a kicker carries his dissatisfaction to the length of withdrawing from his party, he becomes a bolter (which see). Kid-glove Politics.-Movements looking to reform, especially in local politics, are frequently undertaken by those classes of the community that are in good circumstances. This is natural, as these have more leisure to devote to the task. Such movements are naturally odious to corrupt machine politicians, and as one means of discrediting these efforts among laboring men, they seek to awaken class prejudice. Kid-glove politics and kid-glove politicians are terms employed to create this prejudice.

King Caucus.—A term applied to the Congressional Caucus by reason of its absolute power. (See Congressional Caucus.)

King of the Feds was a nickname applied to Alexander Hamilton, the ablest of the Federalist leaders.

King, Rufus, was born at Scarborough, Massachusetts (now Maine), March 24, 1755. He died at Jamaica, New York, April 29, 1827. He was a graduate of Harvard, served in the Continental Congress, and in 1788 moved to New York. From 1789 to 1796 he was United States Senator, from 1796 to 1803 Minister to Great Britain, from 1813 to 1825 again Senator, and in 1825 and 1826 again Minister to Great Britain. He was a Federalist, and from 1800 to 1812 he was each time his party's nominee for Vice-President.

King, William Rufus, was born in Sampson County, North Carolina, April 7, 1786, and died at Cahawba, Alabama, April 18, 1853. He was graduated at the University of North Carolina. By profession he was a lawyer, in politics a Democrat. He served in Congress from 1811 to 1816, and in the Senate from 1819 to 1844. From 1844 to 1846 he was Minister to France, and from 1846 to 1853 again a Senator. In 1852 he was elected Vice-President.

Kitchen Cabinet is a name applied to a certain circle of intimate friends of President Andrew Jackson. These friends were said to have more influence with the

President than his official Cabinet. The principal

member of the Kitchen Cabinet was Duff Green, of St. Louis, who established the newspaper, The United States Telegraph, in Washington. This paper was the President's organ until 1831, when Green, siding with Calhoun against Jackson, lost the latter's confidence. The Globe, John C. Rives and Francis P. Blair, editors, then became the President's organ, and Blair became a member of his Kitchen Cabinet. Other members were William B. Lewis, of Nashville, who was appointed Second Auditor of the Treasury; Isaac Hill, of New Hampshire, who was made Second Comptroller of the Treasury, and Amos Kendall, of Kentucky, who was made Fourth Auditor of the Treasury and finally in 1835 joined the the official Cabinet as Postmaster-General. The term has also been applied to certain advisers of President John Tyler and of President Andrew Johnson, but Jackson's Kitchen Cabinet is meant when the term is used without qualification.

Knifing is a form of political treachery practiced by political organizations against candidates of their own party distasteful to the organization. Although openly pretending to support and aid the candidate of the party, the organization secretly uses its influence against him, and on election day either fails to furnish ballots bearing the candidate's name, or distributes those bearing the name of his opponent. This form of treachery is allied to trading, but differs from it in motive. The motive in trading is not directly a desire to defeat this particular candidate of its own party, but the desire either to elect some other member of the party or to gain the pecuniary reward offered, the defeat of the candidate traded off being merely incidental. In knifing the motive is revenge or hate of the candidate knifed, the trading necessary to accomplish this end being merely incidental. Both of these forms of treachery may usually be discovered by comparison, district by district, of the votes for the particular candidate with the vote for other candidates of the party, and with the vote of previous years. (See Trading.)

Knights of Labor. (See Order of Knights of Labor.)

Knights of the Golden Circle. (See American Knights.)

Knights of the Mighty Host. (See American Knights.)

Knights of the Order of the Sons of Liberty. (See American Knights.)

Knights of the White Camelia.-One of the names by which the Ku-Klux Klan was known.

Know-Nothing Party. (See American Party.) Koszta Affair.-One of the leaders in the Hungarian rebellion of 1849 against Austria was Martin Koszta. When the revolt was crushed he fled and finally took refuge in the United States where he commenced the steps necessary to secure full citizenship in this country. In 1854 he went to Turkey on business, received a passport from the American consul at Smyrna, and went ashore. The Austrian consul caused him to be thrown into the bay, from which he was picked up and put on board an Austrian frigate. Our representative demanded his release, which was refused. Thereupon Captain Ingraham of the United States sloop of war St. Louis cleared his ship for action and threatened to open fire. This spirited action caused the Austrian officials to surrender Koszta to the charge of the French consul until the question should be settled. A lengthy discussion ensused between Baron Hülseman, Austrian minister at Washington, and William L. Marcy, then Secretary of State under Pierce. As a result of Marcy's able arguments Koszta was released and he returned to the United States.

Ku-Klux Klan was an organization that sprung up at the South during the period of reconstruction. Its objects were the suppression of the negro as a factor in politics; its means, terrorization, ending in many cases in murder. It was a secret organization; its origin is unknown, but it is supposed to have sprung about 1867 from numerous local associations all having the same end in view. Such information as we have in regard to it is founded on a copy of its constitution (prescript as it was termed), and on a congressional investigation

made in 1871. In this prescript the name of the association is never mentioned, two asterisks (**) being inserted instead; their local lodges were called dens; the masters, cyclops; the members, ghouls. A county was a province; governed by grand giant and four goblins. A congressional district was a dominion, governed by a grand Titan and six furies. A State was a realm, governed by a grand dragon and eight hydras. The whole country was the empire, governed by a grand wizard and ten genii. Their banner was triangular, a black dragon on a yellow field with a red border; their mysteries were never to be written, but only orally communicated; the distinctive feature of their dress was a covering for the head descending to the breast, holes being cut for the eyes and mouth; the covering being decorated in any startling or fantastic manner. The order succeeded in its purpose; the midnight raids of men thus clad, who administered whippings or other punishment, had the effect intended, and the Ku-Klux became a terror to all negroes, keeping them either from exercising their political rights or else causing them to act with their persecutors. The order, however, outran its original purpose, and where mere whippings did not accomplish the desired end as with Northern whites that had come South and with the bolder negroes, murder was resorted to. The disorders grew, and in March, 1871, a congressional investigating committee was appointed; in the same month President Grant in a message to Congress asked for legislation to enable the restoration of order at the South, as neither life nor property were there secure, and as the transportation of the mails and the collection of the revenue were interfered with. The Ku-Klux Act or Force Bill was promptly passed. This bill provided for the punishment by fine or imprisonment, or both, of attempts to interfere with the privilege of any citizen to vote, giving the federal courts cognizance of suits arising thereunder and giving federal judges power to exclude from juries persons whom they judged to be in sympathy with the accused. In cases where State authorities were unable or unwilling

to give adequate protection the President was authorized to employ the military and naval power of the United States to secure the same, and suspend the writ of habeas corpus. The second section of the bill, declaring the punishment for any conspiracy to prevent a person from enjoying his legal rights was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1883. The habeas corpus provision was to remain in force only to the end of the next session of Congress. An attempt to renew it failed in 1872. In October, 1871, President Grant issued two proclamations, the first ordering certain associations in South Carolina to surrender their arms and disguises within five days; the second, at the expiration of the five days suspending the writ of habeas corpus. Many arrests and convictions followed, and the association was crushed within four months. The Ku-Klux Klan was known by various other names, as White League and Invisible Empire. The name Ku-Klux has ever since been applied in a general way to troubles between the negroes and whites at the South.

Labor Parties. (See Progressive Labor Party; Union Labor Party; United Labor Party.)

Laissez Faire-Laissez Passer are two French phrases, in the imperative, meaning let work and allow exchange. They sum up the demands of those economists that advocate freedom of labor and freedom of commerce. Their meaning has at times been perverted and made to extend to the theory of freedom from all restraint for the individual in morals and in politics. But the well recognized application of the terms is to the theory of political economy that demands the abolition of restraints on labor and trade.

Lamar, Lucius Q. C., was born in Putnam County, Georgia, September 17, 1825. He graduated at Emory College, and was admitted to the bar. In 1849 he moved to Mississippi, where he was for a while professor of mathematics in the State University. Returning to Georgia and the practice of law, he was in 1853 elected to the Legislature. In 1854 he again moved to Mississippi, which State he represented in the Thirty-fifth and