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able valuable food products that have hitherto been wasted. That the Gore amendment is aimed at certain alleged abuses and its enactment will mean the prohibition of practically all mixed feeds, which would destroy the mixed-feed industry. That our mixed feeds are bought by the farmers of their own free will and choice, and these farmers would be greatly handicapped if they were forced to mix their own feeds, which by reason of the scarcity of labor and other good reasons they do not desire to do.

(Mr. Chapin subsequently submitted additional data, which are here printed in full, as follows:)

STATEMENT INTENDED TO SHOW THE FEEDING VALUE OF A FEW OF THE MORE COMMON BY-PRODUCTS FEEDS, BY H. J. PATTERSON, DIREBTOR, MARYLAND EXPERIMENT STATION, AND H. J. WHITE.

[Extracts from Bulletin No. 168 of the Maryland Agriculture Experiment Station.]

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BY-PRODUCT FEEDS.

The price and scarcity of whole grain and standard cattle foods has necessitated the seeking of other sources and the availing of every kind of material that animals could utilize. This condition has brought upon the market many by-products which previously were considered waste products.

Some of these by-products are found on the market in their natural condition, but many of them are finely ground and are used in the mixed feeds. In many mixed feeds it is impossible to determine the kind or nature of the material which has been used to make them.

Some people have taken the position that many of the by-products on the market were nearly worthless as a cattle food and that the placing of them in mixed foods should be regarded with suspicion, or even as a fraud. While there is a very limited amount of data available which gives definite knowledge as to the real value of these by-products feeds, yet on the other hand there is no doubt but that many of them have a food value which should be utilized. Many plants and seeds which are commonly considered as worthless weeds show by analysis a high food value, and it is well known that some animals eat them in preference to cultivated plants and thrive on them.

The making of mixed feeds or rations is a legitimate business, which is really backed by more substantial arguments than the making of mixed fertilizers. The feeding of a given kind of animals for a specific purpose is a more constant factor than the feeding of crops which are to be grown on a great variety of soils and under many conditions. The object sought in making a mixed feed should be not only for the purpose of procuring a proper 66 balance or relation of the food components, but the aim should also be to improve the palatibility of the ration. The palatability of a food is probably as essential for animals as for man.

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The real value of a food or ration depends upon what the animals get out of it. What the animals get out of a food or ration depends chiefly upon its palatibility, composition, digestibility, and assimilation. It is possible for some plant constituents to stimulate and others to retard both digestion and assimilation. These facts make a greater knowledge of the effect of plant alkaloids very desirable, and especially important in considering many by-product feeds.

GRAIN SCREENINGS.

Page 2: There are vast quantities of screenings derived from the cleaning of grains for use in making human food products. These screenings will vary greatly, according to their source. They vary according to the kind of grain, the farm, and the season. Probably no two lots would ever be just the same, but yet, the pooling of large lots of grains in the mills has a tendency to make the screenings more uniform than they would be otherwise. The screenings used in this experiment came from Western mills and represented material which enters largely into some kinds of mixed feeds which are extensively sold in Eastern markets.

Summary showing the average coefficients of digestibility obtained in the experiments, together with those of some other common feeds for comparison.

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From the above table it will be seen that ground-grain screenings is more digestible than distiller's grains, but not quite as digestible as wheat bran.

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At the end of the 41 days' period the bull had gained 29 pounds in weight. During the first 9 days, however, he received hay in addition to oat hulls, and when hay was discontinued he had up to this lost apparently 15 pounds. This was an error, probably due to his having been watered shortly before the initial weighing. For the remainder of the time he gradually improved on an exclusive oat-hull diet, and at the end of the period was in excellent condition in every respect.

STATEMENT INTENDED TO SHOW THE BRANDING REQUIRED ON PACKAGES OF FEEDING STUFFS SOLD, OFFERED, OR EXPOSED FOR SALE IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE PROVISIONS OF THE AGRICULTURAL LAW OF NEW YORK STATE RELATIVE TO THE SALE AND INSPECTION OF FEEDING STUFFS, AND WHICH IS SUBSTANTIALLY THE SAME REQUIREMENTS EFFECTIVE IN MOST OF THE 42 STATES NOW HAVING FEEDINSPECTION LAWS.

[Extract from p. 614 of New York Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin No. 441, entitled "Inspection of Feeding Stuffs." Information required to and appearing on packages from which sample No. 01818 was drawn for purposes of analysis.]

The Quaker Oats Co., Chicago, Ill.:

Schumacher feed

Crude protein_.

Crude fat_

Crude fiber__

Per cent.

10.0

3.2

10. 0

Ingredients.-Ground corn, ground barley, hominy feed, wheat flour, cottonseed meal, ground puffed rice, ground puffed wheat, wheat middlings with ground screenings not exceeding mill run, oatmeal mill by-products (oat middlings, oat hulls, oat shorts), and one-half of 1 per cent salt.

The result of analysis as shown by bulletin above mentioned was as follows:

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STATEMENT OF DR. C. CASSIUS WAY, CHIEF VETERINARIAN,

BORDEN CONDENSED MILK CO., NEW YORK.

Dr. WAY. Mr. Chairman, I hope you will consider me as a farmer. I am a graduate of the Connecticut Agricultural College, of Cornell University, and of the New York State Veterinary College at Cornell University. For six years I was an assistant to Prof. V. A. Moore, now dean of the college, in the department of bacteriology and pathology. In 1908 I associated myself with the Borden Condensed Milk Co., and at the present time am chief veterinarian, having supervision over the sanitary control of their milk supply and production of certified milk on these large dairy farms, the herds of which aggregate approximately 1,200 head of milch cows and heifers. In addition to this, I have general supervision over the health and care of some 3,000 to 3,500 head of horses.

Mixed feeds have been fed to the stock owned by our company in improper proportions with deleterious effect. When these animals were returned to a balanced ration of straight feeds their health and efficiency increased and improved to normal. Our reason for using only straight feeds of known feeding value is to eliminate from the rations of these animals substances that are found in certain feeds that have very little feeding value and to us appear worthless.

It seems to me the conference is agreed that the substances entering into the package of feed should be placed on the label. It seems to me that is fair to the consumer of the product. As a buyer of feeds, I hold no brief against the feed manufacturers, but we do buy feeds of known composition and of recognized feeding value.

(Thereupon, at 6 o'clock p. m., the conference committee adjourned until 2.30 o'clock p. m. to-morrow, Tuesday, September 17, 1918.)

ADULTERATION OF MIXED FEEDS.

TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 17, 1918.

UNITED STATES SENATE AND HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES,
COMMITTEES OF CONFERENCE OF THE

COMMITTEES ON AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY,

Washington, D. C.

The committee of conference on the bill H. R. 11945 met, pursuant to adjournment, in the committee room of the House Committee on Indian Affairs, Capitol, at 2.30 o'clock p. m., Senator Thomas P. Gore presiding.

President of the Senate committee: Senator Gore.

Present of the House committee: Representatives Lever (chairman), Lee, Candler, and Haugen.

The CHAIRMAN. Mr. Abbott, whom would you like to hear first? Mr. ABBOTT. We would like to have you gentlemen hear Mr. Gray. STATEMENT OF MR. J. M. GRAY, GENERAL COUNSEL, QUAKER OATS CO., CHICAGO, ILL.

Mr. GRAY. Mr. Chairman, my name is J. M. Gray, and I am general counsel of the Quaker Oats Co., 1600 Railway Exchange Building, Chicago, Ill. The Quaker Oats Co., Mr. Chairman, is a member of the American Feed Manufacturers' Association. Now, the American Feed Manufacturers' Association comprises, roughly, some 175 manufacturers of compounded feeds. There are other manufacturers of the same kind of feeding stuff who do not belong to the association. However, of course, every member of that association acts in his business independently according to his own dictates, and there is, therefore, an immense amount of competition in the business.

It is an industry which has grown for 25 to 30 years, and perhaps in the aggregate now assumes the proportions of some several millions of tons of feeding stuff annually. You can readily see what a vast amount of capital must be invested in this industry. I do not pretend to say how much-it would run into many, many millions. The association has no figures on invested capital, the association has no figures on exact tonnage produced and sold, the association has no figures of any kind on any branch or end of the business of any one of its members.

The American Feed Manufacturers' Association feels most keenly that the proposed amendment by Senator Gore is of such vast importance to its industry and to the country at large that it ought to have the utmost consideration. The entire subject of the production of the feeding stuff and the distribution of feeding stuff is so large and is so complicated and has so many angles that in a short hearing

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we feel that we can not possibly do what we ought to do for the members of the committee.

Yesterday's session-if I may say so, and, first, it is entirely without any criticism; it is merely a statement of fact as I saw it was begun by the feed manufacturers with an opening statement. Those in favor of the bill were then heard; some outsiders were then heard; and there was a good deal of mere statement which got into the hearing there was no way to prevent that that I know of, in the world. A good deal of it was derogatory to the industry. But we do not feel that we can or ought to meet those statements simply by other statements. We would like to have this bill considered or some bill of a general character that might perhaps be a little more comprehensive we would like to have it considered at considerable length in order that we might have an opportunity to afford the committee a chance to see the constructive side of this whole subject. Now, some things were said yesterday about there being plenty of roughage, and so there was not any need of roughage in the feed, or not much need, or something like that. The feed manufacturers know something about that. But what is the use, Mr. Chairman and gentlemen, of their simply coming up and stating that they know in this section and that section and the other section there is a shortage of roughage. They are met already by statements to the contrary; they may be met by other statements. They can produce, if they have the opportunity and the time to do so-positive testimony to that effect, which I think will be entirely convincing.

The CHAIRMAN. To what effect? I did not quite get your point. Mr. GRAY. To the effect that there is a shortage of roughages in various parts of the country which, of course, is a most material need. Then, there was another subject somewhat touched upon yesterday-the question of the shortage of mill feed. You understand we are not mill-feed manufacturers. We are compound-feed manufacturers. There was, as I say, something said about that yesterday to the effect that there was a great shortage in bran and other mill feeds. Statements were made to the contrary, and there you are again. We feel, with all confidence, that we can bring in testimony and facts if we are allowed the time, to show that there is probably a million tons shortage in these mill feeds.

Then, again, while we spent some time on the second paragraph of section 26, to try to point out certain features of that, which were quite, we thought, impossible to comply with, there seemed to be some doubt in the minds of some of the committee and, of course, of some of those in favor of the bill, as to our position in regard to those points and our fairness, etc. That takes a good deal of time to explain, because it requires a considerable study of what is a mixed feed, how it comes about, what it is for, what is it intended to do, why the manufacturer puts out a particular kind of mixed feed for a particular feeding purpose, etc., and so on.

Mr. Chairman and gentlemen, we respectfully urge upon you that you defer this matter until some subsequent time when it can be taken up in as full a hearing as is necessary properly to handle the subject. We realize and, indeed, that is what we are most interested in-that you gentlemen of the committee must have all the information that there is to be obtained on this whole subject, and we can not do it, we can not begin to do it, in an hour nor in a few

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