1836. He graduated at the College of New Jersey, and served in the Continental army in the Revolution, reaching the rank of colonel. He was subsequently admitted to the bar and moved to New York City. In 1791 he was elected to the United States Senate. He had a genius for political organization, and soon brought his party, the anti-Federalists, into a state of efficient discipline. The Federalists called him, with a small number of young men of his party that gathered about him, the Little Band. It was to his efforts that the success of his party in the presidential contest of 1800 was due. Burr was elected Vice-President, serving from 1801 to 1805. In 1804 a coalition was arranged between the New England Federalists, who were hopeless of victory in the South, and Burr's followers. As a part of this scheme, Burr was first nominated for Governor against the candidate of the Clintons, the Livingstons and the Schuylers, the great New York families that had been supreme in that State. Alexander Hamil

ton's personal efforts did much to defeat Burr; the celebrated duel between the two followed, ending, as is well known, in Hamilton's death. This is the last of Burr in politics. He was subsequently arrested on a charge of treason, based on an expedition to the West, the design of which was said to be the establishment of another republic west of the Rocky Mountains. He was acquitted. After several years spent abroad, he settled down to the practice of law in New York City.

Burr Conspiracy.-In consequence of Burr's duel with Hamilton, in which the latter met his death, Burr was indicted in New York and New Jersey for murder. He went West and made an extensive tour, in the course of which he made preparations for a gigantic but mysterious scheme. The real object of this is unknown. It was either to separate the Mississippi Valley from the rest of the Union and erect it into a new nation, or to conquer Mexico. In 1806 he gathered a number of reckless persons about him and started for the region of Texas, ostensibly on a colonizing expedition. President Jefferson issued a proclamation warning citizens against

joining the expedition. Burr was arrested by Jefferson's orders, brought back to Virginia, and indicted there by a United States Grand Jury for treason and for a misdemeanor, based on his course in levying war within this country on a friendly nation, but it was hoped that Burr could also be shown to have had treasonable designs against the unity of this country. He was acquitted of treason for want of jurisdiction, on the failure of the evidence required by Article 3, section 3, clause 1 of the Constitution; he was also acquitted of misdemeanor. He was bound over to present himself for trial in Ohio, but the matter was pressed no further. One of Burr's dupes in this scheme was Harman Blennerhasset, who was also arrested, but who was discharged after Burr's acquittal.

Burrites. (See Clintonians.)

Butler, Benjamin F., was born at Deerfield, New Hampshire, November 5, 1818. He graduated at Waterville College and was admitted to the bar. In 1853 he was elected to the State Legislature, and in 1859 to the State Senate. Before 1860 he was a Democrat. He served in the Civil War as brigadier and major-general. He then figured in Congress as a Republican from 1867 to 1875 and from 1877 to 1879, representing Massachusetts. In 1878 and 1879 he ran for Governor as the candidate of the Greenback party. In 1882 he was elected Governor as the Democratic nominee. In 1884 he was the presidential candidate of both the GreenbackLabor and Anti-Monopoly parties. He received about 133,000 popular and no electoral votes. He was one of the managers on the part of the House of Representatives of the impeachment of President Andrew Johnson. By the Eternal.-This, the favorite oath of Andrew Jackson, has become historic.

Cabinet. This name is applied to the heads of the seven executive departments in their capacity of advisers of the President. The term itself is not mentioned in the Constitution, nor was the Cabinet, as at present constituted, contemplated by that instrument. The Constitution, Article 2, section 2, authorizes the President

to "require the opinion in writing of the principal officer in each of the executive departments upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices," and Washington on several occasions called for such opinions. But the nature of the Cabinet underwent a gradual change, and it is now an advisory board with which the President has consultations at regular intervals on the affairs of the nation. Washington inaugurated this change, consulting the members on matters foreign to their immediate departments on several occasions. Moreover, from being merely the heads of the executive departments its members have come to be recognized as an essential part of the executive branch and in certain contingencies the office of President devolves upon one of their number. (See Presidential Succession. The plan has frequently been broached of giving to the members of the Cabinet seats in one of the Houses of Congress, either with or without a vote, in order that the demands for legislation or appropriations on the part of the Executive may be more easily explained and urged, and that information_demanded by Congress may be more easily obtained. In the Constitution of the Confederate States authority was granted to Congress to give a seat in either House, with the right of debate in any measure relating to his department, to the members of the Cabinet. The Cabinet as originally constituted consisted of but four members, the Secretary of State, Secretary of War, Secretary of the Treasury and the Attorney-General. Since then there have been added the Secretary of the Navy and of the Interior and the Postmaster-General and the Secretary of Agriculture, who are only by custom members of the Cabinet. The salary of every Cabinet officer is $8,000 per annum.

Cæsar had his Brutus, Charles I. his Cromwell, and George III.- may profit by their examples. If that be treason, make the most of it.-Patrick Henry introduced into the Assembly of Virginia a resolution denying the right of the King of England to tax the American Colonies. This resolution

was called forth by the Stamp Act of 1765. In the course of debate he spoke as above. At the words, "and George III.," he was interrupted by cries of "Treason! Treason!" and, waiting for the cries to subside, he finished as above.

Calhoun, John Caldwell, was born in the Abbeville District, South Carolina, March 18, 1782, and died in Washington, March 31, 1850. He was a lawyer and a graduate of Yale. He was a representative in Congress from 1811 to 1817; then he became Secretary of War. From 1825 to 1831 he was Vice-President. In 1831 he resigned for the purpose of becoming Senator from South Carolina in order to take part in the debate then raging in the Senate. (See Foot's Resolution.) The intensity of the excitement in South Carolina is exemplified by the fact that medals were struck in his honor bearing the inscription, "First President of the Southern Confederacy." From 1843 to 1845 he was Secretary of State. In the latter year he again became Senator. In politics he was a Democrat, although for a short time allied with the Whigs at the time of their first organization, but above all party ties he was a firm and consistent upholder of the doctrine of State Sovereignty. He believed the Union to be merely a number of sovereign and separate States joined by an alliance under a single government. He considered slavery a righteous and beneficent institution, and considered it the duty of Congress to protect and uphold it in the Territories.

Calico Foster.-A name given to Charles Foster, of Ohio (Governor 1880 to 1884), in allusion to his having kept a dry-goods store in earlier life.

California. During the Mexican War, California was conquered by our troops (see Annexations IV.) and a provisional military government formed, which continued in existence after the peace of 1848 till the admission of the State into the Union, September 9, 1850. The capital is Sacramento. The population in 1880 was 864,694, and in the last census (1890) 1,208,130. California sends six members to the House of Repre

sentatives and has eight electoral votes. In national politics California is generally considered a Republican State. Its electoral vote was cast for the Republican candidate for President between 1860 and 1884, except in 1880, when all but one of the Democratic electors were chosen by a small majority. The derivation of its name is uncertain, but is supposed by some to come from the Spanish and to mean "hot furnace." Popularly it is known as the Golden State, in allusion to the large deposits of gold found in its soil. (See Governors; Legislatures.)

Canadian Rebellion.-In 1837 an insurrection took place in Canada, many of the inhabitants being dissatisfied with governmental methods. The rebellion was completely crushed in about a year. It is of interest in our history because it threatened to cause international complications between Great Britain and the United States. Many inhabitants of this country, largely those of Irish extraction, sympathized with the Canadians and sought to aid them. In spite of the fact that our government declared its strict neutrality, about 700 men, chiefly from New York State, under the lead of Mackenzie, one of the leaders of the Canadian revolt, seized and fortified Navy Island, situated in the Niagara River and within British jurisdiction. They made this a base of operations for raids on the Canadian shore until they were forced to evacuate by a battery of guns on the Canadian side. The steamer Caroline, which they had made use of, was seized by the Canadian militia at a wharf on the American side of the river, and sent, on fire, over Niagara Falls. (See McLeod Case.) Our government sent General Scott with a force of soldiers to prevent infractions of our neutral position.

Canal Ring.-In 1874 Samuel J. Tilden was elected Governor of the State of New York. He had been prominent in the overthrow of the Tweed Ring in New York City, and his suspicions had been directed against the management of the State canals. His first annual message to the Legislature called attention to the system of canal repairs. This subject had been under in