B

than the ninth century. But as this is a mistake, the MS. may be well attributed to the eighth.' The Greek must have been copied from an exemplar containing an old text of the class which Griesbach termed Western. In many respects the orthography is very defective and barbarous, and the formation of the letters of the Latin column is of the kind which has been termed Anglo-Saxon, so that there can be no doubt that it was written in the West. Dots are introduced between many of the Greek words; sometimes each word is thus separated; in other places two or three are thus divided off; and often they are so placed in the Latin column as to answer precisely to their location in the Greek. Occasionally, however, words are divided by this dot, as CTN CTOIXIN, CTN MEIMHTAI; and this too is found not only when some reason might be imagined in the composition of the word, but also in other places; thus O'COI stands for ooo. A space is very often left between two letters, and then a small curved line placed below connects them together. These peculiarities, and the confusion of vowels and the use in one or two places of the Latin P for the Greek II, show that the acquaintance of the scribe with the latter language must have been extremely slight. At times, indeed, the reading of this MS. is quite uncertain, for the writer was so little conscious of the different value of the Greek W and O that he used them without discrimination; and thus we cannot be certain, when the use of the one or the other of these letters would form a different word, which of the two was the one that he intended: all that can be done in such cases by a collator or critical editor is to record what the MS. does read as a fact, giving information of the uncertainty of its testimony. In general these orthographic variations may be passed by without notice, because they do not affect the reading of a passage at all.

Bentley valued this MS. highly, and he intended to have used it as an authority of weight in the Greek Testament which he proposed to edit: his collation of it is only to be found amongst his other materials in the library of Trinity College, Cambridge. It had long been thought that Wetstein's collation was both defective and inaccurate, and yet it was not until 1842, a century after the death of Bentley, that one more complete was made. In that year the MS. was thoroughly collated by Tischendorf, and three years afterwards by Tregelles, who also collated the Latin text, which is far superior to that generally current.

If different parts of the Codex Augiensis are compared, it may seem as if it had been written by several hands from the variety in the character of the Greek; but if the leaves are looked at consecutively (and not in the order in which some of them are now transposed), it will be seen that the changes are so gradual as to in

Marsh, following Semler, gave currency to the opinion that the passage was from Rhabanus Maurus. Tischendorf, in his "Anecdota, Sacra et Profana " (p. 215. ), cites from a note written in this MS. respecting the passage quoted, "imo potius conveniunt iis quæ See Cave, Cumianus Rabani 1. d. Pænitentiarum mensura qui vixit anno 640." The Rev. 1.584. Fenton J. A. Hort states, however, "Tischendorf has not been too careful in his transcript of the note at the end of F. The name is certainly Cumianus Fota' (or Fata) in,' and the omitted word after' qui' is' auctor."" Thus "Fota in " was turned into "Rabani."

dicate the same hand having become more practised (or more wearied) in tracing Greek letters. Altogether this is one of the most valuable MSS. of the Greek Scriptures which this country possesses.

The subscription in the front of the last leaf now pasted to the binding, "Monasterium Augiæ in Belgis ubi institutus est Goddeschalcus," is in the handwriting of Bentley.

G. (in St. Paul's Epistles). CODEX BOERNERIANUS, now in the library of the King of Saxony at Dresden. It belonged during part of the seventeenth century to Paul Junius of Leyden, at whose death in 1670 it became the property of Peter Francius; at the sale of whose books, in 1705, in passed into the hands of Dr. C. F. Boerner, from whom it takes its name. Küster first published readings from it in his reprint of Mill's Greek Testament. In 1719 it was borrowed by Bentley, who kept it at Cambridge for five years. Amongst his papers there is a transcript of the whole of this MS. (the writing being a kind of imitation of the codex itself). He did not return it to Boerner until he had made fruitless attempts to acquire it by purchase. The Greek text is accompanied with a Latin translation arranged interlinearly. As soon as the readings of this MS. and the Codex Augiensis (F.) were at all known, it was suspected that one must be the transcript of the other; because, even though the collation of neither was at all perfect or exact, there was enough to show a striking, if not convincing, resemblance. And thus it was so much an established point in the minds of some critics that F. and G. were copied the one from the other (just as we know that E. is a transcript of D.), that they only differed as to which were the copy, forming their judgments on this point according to their opinion of the relative ages of the documents.

This MS. was published by Matthæi in 1791, so that the means of an exact acquaintance with its text and of comparison with F. became far greater. The differences between the two MSS. are such as to show that the one is not a transcript of the other. The Latin in this is not the Vulgate of Jerome, but a translation generally depending on and modelled to the Greek over which each word is written, as far at least as the copyist's want of skill admitted. In every epistle there is some variation between the two MSS., and that of such a kind as to show that the one (in either case) could not have been copied from the other; the variations being just such in each case as would have led copyists astray. But though neither of these is a transcript of the other, the relation between the two as to text is more close than could have been supposed from the collation given by Wetstein; and thus it may be deemed certain that the Greek of each of these MSS. was a copy (mediate or immediate) of a more ancient codex; from which the copyist of each of these departed at times by mere error.

The general description of the Codex Sangallensis (A of the Gospels) applies equally to this MS., to which it was once joined: and whatever shows the history of the one will apply equally to that of the other.

It seems as if the writer of this MS. had thought of subjoining the apocryphal Epistle to the Laodiceans to that to Philemon; for on the same page there is the heading προς Λαουδηκησας· αρχεται επιστολη. ETTIOTOAη. The epistle, however, is not added; and in the Codex Augiensis this heading has no place. After Rom. xiv. 23. there is a vacant space in this MS., which is not in the Codex Augiensis.

From some of the marginal remarks it seems as if the Codex Boernerianus had been copied for certain polemical purposes: thus in some places (such as 1 Tim. ii. 4.) there is the note contra goddiokaλkov, referring no doubt to the controversy with Gottschalk in the ninth century, when points connected with grace, predestination, &c. were under discussion. Other passages are noted as being contra Græcos.

How little acquaintance the copyist had with Greek is shown by the introduction of the Latin has the rough breathing; thus 1 Tin. iv. 2. Λυποκρισι for ὑποκρισει. This small measure of knowledge of Greek is the best proof how little ground there is for charging him with having altered and rewrought his Greek text to conform it to the Latin.

This MS. of course is not a distinct authority from F. as to the readings of St. Paul's Epistles: together, however, they are valuable as a united testimony to the readings of the ancient and valuable codex from which they must have alike sprung.

CHAP. XVII.

THE OTHER LATER UNCIALS CONTAINING THE GOSPELS.

THE remaining uncial MSS. and fragments require but a brief description.

E. CODEX BASILEENSIS, now in the public library at Basle (K. iv. 35.; formerly B. vi. 21.).—This MS. contains the four Gospels with a few hiatus. It is written in round, full uncial letters, one column only on the page, with the Ammonian sections; but instead of the Eusebian canons there is a kind of Harmony of the Gospels noted at the foot of each page, by a reference to the parallel sections in the other evangelists. This MS. appears to belong to the eighth century, and the additions of a subsequent hand seem to indicate that they were made in the ninth. It appears that it was formerly used as a church MS. at Constantinople, and it may be considered to be one of the best specimens of what has been called the Constantinopolitan class of text. It was presented in the fifteenth century to a monastery in Basle by Cardinal de Ragusio. Wetstein collated this MS., and this was also done (independently) by Tischendorf, Müller of Basle, and Tregelles.

F. CODEX BOREELII.—This MS. takes its name from its former possessor, John Poreel, ambassador from the United Provinces to

King James I. Soon after Boreel's death, in 1629, some man of learning, whose name is unknown, made extracts from this MS. as far as Luke x. This collation was communicated to Wetstein by Isaac Verburgen in 1730. Wetstein could not ascertain where the MS. was in his time. But after having been unknown for nearly two centuries it was discovered in 1830 at Arnhem. Soon after this discovery had been announced by Prof. Heringa, he made a diligent and careful collation of its text. Some part of this codex appears to have been lost since the time when the extracts were made which Wetstein used; so that his citations in such parts still retain their value. Heringa's collation with a description and facsimile of the MS. appeared in 1843, after his death, under the editorial care of Vinke. The MS. is now in the library of the University of Utrecht. The letters of this MS. are large, upright, compressed uncials; it is written with two columns on each page, with the usual indications of sections, &c., but without the Eusebian canons. It is supposed to belong to the tenth century: some have thought the ninth, but that is probably too early.

G. CODEX SEIDELII I.-A MS. of the four Gospels brought by Andreas Seidel, with H., from the East. La Croze afterwards purchased both these MSS. and gave them to Wolf of Hamburg. G. is now in the British Museum; it contains the four Gospels, but with several chasms. It is written in double columns, in such uncial letters as were common in the tenth century. Wolf collated this MS. as well as H., and he published the results in his Anecdota Græca, vol. iii. He had previously (in 1721) sent a copy of his collation of these MSS. to Bentley, and also a small piece of each MS. as a specimen. These fragments are now amongst Bentley's papers in the library of Trinity College Cambridge. This MS. has been recently collated by Tischendorf and also by Tregelles.

H. CODEX SEIDELII II. The history of this MS. has been given as far as it is known in connection with G. From the time of Wolf's death it has been deposited in the public library at Hamburg; though from this fact not having been generally known, this codex was long classed amongst lost MSS. It contains the four Gospels (commencing in Matt. xv.) with various chasms. It is neatly written with one column on each page; the letters apparently being of the ninth century. Wolf's collation was very imperfect and very incorrect, but no other was executed before that of Tregelles, who collated the MS. and compared Wolf's extracts with it in 1850. Its readings on the whole are better than those of the MSS. with which it has a general affinity.

K. CODEX CYPRIUS (No. 63. in the Bibliothèque du Roi at Paris). This MS. of the four Gospels takes its name from the place from which it was brought in 1637. It was then deposited

See as to the curious history of these fragments "Account of Printed Text," pp. 159. 160.

in the library of Colbert, whence it passed into its present locality. The uncial letters of this MS. are large, upright, and compressed; in each page there is one column; the number of lines varies greatly in some of the pages, for occasionally the letters are very large. There is a pretty frequent insertion of a point as a mark of interpunction; this has been supposed to occur at the end of an ancient Tixos. The writing, &c. may be taken as proofs that the MS. is not older than the middle of the ninth century. Wetstein used readings taken from this MS. with no great accuracy; Scholz, though he valued it very highly, collated it with so little care that his testimony is worth but little. The comparison of the more recent independent collations of Tischendorf and Tregelles leaves little ground for doubt as to its readings. It was of some importance to correct errors previously made, since this MS., undue as are some of the praises which have been bestowed upon it, contains many good and valuable readings.

M. CODEX CAMPIANUS. (No. 48. Bibliothèque du Roi.)- This is a beautiful little MS. of the four Gospels, written in double columns in very neat uncial letters. It was presented in 1706 to Louis XIV. by the Abbé des Camps. It is supposed to belong to the end of the ninth century or the beginning of the tenth. It was used by Wetstein, re-examined by Scholz, copied by Tischendorf, and collated by Tregelles. It contains many good readings. Besides the indications of sections in the margin, there are also scholia; some of these are in the most minute writing. Besides accents and breathings, the words are marked with a musical notation.

S. A MS. of the four Gospels in the Vatican Library (No. 354.). The subscription says that it was written by Michael, a monk, in the year 949 of our era. This MS. is, therefore, one by which the date of others may be in some measure estimated. It is written in compressed uncial letters, rather large in size, and such as would independently have been expected in a MS. of the date contained in the subscription.

Birch has been the only collator of this Codex. He gave the results in the notes to his edition of the four Gospels, and again in the Varia Lectiones as published separately. He states that he collated the MS. twice with care. Except in places in which we have to judge from his silence, and not from direct testimony, we can hardly be in doubt as to the readings of this copy. The text is, as might be supposed, Constantinopolitan in character.

U. CODEX NANIANUS. This copy of the four Gospels is now in the Library of St. Mark, at Venice. It is beautifully and elaborately executed with ornaments in gold and colours. The letters are in general an imitation of those used before the introduction of compressed uncials; but they do not belong to the age when full and round writing was customary or natural, so that the stiffness and want of ease is manifest. This codex is supposed to belong to the