Second Perfect and Pluperfect of the MI-form.

$ 124. 1. A few second perfects and pluperfects are inflected like the present and imperfect of verbs in μ. But they are never used in the singular of the indicative, the forms (ἔσται), (τέθναα), (γέγαα), &c. being imaginary. The participle is formed in ως, ωσα, os, which is contracted with a preceding a to ώς, ώσα, ός (irregular for ώς).

α

2. The principal verbs which have these forms in Attic prose are βαίνω, go, 2 perf. infin. βεβάναι ; θνήσκω, die, τεθνάναι ; All these have ordiand ἵστημι, set, ἑστάναι, with stems in a. nary perfects, βέβηκα, τέθνηκα, ἕστηκα, which are always used in the singular of the indicative. The second perfect and pluperfect of ἵστημι (στα-) are thus inflected :

Dual. ἵστατον, ἑστάτην.

Plural. ἕσταμεν, ἕστατε, έστασαν.

NOTE. For an enumeration of these forms, see § 125, 4.

Enumeration of the MI-forms.

§ 125. The forms which have this inflection are as follows:

1. Verbs in μ with the simple stem in the present. These are the irregular εἰμί, be, εἶμι, go, φημί, say, κείμαι, lie, and ἡμαι, sit, all of which are infected in § 127; with ἦμι, say, χρή, ought, and the deponents ἄγαμαι, δύναμαι, ἐπίσταμαι, έραμαι, κρέ

μαμαι.

See these in the Catalogue, and also Ionic or poetic (chiefly Homeric forms under ἄημι, δέαμαι, δίεμαι, δίζημαι, ἔδω, ἵλημι, κιχάνω, ὄνομαι, ῥύομαι and ἐρύομαι, στεῦμαι, φέρω; also δάμνημι, κίρνημι, κρήμνημι, μάρναμαι, πέρνημι, πίλναμαι, πίτνημι, σκίδνημι and κίδνημι.

2. Verbs in με with reduplicated present stems (§ 121, 3). These are ἵστημι, τίθημι, and δίδωμι, infected in § 123, ἵημι, infected in § 127, δίδημι, rare for δέω, bind, κίχρημι (χρᾶ-), lend, ὀνίνημι (ὀνα-), benefit, πίμπλημι (πλᾶ-), fill, πίμπρημι (πρᾶ-), burn.

See also ἵσταμαι (late), and Hom. βιβάς, striding, present partici ple of rare βίβημι.

ΝοΤΕ 1. Πίμπλημι and πίμπρημι insert μ before ; but the μ generally disappears after μ (for v) in ἐμ-πίπλημι and ἐμ-πίπρημι; but not after v itself, as in ἐν-επίμπλασαν.

NOTE 2. Ονίνημι is probably for ὀν-ονη-μι, by Attic reduplication from stem όνα

3. Second Aorists of the μι-Form. The only second aorists formed from verbs in μι are those of ἵημι (§ 127), of ἵστημι, τίθημι, and δίδωμι (§ 123), of σβέννυμι (§ 122, Ν. 6); with ἐπριάμην (§ 123, 1), the irregular ὠνήμην (rarely ὠνάμην), οι ὀνίνημι, and ἐπλήμην (poetic) of πίμπλημι.

See the last two in the Catalogue, and also Homeric aorist middle forms of μίγνυμι, ὄρνυμι, and πήγνυμι.

The second aorists of this form belonging to verbs in ∞ are the following:

Βαίνω (βα-), go. ἔβην, βῶ, βαίην, βῆθι, βῆναι, βάς.

Πέτομαι (πτα-, πτε-), fly: act. (poetic) ἔπτην, πτῶ, late), πταίην, (πτῆθι, πτῆναι, late), πτάς. Mid. ἐπτάμην, πτάσθαι, πτάμενος.

[Τλάω] (τλα-), endure: ἔτλην, τλώ, τλαίην, τλῆθι, τλῆναι, τλάς. Φθάνω (φθα-), anticipate : ἔφθην, φθῶ, φθαίην, φθῆναι, φθάς Διδράσκω (δρα-), run : ἔδραν, ἔδρας, ἔδρα, &c., δρῶ, δρᾷς, δρᾷ, &c., δραίην, δρᾶναι, δράς. Only in composition. (See Note 1.)

Κτείνω (κτα-, κτεν-), kill: act. (poetic) ἔκταν, ἔκτας, ἔκτα, ἔκτάμεν (3 pl. ἔκταν, subj. κτέωμεν, inf. κτάμεναι, κτάμεν, Hom.), κτάς. Mid. (Hom.) ἐκτάμην. was killed, κτάσθαι, κτάμενος.

‘Αλίσκομαι (άλ-), be_taken : ἑάλων οι ἥλων, was taken, ἁλῶ, ἁλοίην, ἁλῶναι, ἁλούς. (See Note 2.)

Βιόω (βιο-), live : ἐβίων, βιῶ, βιῴην (not -οίην), βιώναι, βιούς (Hom imper. βιώτω).

Γιγνώσκω (γνο-), know: ἔγνων, γνῶ, γνοίην, γνῶθι, γνῶναι, γνούς. Δύω (δυ-), enter: ἔδυν, entered, δύω, (opt. § 123, 1,) δῦθι, δῦναι, δύς (§ 123).

Φύω (φυ-), produce : ἔφυν, was produced, am, φύω, φύναι, φύς (like ἔδυν).

Add to these the single forms, γηράναι (γηράς, Hom.) of γηράσκω, grow old; ἀπο-σκλῆναι, οἱ ἀποσκέλλω, dry up; σχές, imperat. of ἔχω, have ; πῖθι, imperat. of πίνω, drink.

See also in the Catalogue Homeric u-forms of the following verbs: ἀπαυράω, ἄω, βάλλω, βιβρώσκω, κλύω, κτίζω, λύω, οὐτάω, πελάζω, πλένω, πνέω, πτήσσω, σεύω, φθίνω, χέω; and of these (with consonant stems), άλλομαι, ἀραρίσκω, γέντο (γεν-), δέχομαι, λέγω (λεχ-) ἐλέγμην, πάλλω, πέρθω.

NOTE 1. Second aorists in ny or auny from stems in a are inffected like ἔστην oι ἐπριάμην ; but ἔδραν substitutes a (after p) for η, and ἔκταν is irregular.

NOTE 2.

The second aorists of τίθημι, ἵημι, and δίδωμι do not lengthen e or o of the stem (§ 121, 1) in the indicative (dual and plural) or imperative (εἶτον, εἶμεν, &c. being augmented): in the infnitive they have θεῖναι, εἶναι, and δοῦναι (§ 126, 9), and in the imperative θές, s, and δός (§ 121, 2, 6). The other stems in e have ἔσβην (-ης, -η) and σβῆναι (§ 122, Ν. 6), and ἀποσκλῆναι. The other stems in o are inflected like yvwv, as follows:

Indic. ἔγνων, ἔγνως, ἔγνω, ἔγνωτον, ἐγνώτην, ἔγνωμεν, ἔγνωτε, ἔγνωσαν. Subj. γνῶ (like δώ). Opt. γνοίην (like δοίην). Imperat. γνώθι, γνώτω, γνῶτον, γνώτων, γνώτε, γνώτωσαν οι γνόντων. Inf. γνῶναι. Part. γνούς (like δούς). The optative βιῴην is irregular.

4. Second Perfects and Pluperfects of the μι-Form. The following verbs have these forms in Attic Greek, even in prose :

Ιστημι (στα-); see § 123, 2 (paradigm).

Βαίνω (βα-), go ; 2 pf. βεβᾶσι (Hom. βεβάασι), subj. βεβῶσι, inf. βεβάναι (Hom. βεβάμεν), part. βεβώς (Hom. -αώς); 2 plup. (Hom. βέβασαν).

Γίγνομαι (γεν-, γα-), become, 2 pf. γέγονα, am; (Hom. 2 pf. γεγάασι, inf. γεγάμεν, γεγαώς), Att. γεγώς (poetic).

Θνήσκω (θαν, θνα-), die ; 2 pf. τέθνατον, τέθναμεν, τέθνατε, τεθνᾶσι, opt. τεθναίην, imper. τέθναθι, τεθνάτω, inf. τεθνάναι (Hom. τεθνάμεναι or -νάμεν), part. τεθνεώς (Hom. τεθνηώς), 2 plup. ἐτέθνασαν.

Δείδω (δι-), Epic in pres., fear, Attic 2 pf. δέδια (Hom. δείδια), 2 plup. ἐδεδίειν, both regular in indic., also 2 pf. δέδιμεν, δέδιτε, 2 plup. ἐδέδισαν; subj. δεδίῃ, δεδίωσι, opt. δεδιείη, imper. δεδιθι, inf. δεδιέναι, part. δεδιώς. (Hom. 2 pf. δείδιμεν, imper. δείδιθι, δείδιτε, inf. δειδίμεν, part. δειδιώς, plup. ἐδείδιμεν, ἐδείδισαν.)

[Εἴκω] (ἰκ-, εἰκ-), 2 pf. ἔοικα, seem; also 2 pf. ἔοιγμεν, εἴξασι (for ἐοίκασι), part. εἰκώς (Hom. 2 pf. ἔικτον, 2 plup. ἐίκτην), used with the regular forms of ἔοικα, ἐῴκειν (see Catalogue).

Oida (id-), know; see § 127 (paradigm).

See also poetic, chiefly Homeric, forms under the following verbs in the Catalogue: ἀνώγω, βιβρώσκω, ἐγείρω, ἔρχομαι, (καφ-), κράζω, μαίομαι, πάσχω, πείθω, πίπτω, [τλάω], φύω.

5. Verbs in νυμι, with wv (after a vowel, ννυ) added to the verb stem in the present. These are all infected like δείκνυμι (§ 123), and, with the exception of σβέννυμι, quench (§ 122, N. 6), have no pu-forms except in the present and imperfect. The following belong to this class :

(Stems in a), κεράννυμι, κρεμάννυμι, πετά-ννυμι, σκεδάννυμι; (stems in e), -ννυμι, κορέννυμι, σβέννυμι, στορέννυμι; (stems in ω), ζώννυμι, ῥώ-ννυμι, στρώ-ννυμι; (consonant stems), ἄγνυμι, ἄρ-νυμαι, δείκνυμι (§ 123), είργνυμι, ζεύγνυμι ἀπο-κτίννυμι (υ. κτείνω), μίγνυμι, οἴγνυμι, ὄλ-λυμι (5 108, V. 4, Ν. 2), ὄμ-νυμι, ὀμόργνυμι, ὄρνυμι, πήγνυμι (παγ-), πτάρνυμαι, ῥήγνυμι (ῥαγ-), στόρνυμι, φράγνυμι. See these in the Catalogue, and also Ionic or poetic (chiefly Homeric) forms under αἴνυμαι, ἄχνυμαι, γάνυμαι, δαίνυμι, καίνυμαι, κίνυμαι, ὀρέγνυμι, τάνυμαι (υ. τείνω), τίνυμαι (υ. τίνω).

Dialectic Forms of Verbs in MI.

§ 126. 1. Homer and Herodotus have many forms (some doubtful) in which verbs in nu (with stems in €) and wμ have the infection of verbs in ew and ow; as τιθεῖ, διδοῖς, διδοῖ. So in compounds of ἵημι, as ἀνίεις (or ἀνεῖς), μεθίει (οι -ιεῖ) in pres., and προΐειν, προΐεις, ἀνίει, in impf. Hom. has imperat. καθ-ίστα (Attic -η). Herod. has ἱστᾷ (for ἵστησι), ὑπερ-ετίθεα and προ-ετίθεε in impf., and προστ θέοιτο (tor -θεῖτο), &c. in opt. For ἐδίδουν, &c. and ἐτίθεις, ἐτίθει (also Attic), see § 122, 2, Ν. 1.

2. In the Aeolic dialect most verbs in aw, ew, and ow take the form in μι; as φίλημι (with φίλεισθα, φίλει), in Sappho, for φιλέω, β. ; ὅρημι, κάλημι, αἴνημι.

3. A few verbs in Hom. and Hdt. drop σ in σa and σo of the second person after a vowel; as imperat. παρίστας (for -ασο) and impf. ἐμάρνα» (Hom.); ἐξεπίσται (for -ασαι) with change of a to (Hdt.). ο θέο, imperat. for θεσο (Att. θοῦ). and ἔνθεο (Hom.).

4. The Doric has τι, ντι for σι, νσι. Homer sometimes has σθα for a in 2 pers. sing., as δίδωσθα (δίδοισθα οι διδοῖσθα), τίθησθα; ν for σαν (with preceding vowel short) in 3 pers. plur., as ἔστάν (for ἔστησαν), ἵεν (for ἵεσαν), πρότιθεν (for προετίθεσαν); see § 119, 9. He sometimes has it in the pres. imperat. act., as δίδωθι, ὄρνυθι (§ 121, 2, 6).

5. Herod. sometimes has ἅται, ἅτο for νται, ντο 1n the present and imperfect of verbs in μι, with a preceding a changed to e; as προτιθέαται (for -ενται), ἐδυνέατο (for -αντο). For the iterative endings σκον, σκομην, see § 119, 10; these are added directly to the stem of verbs in μι, as ἵστα-σκον, δό-σκον, ζωννύ-σκετο, ἔ-σκον (εἰμί, be).

6. Some verbs with consonant stems have a 2 aor. mid. of the με form in Homer; as ἆλετο, ἄλ-μενος, from ἅλλομαι, leap ; ἆρ-το, with imperat. ὄρσεο, ὄρσευ, ὄρσο, from ὄρνυμι, rouse. 5ο πήγνυμι (ἔπηκτο). See § 125, 3.

7. (a) Herodotus sometimes leaves e uncontracted in the subjunctive of verbs in ημι; as θέωμεν (Att. θῶμεν), διαθέωνται (-θῶνται), ἀπ-ιέωσι (Att. ἀφ-ιῶσι, from ἀφίημι). He forms the subj. with εω in the plural also from stems in a; as ἀπο-στέ-ωσι (-στῶσι), ἐπιστέωνται (for ἐπιστα-ονται, Att. ἐπίστωνται). Homer sometimes has these forms with εω; as θέωμεν, στέωμεν.

(3) Generally, when the 2 aor. subj. act. is uncontracted in Homer, the final vowel of the stem is lengthened, e (or a) to e or n, o to w, while the connecting vowels n and w are shortened to e and o in the dual and plural, except before σι (for νσι). Thus we find in Homer:

(Stems in a.)

βείω (Attic βῶ for βα-ω)

η

θείης, θήης
θείῃ, θήῃ, ἀνήγ

(c) A few cases of the middle inflected as in (b) occur in Homer; as βλήζεται (ν. βάλλω), ἅλεται (άλλομαι), ἀπο-θείομαι, κατα-θείομαι; 50 κατα-θαι (Hesiod) for καταθε-ηαι (Att. καταθῇ).