city to them to guard. Αἱ γυναῖκες πιεῖν φέρουσαι, the women bringing them (something) to drink.

NOTE. In Homer, where σre is seldom used in its sense of so as (§ 266, N. 3), the simple infinitive may express a result; as ris opwe Evvéŋke páxeo bai; who brought them into conflict so as to contend?

§ 266. 1. The infinitive after wσTE, 80 that, 80 as, expresses a result. E.g.

Ἦν πεπαιδευμένος οὕτως, ὥστε πάνυ ῥᾳδίως ἔχειν ἀρκοῦντα, he had been so educated as very easily to have enough. Ev de oxoλágeis, σTE Oavμáče i v éμé, and you delay, so that I wonder.

2. The infinitive after σTE sometimes expresses a condition, like that after ed' or ep' Te (§ 267); and sometimes a purpose, like a final clause. E.g.

Ἐξὸν αὐτοῖς τῶν λοιπῶν ἄρχειν Ἑλλήνων, ὥστ ̓ αὐτοὺς ὑπακούειν Barilei, it being in their power to rule the rest of the Greeks, on condition that they should themselves obey the King. Πᾶν ποιοῦσιν ὥστε díkŋv μǹ didóval, they do everything so that they may not suffer punishment (ἵνα μὴ διδῶσι might have been used).

NOTE 1. Os sometimes takes the infinitive like ore, generally to express a result, seldom to express a purpose.

NOTE 2. "NOTE may also take the indicative to express a result (§ 237). For the distinction see § 237, Rem.

NOTE 3. "Qore in Homer usually means as, like σeр. (See § 265, Note.)

NOTE 4. (a) The infinitive with σre or as sometimes follows a comparative with ἤ ; as ἐλάττω ἔχων δύναμιν ἢ ὥστε τοὺς φίλους ὠφε Xeiv, having too little power to aid his friends.

(1) Sometimes ὥστε is omitted; as νόσημα μεῖζον ἢ φέρειν, a disease too great to bear (§ 261, 2, with Rem.).

NOTE 5. Verbs, adjectives, and nouns which commonly take the simple infinitive occasionally have the infinitive with wore or s; as ψηφισάμενοι ὥστε ἀμύνειν, having voted to defend them; πείθουσιν ὥστε ἐπιχειρῆσαι, they persuade them to make an attempt φρονιμώτεροι ὥστε paleiv, wiser in learning; oiyoi wis éyêpaтeîs eivai, too few to have the power; ȧváyêŋ wote kivồvveveiv, a necessity of incurring risk (§ 261, 1).

§ 267. The infinitive follows èp' or épтe, on condition that, sometimes for the purpose of. E.g.

̓Αφίεμέν σε, ἐπὶ τούτῳ μέντοι, ἐφ ̓ ᾧτε μηκέτι φιλοσοφείν, we release you, but on this condition, that you shall no longer be a philosopher. Αἱρεθέντες ἐφ ̓ ᾧτε ξυγγράψαι νόμους, chosen for the purpose of compiling laws.

For the future indicative after these words, see § 236, N. 2.

§ 268. The infinitive may stand absolutely in parenthetical phrases, generally with és or oσov. E.g.

Τὸ Δέλτα ἐστὶ νεωστὶ, ὡς λόγῳ εἰπεῖν, ἀναπεφηνός, the Delta has recently, so to speak, made its appearance. So os éños eiñeîv, so to speak; ὡς συντόμως (οι συνελόντι, § 184, 5) εἰπεῖν, to speak concisely; Tò ¿úμπаν eiñeiv, on the whole as anεikáσαι, to judge (i.e. as far as we can judge); ὅσον γέ μ' εἰδέναι, as far as I know ; ὡς ἐμοὶ δοκεῖν, οι ἐμοὶ δοκεῖν, as it seems to me : οὐ πολλῷ λόγῳ εἰπεῖν, not to make a long story, in short. So iliyov deiv, to want little, i.e. almost; in which deiv can be omitted.

NOTE. In certain cases eiva seems to be superfluous; especially in éκòv elvat, willing or willingly, which generally stands in a negative sentence. Sὸ τὸ νῦν εἶναι, at present ; τὸ τήμερον εἶναι, to-day: τὸ ἐπ ̓ ἐκείνοις εἶναι, as far as depends on them ; τὴν πρώτην εἶναι, αἱ first (Hdt.); s nádaia eivai, considering their age (Thuc.)'; and some other phrases.

$ 269. The infinitive is sometimes used like the imperative, especially in Homer. E.g.

Μή ποτε καὶ σὺ γυναικί περ ἤπιος εἶναι, be thou never indulgent to thy wife.

NOTE. The subject is here in the nominative; but in the three following constructions it is in the accusative.

§ 270. The infinitive sometimes expresses a wish, like the optative. This occurs chiefly in pcetry.

E.g.

Ζεῦ πάτερ, ἢ Αἴαντα λαχεῖν ἢ Τυδέος υἱόν, Father Zeus, may the lot fall either on Ajax or on the son of Tydeus (Hom.).

NOTE. This construction depends in thought on some word like exoμai, I pray, or dós, grant, which is often expressed; as dos ríoασθαι.

§ 271. In laws, treaties, and proclamations the infinitive often depends on ἔδοξε or δέδοκται, be it enacted, or κελεύε Tai, it is commanded; which may be expressed in a previous sentence or understood.

E.g.

Δικάζειν δὲ τὴν ἐν ̓Αρείῳ πάγῳ φόνου, &c., and (be it enacted) that the Senate on the Areopagus shall have jurisdiction in cases of murder, &c. Ἔτη δὲ εἶναι τὰς σπονδὰς πεντήκοντα, and that the treaty shall continue fifty years.

§ 272. The infinitive, with or without ró, may be used to express surprise or indignation. E.g.

Τῆς μωρίας· τὸ Δία νομίζειν, ὄντα τηλικουτονί, what folly to believe in Zeus when you are so big! So in Latin: Mene incepto desistere victam!

§ 273. In narration, the infinitive often seems to stand for the indicative, when it depends on some word like Aéyerai, it is said, in a preceding sentence. E.g.

̓Απικομένους δὲ ἐς τὸ ̓́Αργος, διατίθεσθαι τὸν φόρτον, and coming to Argos, they were (it is said) setting out their cargo for sale (diaricoba is an imperfect infinitive, § 203, N. 1). Hdt. i. 1. See Hdt. i. 24, and Xen. Cyr. i. 3, 5.

§ 274. IIpív, before, before that, until, besides taking the indicative, subjunctive, and optative (§ 240), also takes the infinitive. This happens in Attic Greek chiefly after affirmative sentences, but in Homer without regard to the leading verb. E.g.

̓Αποπέμπουσιν αὐτὸν πρὶν ἀκοῦσαι, they send him away before hearing him. Μεσσήνην εἵλομεν πρὶν Πέρσας λαβεῖν τὴν βασιλείαν, we took Messene before the Persians obtained their kingdom.

For Tрiv with the finite moods, see § 240.

NOTE. Πρὶν ἤ, πρότερον ἤ, πρόσθεν ἤ, before that, sooner than, and even σTepov, later than, may take the infinitive like piν alone. See § 240, Note.

THE PARTICIPLE.

§ 275. The participle is a verbal adjective, and has three uses. First, it may express a simple attribute, like an ordinary adjective; secondly, it may define the circumstances under which an action takes place; thirdly, it may form part of the predicate with certain verbs, often having a force resembling that of the infinitive.

§ 276. 1. The participle, like any other adjective, may qualify a noun. Here it must often be translated by a relative and a finite verb, especially when it is preceded by the article. E.g.

Ο παρών χρόνος, the present time; θεοὶ αἰὲν ἐόντες, immortal Gods (Hom.); πόλις κάλλει διαφέρουσα, a city excelling in beauty : ἀνὴρ κаλŵs пETTAιDEνμévos, a man who has been well educated (or a welleducated man); οἱ πρέσβεις οἱ ὑπὸ Φιλίππου πεμφθέντες, the ambassadors who were sent by Philip; ἄνδρες οἱ τοῦτο ποιήσοντες, men who are to do this.

2. The participle preceded by the article may be used substantively, like any other adjective. It is then equivalent to he who or those who with a finite verb. E.g.

Οἱ πεπεισμένοι, those who have been convinced : παρὰ τοῖς ἀρίστοις δοκοῦσιν εἶναι, among those who seem to be best ; ὁ τὴν γνώμην ταύτην εἰπών, the one who gave this opinion: τοῖς ̓Αρκάδων σφετέροις οὖσι ξυμμάχοις προεῖπον, they proclaimed to those who were their allies among the Arcadians.

$ § 277. The participle may define the circumstances of an action. It expresses the following relations:

1. Time; the tenses denoting various points of time, which is relative to that of the verb of the sentence (§ 204).

E.g.

Ταῦτα ἔπραττε στρατηγών, he (lid this while he was general; ταῦτα πράξει στρατηγῶν, he will do this while he is general; τυραννεύσας· δὲ ἔτη τρία Ιππίας ἐχώρει ἐς Σίγειον, and when he had been tyrant three years, Hippias withdrew to Sigeum.

2. Cause, manner, means, and similar relations, including manner of employment. E.g.

Λέγω δὲ τούτου ἕνεκα, βουλόμενος δόξαι σοι ὅπερ ἐμοί, and I speak for this reason, because I wish that to seem good to you which, &c. Προείλετο μᾶλλον τοῖς νόμοις ἐμμένων ἀποθανεῖν ἢ παρανομῶν ζῆν, he preferred to die abiding by the laws rather than to live transgressing them; τοῦτο ἐποίησε λαθών, he did this secretly ; απεδήμει τριηραρχῶν, he was absent on duty as trierarch. AnıČópevoi (wow, they live by plunder.

3. Purpose or intention; generally expressed by the future participle. E.g.

Hade vooμevos Ovyarpa, he came to ransom his daughter. Hom. Πέμπειν πρέσβεις ταῦτα ἐροῦντας καὶ Λύσανδρον αἰτήσοντας, to send ambassadors to say this and to ask for Lysander.

4. Condition; the tenses of the participle representing the corresponding tenses of the indicative, subjunctive, or optative, in all classes of protasis.

See § 226, 1, where examples will be found.

5. Opposition or limitation; where the participle is generally to be translated by although and a verb. E.g.

Ολίγα δυνάμενοι προορᾶν πολλὰ ἐπιχειροῦμεν πράττειν, although we are able to foresee few things, we try to do many things.

6. Any attendant circumstance, the participle being merely descriptive. E.g.

Ἔρχεται τὸν υἱὸν ἔχουσα, she comes bringing her son; παραλαβόντες τοὺς Βοιωτοὺς ἐστράτευσαν ἐπὶ Φάρσαλον, taking the Boeotians with them, they marched against Pharsalus.

NOTE 1. (α) The adverbs ἅμα, μεταξύ, εὐθύς, αὐτίκα, and gaiouns are often connected (in position and in sense) with the temporal participle, while grammatically they qualify the verb of the sentence ; as ἅμα καταλαβόντες προσεκέατό σφι, as soon as they overtook them, they pressed hard upon them: Nekos μETA§Ù opvoσov étaúσaro, Necho stopped while digging (the canal). Hdt.

(1) The participle denoting opposition is often strengthened by καίπερ οι καί, even poetic also καί . . TEр), in negative sentences οὐδέ οι μηδέ, with or without περ; or by καὶ ταῦτα, and that 100 : as ἐποικτείρω νιν, καίπερ ὄντα δυσμενῆ, I pity him, even though he is an enemy. Οὐκ ἂν προδοίην, οὐδέ περ πράσσων κακῶς, I would not be faithless, even though I am in a wretched state.

NOTE 2. (a) The participles denoting cause or purpose are often preceded by os. This shows that they express the idea of the subject of the leading verb or that of some other person prominent in the sentence, without implying that it is also the idea of the speaker or writer; as τὸν Περικλέα ἐν αἰτία εἶχον ὡς πείσαντα σφᾶς πολεueiv, they found fault with Pericles, on the ground that he had persuaded them to the war; ἀγανακτοῦσιν ὡς μεγάλων τινῶν ἀπεστερηpévo, they are indignant, because (as they say) they have been deprived of some great blessings.

(b) The participle denoting cause is often emphasized by äre, olov, or oia, as, inasmuch as; but these particles have no such force as is (above); as åтe taîs dv, îdeto, inasmuch as he was a child, he was pleased.