3. Most monosyllables of the third declension accent the last syllable in the genitive and dative of all numbers: here wv and ow are circumflexed. E.g.

Θής, servant, θητός, θητί, θητοῖν, θητῶν, θησί.

NOTE 1. Hais, child, Tpws, Trojan, dás, torch, duós, slave, pws, light, ous, ear, and a few others, violate the last rule in the genitive dual and plural; so râs, all, in both genitive and dative plural: as παῖς, παιδός, παιδί, παισί, but παίδων ; πᾶς, παντός, παντί, πάντων, πᾶσι.

NOTE 2. The interrogative ris, Tivos, Tív, &c., always accents the first syllable. So do all monosyllabic participles; as v, ovтos, vti, ὄντων, οὖσι; βάς, βάντος.

NOTE 3. Some further exceptions occur in irregular nouns, and others will be noticed under the different declensions.

ACCENT OF VERBS.

§ 26. Verbs throw the accent as far back as the last syllable permits; as βουλεύω, βουλεύομεν, βουλεύουσιν ; παρέχω, πάρεχε, ἀποδίδωμι, ἀπόδοτε.

NOTE 1. This applies to compound as well as simple verbs. But the accent (in compound verbs) can never precede the augment: thus, παρείχον (not πάρει χον). So when the verb begins with a long vowel or a diphthong not augmented ; as ἐξεῦρον (not ἔξευρον).

NOTE 2. Participles in their inflection are accented as nouns (§ 25, 1), not as verbs. Thus, Bovλevwv has in the neuter Bouλevov (not βούλευον) ; φιλέων, φιλῶν, has φιλέον (not φίλεον), φιλοῦν (§ 69).

NOTE 3. The chief exceptions to the principle just stated (§ 26) are these:

(1.) The following forms accent the penult: the first aorist active infinitive, the second aorist middle infinitive, the perfect passive infinitive and participle, and all infinitives in va or μev (except those in μεναι). Thus, βουλεῦσαι, γενέσθαι, λελύσθαι, λελυμένος, ἱστάναι, διδόναι, λελυκέναι, δόμεν and δόμεναι (both Epic for δοῦναι).

Add the compounds of δός, ς, θές, and σχές ; as ἀπόδος.

(2.) The following forms have the acute on the last syllable: the

second aorist active participle, participles in eus, ovs, vs, and ως, and

$28.]

ENCLITICS.

23

present participles in as from verbs in μι. Thus, λιπών, λυθείς, διδούς, δεικνύς, λελυκώς, ἱστάς (pres.), but λύσας and στήσας (aor.). Add the imperatives ἰδέ, εἰπέ, ἐλθέ, εὑρέ, and λαβέ.

(3.) The following circumflex the last syllable: the second aorist active infinitive in ew, and the second person singular of the second aorist middle imperative in ov, except when the latter is compounded with a dissyllabic preposition (not elided). Thus, Ameiv, λιποῦ, προδοῦ, ἀπολοῦ, ἀφοῦ (but κατάθου, περίδου).

Some other NOTE 4. For optatives in o and a see § 22, Note 1. exceptions occur, especially in irregular verbs (like eiμí and pnul.) See also § 122, N. 2.

ENCLITICS.

and

§ 27. An enclitic is a word which loses its own accent, is pronounced as if it were part of the preceding word; as avoрwоí Te' (like hóminésque in Latin). The enclitics are:

1. The personal pronouns μου (μεν), μοί, μέ; σοῦ (σέο, σεῦ), σοί (τοί), σέ (τέ, τίν, τύ, accus.) ; οὗ, οἷ, ἅ, and (in poetry) σφίσι (with Ionic or poetic σφί, σφίν, σφέ, σφωέ, σφωίν, σφέων, σφέας, σφάς, σφέα, ο, εὖ, ἔθεν, μίν, νίν, § 79, 1).

2. The indefinite pronoun rìs, rì, in all its forms; also the indefinite adverbs πού, ποθί, πή, ποί, ποθέν, ποτέ, πώ, πώς. These must be distinguished from the interrogatives Tís, Toû, πŷ, &c. (§ 87).

3. The present indicative of eiuí, be, and of pnuí, say, except the forms el and pns.

4. The particles yé, té, toi, tép, vúv (not vôv); and the Epic ké (or kév), Oýv, and pά. Also the inseparable -de in ode, τούσδε, &c. (not δέ, but); and -θe and -χι in εἴθε and ναίχι (§ 28, N. 3).

§ 28. The word before an enclitic retains its own accent, and never changes a final acute to the grave (§ 23, 1).

1. If its last syllable is accented, the accent of the enclitic is merely dropped ; as τιμαί τε, τιμῶν τε, σοφός τις, καλῶς φησιν.

2. If its last syllable is unaccented and it has not the acute on the penult, it receives from the enclitic an acute on the last syllable as an additional accent, while the enclitic loses its accent; as ἄνθρωπός τις, δεῖξόν μοι, παῖδές τινες, οὗτός ἐστιν, εἴ τις.

3. If it has the acute on the penult, it receives no second accent. A monosyllabic enclitic here drops its accent; a dissyllabic enclitic retains it. Thus, τούτου ye, πόσος τις,

ἄνδρες τινές (but παῖδές τινες), οὕτω φησίν (but οὗτός φησιν).

NOTE 1. Enclitics retain their accent whenever special emphasis falls upon them: this occurs especially (1) when they begin a sentence, (2) when the preceding syllable is elided. The personal pronouns generally retain their accent after an accented preposition; here ἐμοῦ, ἐμοί, and ἐμέ are used (except in πρός με). The personal pronouns of the third person are not enclitic when they are direct reflexives (§ 144, 2); opio never in Attic prose. Εστί at the beginning of a sentence, and when it signifies existence or possibility, becomes ἔστι; so after οὐκ, μή, εἰ, ὡς, καί, ἀλλ' (for ἀλλά), and τοῦτ ̓ (for τοῦτο).

NOTE 2. When several enclitics occur in succession, each takes an acute from the following, the last remaining without accent; as εἴ τίς τί σοί φησιν, if any one is saying anything to you.

NOTE 3. When an enclitic forms the last part of a compound word, the compound is accented as if the enclitic were a separate word. Thus, οὗτινος, ᾧτινι, ὧντινων, ὥσπερ, ὥστε, οἵδε, τούσδε, εἴτε, ovte, μýte, are only apparent exceptions to § 22.

PROCLITICS.

§ 29. A proclitic is a word which has no accent, and is pronounced as if it were part of the following word. The proclitics are the articles o,, oi, ai, and the particles ei, os, oỷ (ovk, ovx), eis (ès), èk (è§), èv (eiv).

NOTE 1. O takes the acute at the end of a sentence; as ŵs yap ov; for why not? 's and sometimes èk and és take the acute when (in poetry) they follow their noun; as kakŵv ë§, from evils; beòs ☎s, as a God. 's is accented also when it means thus; as dos einev, thus he spoke. This use of as is chiefly poetic; but kai ☎s, even thus, and ovd' as or μnd' ös, not even thus, sometimes occur in Attic prose.

NOTE 2. When ó is used for the relative ős (§ 140), it is accented (as in Od. ii. 262); and many editors accent all articles when they are demonstrative, as in Il. i. 9, ὃ γὰρ βασιλῆι χολωθείς.

DIALECTIC CHANGES IN LETTERS.

§ 30. 1. The Ionic dialect is marked by the use of 7 where the Attic has a; and the Doric by the use of a where the Attic has η. Thus, Ionic γενεή for γενεά, ἰήσομαι for ἰάσομαι (from ἰάομαι, § 109, 1); Doric τιμᾶσω for τιμήσω (from τιμάω). But an Attic à caused by contraction (as in ríμā from tíμae), or an Attic η lengthened from e (as in φιλήσω from φιλέω), § 109, 1), is never thus changed.

2. The Ionic often has e, ov, for Attic e, o; and ŋï for Attic et in nouns and adjectives in euos, eιον ; as ξεῖνος for ξένος, μοῦνος for μόνος ; βασιλήϊος for βασίλειος.

3. The Ionic does not avoid successive vowels, like the Attic; and it therefore very often omits contraction (§ 9). It contracts co and cov into ev (especially in Herodotus); as ποιεῦμεν, ποιεῦσι (from ποιέομεν, ποιέουσι), for Attic ποιοῦμεν, ποιοῦσι. Herodotus does not use v movable (§ 13, 1). See also § 17, 1, Note.

PUNCTUATION MARKS.

§ 31. The Greek uses the comma (,) and the period (.) like the English. It has also a colon, a point above the line (), which is equivalent to the English colon and semicolon. Its mark of interrogation (;) is the same as the English semicolon. The mark of exclamation (!) is sometimes used in modern editions of Greek authors.

PART II.

INFLECTION.

§ 32. 1. INFLECTION is a change in the form of a word, made to express its relation to other words. It includes the declension of nouns, adjectives, and pronouns, and the conjugation of verbs.

2. Every inflected word has a fundamental part, which is called the stem. To this are appended various letters or syllables, called endings, to form cases, tenses, persons, numbers, &c.

NOTE. Most words contain a still more primitive element than the stem, which is called the root. Thus, the stem of the verb Tμáw, honor, and that of the noun run, is Tipa-, that of riois, payment, recompense, is Tioi-, that of ripos, held in honor, is To-, that of τίμημα (τιμήματος), valuation, is τιμηματ-; but all these stems are developed from one root, T-, which is seen pure in the verb ríw, honor. In río, therefore, the stem of the verb and the root are the

same.

The stem itself may be modified and assume various forms in different parts of a noun or verb. Thus the same verbal stem may in different tenses appear as λιπ-, λειπ-, and λοιπ-; and the same nominal stem may appear as τιμα- and τιμη-.

§ 33. 1. There are three numbers; the singular, the dual, and the plural. The the plural more than one. to denote two objects, but

common.

singular denotes one object, The dual is sometimes used even here the plural is more