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"What is a man?' "A rational animal" (genus "animal;" differentia, "rational"). "What ther do you mean by ‘animal?'” "Living being with powers of feeling (i.e. sensible), for plants are 'living beings,' but they cannot feel; so 'sensible' is the differentia here, and living being' the genus." "But pray what do you mean by living being?" "A kind of body; the genus 'body' is divided into two species, body with life and body without life' (e.g., stones and stocks). Body with life is 'living being."" "Please tell us what body is? "Body

is a kind or species of thing-things being divided into corporeal (as stones, &c.) or incorporeal (as air, spirit). Body is a solid, tangible thing." "What then is a thing or substance?" "A thing is a thing -there is no higher class; consequently no explanation or unfolding into simpler elements. It's a summum genus,' and I can't answer any more." 2. The connotation varies according to the point of view taken. We have already shown how connotation (or meaning) is the attributes implied by a name. I see certain individuals; I group them into a class and select certain attributes as characteristic of these similar individuals, so that if I see any more individuals I may be able to admit them into my class or exclude them according as they possess or do not possess these attributes. Obviously the attributes thus selected are not all the attributes possessed by the individuals (for it would be a hopeless task to

enumerate them all), but only a few of them. Nevertheless, these few are called the connotation or meaning or essence of the name; and thus, the connotation of a word, which strictly should be all its attributes, is in reality only a few. The question is: “If all the attributes can't be taken, which shall be the privileged few to stand as connotation and to be applied as a test to all candidates for admittance into the class ? " The answer is, "The attributes which are most prominent;" and prominence of course depends upon the side you stand on, or the point of view you take, and so there are as many connotations or meanings of a word as there are points of view from which to regard it.'

'Please give us an instance to make it clearer,' I gasped.

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man. Here we have a group

"Take the term " of individuals-a class. They resemble one another in countless attributes; which of those attributes are we to select as connotation? It's impossible to take them all. We must have some to apply as a test, and to exclude such animals as gorillas that clamour for admittance. Take the most prominent. "Rational and animal qualities " generally seem the most prominent. But change our point of view and our differentia (half-the-connotation) will change. Man and his attributes are like the round table we sit at; the part that is prominent to you is not prominent to me. Here is an illustration.

'According to all these "his" connotation differs. The popular point of view seems the best. It is represented by ascending steps. First-things, the stocks and stones; then plants (life without feeling); then animals (life with feeling); and at the top men (life with feeling and reason); and here "animal and rational qualities" are the connotation, intension, meaning, or essence (for these all mean the same) of man. To make this still clearer, take the expression "a good country." This to the hunting man means "with good fields and fences," to the painter “with fine landscapes," to the botanist" with rare flowers," to the thirsty man " with frequent public-houses," and to the missionary, "with pious views." Here the connotation or essential attributes vary with the position of the spectator. Thus we hear people rebuke those who take mistaken views of life, "You seem to think life means nothing but eating and drinking,'" say they, where Logic would say, "You seem to think the connotation of life is eating and drinking qualities, and that man is an eating and drinking (instead of a rational) beast.""

'Lastly, remember verbal (or explicative, or essential) propositions are those where the predicate unfolds the meaning or essence of the subject, and so tells you what you already knew, if you knew what the subject meant. Real (ampliative or accidental) propositions tell you something more than you necessarily knew, if you knew the meaning of the