pend, but not to prohibit the immigration or residence of Chinese laborers, but reserving to other Chinamen and to laborers then in the United States all the privileges of subjects of the most favored nations. In 1882 a bill was passed prohibiting Chinese immigration. This was vetoed by Arthur in April as violating the treaty. The bill was at once modified and again passed, and this time it received the President's approval and became a law on May 6, 1882. This bill (as amended July 5, 1884) suspends the immigration of Chinese laborers for ten years, requires that other Chinamen visiting this country shall be provided with proper certificates, and prescribes various penalties for violations of its provisions. Chinese officers on diplomatic business, and their servants, are excepted from the provisions of the law. In 1870 there were 63,254 Chinese in the United States. The census of 1880 showed 105,700; of these California had 75,122, and most of the remainder were in Oregon, Nevada, Idaho, Washington Territory, Montana and Arizona. Cimarron.-The northwestern corner of Indian Territory is reserved for public lands of the United States. It is sometimes called "No Man's Land," because almost unsettled and belonging to no private individuals. Recently, settlers from Kansas and Colorado have removed thither and taken up their abode there. They have asked that the region be made into a Territory, and at no great distance in the future the public land strip with a portion of Indian Territory may be so organized. The name proposed for this district is Cimarron. Cincinnatus of the West.-It is narrated by an ancient historian, though the story is discredited by modern ones, that on an occasion when Rome was in great danger and Lucius Quintius Cincinnatus had been made dictator to deliver her from danger, the message of his appointment found him at the plow. It is in allusion to this that William Henry Harrison was spoken of as the "Cincinnatus of the West" when he was called to the presi dency from his estate on the Ohio River. Washington is sometimes called the "Second Cincinnatus," because he came from his retirement at Mount Vernon to assume the presidency. Cipher Dispatches.-The presidential election of 1876 was long doubtful; the change of a single electoral vote would have turned the result. After the election a number of cipher dispatches were discovered which, on translation, proved to have been sent by persons closely identified with Samuel J. Tilden, relating to corrupt agreements for the purchase of electoral votes in Florida and Oregon for the Democratic party. The allegations were investigated by a congressional committee, which concluded that while at least one of the Florida Canvassing Board was purchasable, still, that Tilden was not implicated in any attempts to purchase him, even if these were made. The minority report, being that of the Republican members of the investigating committee, concluded that the charges of corruptibility on the part of members of canvassing boards were "but the slanders of foiled suborners of corruption." They regarded the proofs of attempted corruption as conclusive, and did not hesitate to indicate their belief that Tilden had knowledge of the matter. In a card dated October 16, 1878, Tilden denied in most emphatic terms all connection with the matter. (For the settlement of the election see Electoral Commission.) Circle, The. (See American Knights.) Circle of Honor. (See American Knights.) Citess.-Feminine form of citizen (which see). Cities, Familiar Names of.-Baltimore, Maryland-Monumental City. Boston, Massachusetts-Hub of the Universe; Athens of America; Modern Athens; Cradle of Liberty; City of Notions; Puritan City. Brooklyn, New York City of Churches. Buffalo, New YorkQueen City of the Lakes. Chicago, Illinois-Garden City. Cincinnati, Ohio-Queen City. Cleveland, OhioForest City. Detroit, Michigan-City of the Straits. Indianapolis, Indiana-Railroad City. Kansas City, Missouri-City of Bluffs. Keokuk, Iowa-Gate City. Louisville, Kentucky-Falls City. Lowell, Massachu New setts--City of Spindles. Milwaukee, Wisconsin-Cream ester, New York-Flour City. Springfield, IllinoisFlower City. St. Louis, Missouri-Mound City. St. Paul and Minneapolis, Minnesota-Twin Cities. Washington, District of Columbia-City of Magnificent Distances. Citizen.-A term used instead of Mr., Sir, Dr. and any other titles, during the end of the last century, when a wave of ultra-Republicanism swept over the country. It was in imitation of the custom in France. Citizenship.-A citizen is a member of a commonwealth who is entitled to full protection in the enjoyment of what are called private rights. The fourteenth amendment to the Constitution declares that "all persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State in which they reside." The term in its broad sense includes both women and children, and the right to vote is not an inherent privilege of citizenship. (See Suffrage; Qualifications of Voters). Children of citizens born abroad are citizens without naturalization. Minor children of naturalized citizens Decome citizens by the naturalization of their parents. All citizens whether so by birth or naturalization, are entitled when in foreign countries to the full protection of this government as to their persons and property. The States cannot deprive of citizenship any person declared by the Constitution to be entitled to it, but they may extend citizenship in the State to others as well; this is often done to persons who have declared their intention of becoming citizens, but who have not yet been naturalized The act of July 14, 1870, practically precluded the admission of Chinese to citizenship. The only points in which a naturalized citizen is not on an equal basis with a native-born citizen, are that he can never be eligible as President or Vice-President, and that he cannot become a Senator till he has been a citizen of the United States nine years, nor a Representative till he has been a citizen seven years. (Constitution, Article 2, section 1, clause 5; Article 1, section 3, clause 3, and Article 1, section 1, clause 2.) (See Naturalization.) Citizens' Law and Order League of the United States. This is an organization having for its aims to enforce existing laws that are often disregarded, and to secure the passage of additional legislation, especially in regard to restricting the sale of liquor, preventing its sale to minors and on Sunday, and the like. Its work is done chiefly through the local Law and Order Leagues. Civil Rights Bill was introduced into Congress in 1866. Its object was to protect the civil rights of the Southern negroes, then recently emancipated. It declared all persons born in the United States and not subject to a foreign power, except Indians, to be citizens enjoying the same rights as white citizens in regard to property, contracts, and entitled to all the civil rights of citizens. A violation of the civil rights of the citizens before mentioned was made a misdemeanor, the_cognizance of which was given exclusively to the Federal courts; Federal officers were designated to enforce the execution of the law; the President was empowered to send these officers to any point at which such violations were feared, and to use the military and naval forces of the United States, or militia, in enforcing the act. President Johnson vetoed the act March 27th, and early in April it was passed over the veto. An amendment to this act, seeking to prevent discrimination against. negroes on the part of common carriers, inn-keepers, theater managers and school-teachers was proposed as an amendment to the Amnesty Act of 1872 by Senator Charles Sumner, of Massachusetts, but it failed. A similar bill failed in December, 1872, and again in April, 1874; at length March 1, 1875, the bill became a law. In October, 1883, the Supreme Court declared as much of the act of 1875 as related to its operation in the States to be unconstitutional, leaving its operation unhampered in the District of Columbia and the Territories. Civil Service Reform.-The civil service of the United States includes all, except military and naval officers, but in general use the term is applied only to appointive officers in the executive branch of the government and not to those in the legislative and judicial departments. It seems to have been the intention of the founders of our government that civil officers should retain their positions during good behavior. Jefferson was the first President to depart from this policy and to inaugurate the system of removals and appointments for political reasons; in a letter to a committee of New Haven merchants on this subject in 1801, he used the following well-known sentences: "If a due participation of office is a matter of right, how are vacancies to be obtained? Those by death are few; by resignation none." (This is sometimes wrongly quoted, "Few die and none resign.") But the system of removing and appointing public officials for political reasons only was not thoroughly inaugurated till Jackson's time. was introduced from New York politics the full depth and breadth of the "spoils system," so called from the phrase descriptive of its aims, "to the victor belong the spoils of the enemy" (which see); from that time on public office was considered a reward for party service. Jackson maintained that every citizen had an equal right to public office; he advocated "rotation in office, which involved frequent changes; and his removals numbered far more than those of all previous Presidents together. These doctrines have been defended on the ground that a long tenure of office creates a bureaucracy of office-holders, who forget that they are servants of the public, who assume an undue importance in their own estimation to the annoyance and obstruction of the Then دو |