). He was Secretary of State under Hayes. He was elected United States Senator for New York in 1885. He is a Republican.

Everett, Edward, was born at Dorchester, Massachusetts, April 11, 1794, and died January 15, 1865. He was a graduate of Harvard, and subsequently filled a Unitarian pulpit in Boston. He was a Whig, serving in the House of Representatives from 1825 to 1835. He was Governor of Massachusetts, 1835 to 1840; Minister to Great Britain, 1841 to 1845; Secretary of State under Fillmore and United States Senator, 1853 to 1854. He was the candidate for President in 1860 of the Constitutional Union party.

Exchange of Prisoners. (See Cartel.)

Executive, The.-The government of the United States is divided into three great departments: the executive, the legislative, and the judicial. The first is charged with the execution of the laws, and its head, the President, is known simply as the executive. The chief executive officers of the States, the Governors, are similarly called the executives of the respective States. The qualifications of the President are given in the Constitution, Article 2, section 1. He must be a natural-born citizen of the United States, or a citizen at the adoption of the Constitution. He must be at least thirty-five years of age and have years a resident of the United States.

been fourteen The powers of

the President are defined in Article 2 of the Constitution. The executive is of necessity the only means of communication between our government and foreign powers, and great latitude is allowed to the President on this subject, his action being subject only to the approval of the Senate by a two-thirds vote in case of treaties, and by a majority vote in cases of diplomatic appointments. The President has limited control over Congress, the veto enabling him to throttle legislation to which he is opposed, unless two-thirds of each House concur in passing the measure over his veto. The appointing power of the President is subject to the confirmation of the Senate. The war powers of the President are the powers vested in him by virtue of his position as commander-in-chief of the army and navy. These are never exercised except in the case of actual war, and are even then subject to the control of Congress, in which resides the power of granting or withholding supplies. During the administrations of Washington and Adams, the annual message of the President to Congress was read by him to the Houses, and personal interviews between the President and the Senate took place on several occasions. With Jefferson these practices came to an end, and a subsequent attempt to revive the latter failed. All communications between the President and Congress now take the form of resolutions on the part of Congress, and of a message to either or both of the Houses on the part of the President. Resolutions of inquiry directed to the head of any department are answered by letters addressed to the presiding officer of the House desiring the information. The judiciary and the executive bear no official relations to each other after the initial appointment of the former by the latter. The Supreme Court has time and again refused in any way to interfere with the political acts of the executive. The President's term is four years. He is chosen by electors selected as the Legislatures of the States direct, which is now by a popular vote. (See Electoral System.) In 1789 the President's salary was fixed at $25,000 per annum. The Act of March 3,

1872, increased this amount to $50,000. At the following session an attempt was made to repeal this increase. It passed Congress, was vetoed by Grant, and failed to pass over the veto. In case of inability on the part of the President to perform the duties of his office, it devolves on the Vice-President. The further regulation of this subject is left to Congress. For the rules established under this power see President; Presidential Succession.

Executive Departments. (See Interior, Department of the; Justice, Department of; Navy, Department of the; Post Office Department; State Department; Treasury Department; War Department.)

Executive Session is the name applied to sessions of the Senate held for the transaction of executive business; that is, the confirmation of nominations of the President, or the ratification of treaties. These sessions are secret. The clerks that are necessarily present are sworn to secrecy, and violation of the oath may lead to dismissal and punishment for contempt. The punishment of Senators for revealing the proceedings is expulsion. Nevertheless, the proceedings appear in the newspapers with considerable regularity, and to a great extent the rule is a dead letter. The subject of making these sessions open is being agitated at present. Whether any part of the proceedings of either House is to be public or secret is a matter subject to the exclusive control of the House affected. The rules of the House of Representatives provide for secret sessions under certain circumstances.

Exequatur is an official recognition of a consul or commercial agent by the government to which he is sent, authorizing him to perform his duties in that country. It is a Latin word, meaning "let him perform."

Expatriation means the act or state of banishment from one's native country, and it also means the voluntary renunciation of the rights and liabilities of citizenship in one country to become the citizen or subject of another. It is in this latter sense that it is used here.