History of Europe: From the Fall of Napoleon, in 1815, to the Accession of Louis Napoleon, in 1852, Volum 8

Archibald Alison

W. Blackwood and Sons, 1859

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S CHAPTER XLVIII	1

Description of China Constancy of the character of its people	2

Extent and population of the country	3

Revenues of the State	4

Forces by sea and land	5

Great towns of China	6

Geographical description of the country	7

Canals and especially the great one	8

Their divisions occasioned it ib 126 Total want of military organisation in Southern Italy	476

The Italian mind was inconsistent with the exercise of freedom	477

CHAPTER LIII	478

Passions of religion and race	479

Different races in Austria ib 4 State of Prussia	482

Great and general prosperity of Germany during the peace	483

89 9	485

Great effect of the military system in Germany	486

Variety of the climate and natural productions	9

Despotic powers of the Viceroys and indifference of the Central Govern ment to their concerns	10

Agriculture of China 13 The land tenures	13

Form of government	14

Practical checks on the Government 16 Religion of the Chinese	15

State of education among the Chinese	17

Cautious management of their trade by the East India Company	18

Change when the China trade was thrown open	19

Passage of the Bocca Tigris and Tiger Island	20

Pacific state of affairs in 1835 and 1836	23

Further violent proceedings of the Chinese	24

Commencement of hostilities	25

Further hostilities with a larger squadron	26

Ineffectual negotiations Capture of the forts of Canton	27

The treaty is disavowed on both sides though partially executed	28

Storming of the forts	29

Further hostilities a fresh armistice and renewed war	30

Plan for storming of the forts of Canton	31

Storming of the forts	32

VOL VIII	33

Defeats of the Chinese around Ningpo	38

Arrival of the British before Nankin and preparations to storm	44

Successes of the Hungarians on the south 717	46

ib 5	47

Character of General Nott	50

Bad state of the troops when Pollock arrived	56

Storming of the Pass	62

7	66

What led to his early recall	68

Great difficulties of Notts situation	74

Heroic defence of KhelatiGhilzye	80

Position chosen by Akbar Khan	90

Triumphant march of Nott to Cabul	97

Shakespear passes Alexanders column	103

Restoration of the gates of Somnauth and its object	109

Preparations for an attack on the enemy and force on both sides	110

Preparations for the battle of Meanee	111

Battle of Meanee	112

Victory of Napier	113

Results of the battle	114

Fall of Hyderabad	115

Position of Napier after the battle ib 21 Annexation of Scinde to the British dominions	116

Shere Mahommeds summons to Napier to surrender	117

Battle of Hyderabad	119

Napiers victory	120

Results of the victory	121

Capture of Meerpoor and Omercote ib 28 Final defeat of Shere Mahommed	122

Honours to the victors and Lord Ellenboroughs Proclamation	124

Reflections on the conquest of Scinde	125

Napiers civil administration	126

Distracted state of the Punjaub after Runjeet Singhs death	127

Murder of the Maharajah and his sons	128

Affairs of Gwalior	129

Distracted and dangerous condition of that State	130

Dismissal of Mama Sahib and rupture with Britain	131

Invasion of Gwalior	132

Battle of Maharajpore	133

Victory of the British	134

Loss on both sides	135

General Greys victory ib 42 Treaty with the Gwalior Government	136

Brilliant results of Lord Ellenboroughs administration	137

Credit due to Lord Ellenborough himself	138

Real causes of the recall	139

Appointment of Sir H Hardinge as GovernorGeneral	141

Policy recommended to Sir H Hardinge by the Court of Directors	142

Hardinges arrival in India and early pacific measures	143

Importance of railways in India in a military as well as a civil point of view	144

Origin of the Sikhs	146

Geographical description of the country	147

Character of Runjeet Singh	148

Character of Lord Hardinge	149

Of Lord Gough	150

Of Sir C Napier	151

Position of the British troops before the Sikh war	152

Position of affairs in Lahore	153

Hardinge resists the concentration of the army ib 60 Hostile movements of the Sikhs and of the British	155

Immense advantages on the side of the Sikhs	157

Desperate nature of the fight and victory of the British	160

March of the British army to Ferozeshah	161

Movements of both parties before the collision ib 63 Battle of Moodkee	162

Battle of Ferozeshah December 21	163

Terrible night which ensued	164

Gloomy feelings of the army and heroic conduct of Hardinge and Gough	165

Renewed action on the 22d	166

Fresh dangers of the British	167

Results of the battle	169

Preparations on both sides to renew the conflict	170

Subsequent operations on both sides	171

Movements which led to the battle	172

Battle of Aliwal	173

Great results of the victory	174

Relative position of the two armies ib 81 Forces on both sides and dispositions for the attack	175

Battle of Sobraon	176

Desperate strife which ensued	177

The victory is at last gained ib 85 Dreadful slaughter of the Sikhs in crossing the bridge	178

Results of the battle	179

The British army approaches Lahore and the Sikhs sue for peace	180

Terms of the treaty	181

General joy at these victories and honours bestowed on the Generals	182

Hostile appearances after these successes	183

Renewed disturbances in the Punjaub and fresh treaty with the Sikh Government	184

his character	185

Disturbances in the Punjaub	187

Moral lessons from the Affghanistan war	188

Position of the Sikhs at Ramnuggur	189

Bloody repulse of the British	190

Operations of Lord Gough and Shere Singh	191

Preparations on both sides for the battle	192

Battle of Chillianwallah ib 102 Loud clamours in England and appointment of Sir C Napier Com manderinChief	194

Battle of Goojerat	195

Glorious victory of the British	196

Great results of the victory and surrender of the Sikhs ib 107 The Affghans are driven off and Attock taken	197

Siege of Mooltan renewed	198

Its capture by storm	199

Incorporation of the Punjaub with the British empire	200

Peace in India for some years	201

Great works undertaken by Lord Dalhousie	202

Second Burmese war and capture of Martaban	203

Storming of Rangoon	204

Storming of Bassein	205

Capture of Prome and Pegu	206

Peace with Burmah	207

Annexation of Oude	208

Grounds assigned for it	209

Reflections on these events	211

What of the incorporation of Oude?	212

Picture of the Indian empire at this period	213

Absence of direct Parliamentary government the cause of this	215

Contemporary reflections on the fall of the East India Company	216

Danger of direct government of India by Britain	218

CHAPTER XLIX	220

Discontent which the rule of the middle class had excited in France	221

First acts of the Provisional Government	222

Disorders around Paris	223

Confusion and pressure at the Hôtel de Ville	224

Cares of the Government	225

The Ameers of Scinde	226

Noble conduct of Lamartine in regard to the Drapeau Rouge	227

Institution of the Garde Mobile and Volunteers	228

Decrees against the exMinisters and other measures	229

Reopening of the clubs liberation of prisoners planting of trees of liberty and fête of March 5	230

Prostration of credit and formation of the Ateliers Nationaux	231

Formation of the Ateliers Nationaux	232

Who was responsible for them	233

Share which Louis Blanc had in them ib 16 Real principles of the Socialists	234

Louis Blancs real fault	235

Decisive answer to the Socialist doctrines	236

Absence of religious jealousy in this Revolution	238

Socialist demands of the working classes	239

Acts against free trade and expulsion of English workmen from France	240

Monetary and commercial crisis and resignation of M Goudchoux as Finance Minister	242

Suspension of cash payments	243

Great effects of this change and its wisdom ib 26 Effects of this measure and its extension to the provincial banks	244

Deplorable state of the public finances	246

cent additional on the direct taxes	247

Universal indignation at the increase of the direct taxes	249

Decree convoking the National Assembly	250

Assembly postponed to May 4 and elections to March 26	251

Circular of LedruRollin to the electors ib 34 Circular of M Carnot Minister of Public Instruction	253

Fresh measures of intimidation of the Central Government	254

Abolition of the punishment of death in political cases	256

Lamartines pacific circular to foreign states	257

Lamartines answer to the Irish deputation	259

Lamartines secret views at this period	260

Frightful disorders in Lyons and on the Upper Rhine	261

Reception of the Revolution in Algeria ib 42 LedruRollins underhand attempt to revolutionise Belgium	262

Counterdeclarations of Lamartine to the Poles	264

Military preparations of the Provisional Government ib 45 Suspension of cash payments by the savings banks	265

Recognition of the French Republic by America and Great Britain	266

Renewed violent circular of the Minister of the Interior	267

Its terms	268

Immense efforts made to control the elections	269

Decree dissolving the flank companies of the National Guard	270

Demonstration on March 16 and its failure	271

Counterdemonstration of March 17	272

Appearance of the column which approached the Hôtel de Ville	273

Interview of the Clubs and the Government	274

Repulse of the requisitionists	275

Elections in Paris and the Departments	276

Preparations for the revolt	277

Fresh conspiracy against LedruRollin ib 59 Measures of Lamartine and LedruRollin to meet the danger	278

Preparations of defence at the Hôtel de Ville	279

Defeat of the insurrection	280

Disorders at Rouen and other provincial towns	281

Grand review in Paris	282

The elections	283

First meeting of the new Assembly	285

Lamartines speech on foreign affairs	286

British intercourse with Scinde	288

Division between the Assembly and the Socialists	289

Preparations for the insurrection of May 15	290

Dispersion of the Assembly by the insurgents	291

Scene in the Assembly	292

New Provisional Government appointed	293

Measures which followed the suppression of the insurrection	295

Subsequent proceedings of the Assembly ib 76 Commencement of an agitation in favour of Louis Napoleon	296

Increasing conservatism of the electors and weakness of the Government	298

Page 78 Alarming state of the finances	299

Steps which led to the insurrection	300

Passage of Keanes army through Scinde	301

Forces on both sides ib 82 Commencement of the insurrection	302

Progress of the insurrection	304

First combats and appointment of Cavaignac as Dictator	305

Subsequent actions	306

Further combats	307

Storming of the Pantheon ib 89 Murder of General Brea and storm of the barricades on the left of the Seine	308

Attack on the Faubourg St Antoine	310

Desperate resistance which ensued	311

Heroism and death of the Archbishop of Paris ib 93 Surrender of the Faubourg St Antoine and termination of the insur rection	313

Results of the conflict and losses on the two sides	314

Atrocious cruelty of the insurgents	315

Deeds of heroism on the part of the troops	316

Disturbances in the provinces and continued dictatorship of Cavaignac	317

First measures of the Dictators government	318

Conclusions to be drawn from these events	319

Treaty of 1838 forced upon the Ameers	320

CHAPTER LI	321

Inquiry on the revolts of May and June	322

Violence of M Proudhon the next Socialist leader	324

Repressive legislative measures	325

Goudchouxs plan for asssessing income as well as land	326

Discussion on the Constitution	328

Answer of Odillon Barrot 330	330

Result of the debate	331

Argument in favour of an election of the President by the Chamber	332

Reply of Lamartine	334

Adoption and proclamation of the Constitution	335

Summary of it	336

Renewed but abortive club agitation	337

Return of Louis Napoleon and his entry into the Assembly	338

Renewed banquet agitation	339

Contest of Cavaignac and Louis Napoleon for the Presidency	340

Position and views of General Cavaignac	341

Address of Cavaignac to the electors	343

Embarrassment from the events at Rome	346

Result of the election	347

Results of the election on public men	348

Appointment of a Ministry	349

Deplorable state of the finances ib 32 Failure of the indirect taxes and of imports	350

The Revolution had been buried in the grave of universal suffrage	351

Which would not be the case in Great Britain	352

CHAPTER LII	354

Proximate causes of the Revolution in Italy	355

Effect of the Revolution of Paris at Rome and Venice	356

Forces of the Austrians in Italy	358

His character	359

General Hess his chief of the staff	360

Feeling in Lombardy on the war and Austrian rule ib 9 Insurrection at Milan and retreat of the Austrians from thence	361

Final victory of the insurgents	362

Immense effects of this victory to the insurgents	363

Spread of the insurrection and retreat of Radetsky to the Mincio	364

Forces and movements of Charles Albert	365

Biography and character of Charles Albert	366

Revolution and civil war in Sicily ib 16 Bombardment of the city and concession of the Government	367

Which leads to increased demands from the insurgents	368

The King of Naples agrees to give a constitution	369

Spread of the Revolution in Sicily	370

Defeat of the insurgents in Naples by the Swiss ib 21 Dethronement of the King of Naples and election of the Duke of Genoa as King of Sicily	372

Change of ministry in Rome	373

The Pope is at last obliged to declare war against Austria	374

Forces at the disposal of Charles Albert	375

Other forces of the Italian League	376

Radetskys forces and position	377

Its weak side in consequence of the insurrection in its rear	378

Measures to recover and secure the Tyrol	379

Measures of the Provisional Government at Milan	381

First operations on the Mincio	382

Invasion of the Tyrol by the free corps	384

Total defeat of the expedition	385

Charles Alberts plan of operations	386

Commencement of the attack ib 38 Successful attack on Pastrengo and retreat of the Austrians behind the Adige	387

Blockade of Peschiera and Mantua	388

Unsuccessful attack of the King on Rivoli	389

Battle of Santa Lucia	390

Results of the battle and views of both parties	391

Count Nugent and the army of reserve on the Isonzo	392

Fall of Udine and advance of Nugent to Sacile	393

Passage of the Piave by the Austrians ib 46 Junction of the army of reserve with the army of Radetsky	395

Important effect of the counterrevolution at Naples ib 48 State of the armies on the Adige and refusal of the Crown of Lombardy by Charles Albert	396

Siege of Peschiera	397

Radetskys able movement to raise the siege ib 51 Storming of Curtatone by the Austrians	398

Repulse of the Austrians at Goito	399

Fall of Peschiera	400

Dangerous position and difficulties of Radetsky	401

Movements of the Austrians	402

March against Vicenza ib 57 Storming of the Monte Berici	403

Return of Radetsky to Verona and capture of Rivoli	404

Great results of the capture of Vicenza	405

Pause in military operations and preparations of both parties	407

Reinforcements obtained	408

Distracted state of the Austrian army	409

Movement of Charles Albert against Mantua and its dangers	410

Blockade of Mantua and relief of the citadel of Ferrara	411

Repulse of the Austrians before Rivoli	412

Movement of Radetsky against the Piedmontese centre and right	413

Battle of Custoza ib 68 Movements after the battle	415

Success of Charles Albert on the Somma Campagna	416

Movements of the two parties ib 71 Second desperate battle of Valeggio	417

Results of the battle and retreat of the Piedmontese	418

Retreat of the Piedmontese across the Oglio and the Adda	419

Continued to Milan ib 75 Capitulation of Milan	420

Armistice and desperate measures of the Radicals	422

Increased excitement in Italy after the fall of Milan	423

Events at Florence and Leghorn	424

New Ministry at Rome under Count Rossi	425

Murder of Rossi	426

Revolution at Rome and flight of the Pope	428

Designs of the Italian Revolutionists after Rossis death	429

Proclamation of a Republic in Rome and defection of the Swiss Guards	431

84 Renewal of the war between Piedmont and Austria	432

Forces of the Piedmontese on the renewal of the war	434

Forces of the Austrians	435

Different feelings of the two armies on the renewal of the war	436

Description of the theatre of war ib 89 Advance of the two armies who mutually cross each other	438

Concentration of the army at Pavia	439

Effect of these movements and combat of Mostara	440

Position of Novara and of the two armies	442

Battle of Novara	443

Victory of the Austrians	444

Results of the battle	445

Abdication and escape of Charles Albert	446

Proceedings in the Chamber of Deputies at Turin	447

Conclusion of an armistice and its conditions	448

The Chamber rejects the armistice and is dissolved	449

Revolt at Brescia which is suppressed ib 101 Insurrection in Genoa and defeat of General Azarba	450

Lord Ellenboroughs views as to Scinde	451

Intrepid conduct of Lord Hardwicke	452

Counterrevolution at Florence	453

Capture of Bologna by the Austrians	455

Affairs of Naples	456

Renewal of the war after failure of negotiations ib 108 Fall of Catania	457

Submission of Palermo and end of the war in Sicily	458

Recoil of the insurgents from all quarters to Rome	459

The French Government resolves to attack Rome	460

The French approach Rome and are repulsed	461

Additional preparations on both sides	462

Renewal of the siege of Rome	463

Forces on both sides and progress of the siege	464

Siege and capture of Rome	465

Flight and dispersion of Garibaldis band	467

Blockade of Venice	468

Siege and capture of Fort Malghera surrender of Venice ib 120 Restoration of the Grand Duke of Tuscany and peace between Austria and Piedmont	470

The Austrians had previously acceded to a separation of Lombardy from Austria	471

Reflections on the conduct of Great Britain on this crisis	472

Conduct of the military commanders on both sides	473

To what the defeat of the Italians was owing	474

Different military organisation of Austria	487

Division of parties on the principle of representation in Germany	488

10	489

11	490

12	491

13	492

14	493

15	494

ib 17	495

18	497

19	498

20	499

Progress of the Revolution in Germany	500

21	501

Disturbances in Prussia	502

23	503

24	504

25	505

26	506

Divisions in Prussia on the recent changes	507

New Prussian Constitution	509

Its provisions ib 30 Dispute of the Prussian with the General Diet	510

Great meeting at Heidelberg	511

Elections for the General Diet	512

Composition of the General Diet	513

German encroachments on SchleswigHolstein	514

Great importance of this question in a social point of view The Schleswig Holstein question	516

Claims of the Duchies of Holstein and Schleswig	517

Invasion of the Duchies by the Prussian troops	518

First victory of the Danes	519

Renewed invasion of Schleswig and victories of the Prussians	520

Sweden intervenes and Russia is in observation	522

Negotiations for an armistice which is concluded	523

Suppression of a revolt in the south	525

The new Constitution and Archduke John elected Regent	526

Mortification of the Cabinet of Berlin at this result	527

Installation of the GrandDuke John as Regent of Germany	528

Vast changes effected by the German National Assembly	529

Polish Revolt	530

Which is suppressed ib 50 New Constitution of Prussia	532

Riots in Berlin and change of Ministry ib 52 Ministry again changed Measures of the King	534

Address of General Von Wrangel to his troops ib 54 Disorders in Berlin and pusillanimity of the Burgher Guard	535

Riot at the Assembly Hall and change of Ministry	537

Dramatic scene in the Assembly	538

The Assembly resolve to resist	539

The Assembly is dissolved by force	541

Continued contest with the Assembly	542

Completion of the victory of the Crown	543

Completion of the Kings victory and dissolution of the Assembly	544

Kings Constitution	545

Address of the King to troops of the line and landwehr	547

Proceedings of the Diet at Frankfort and the Regent	548

Violent outbreak at Frankfort	549

Combat in Frankfort	551

Debate in the Frankfort Assembly on the prosecution of the members	553

Increasing jealousy of Austria at the Central Government	554

Prince of Leiningens speech on the requisites of a united German Empire ib 71 Capture and execution of Blum at Vienna	556

Extreme incompetence of the Frankfort Assembly and breach with Austria	557

Pernicious influence of the Clubs over the Assembly	558

The Imperial Crown is offered to the King of Prussia	559

Which is refused by the King and his reasons for it	560

Views of Austria on the subject and on the German Constitution	561

It is received and accepted by the lesser states	562

Breach between the Frankfort Assembly and Prussia	564

Violent proceedings of the Assembly at Stuttgardt and its dissolution	565

Insurrection in Saxony and Hanover which is at first successful and finally quelled	567

Insurrection in Baden and the Palatinate	568

And its suppression by the armies of Prussia and Bavaria	569

Constitution agreed to by Prussia Hanover and Saxony	570

Its provisions	571

Proceedings of the New Chamber in Prussia	572

New electoral law in Prussia	573

Ascendancy of the moderate party in the new Chamber in consequence of voting by classes	574

Final arrangement of the German Diet and Constitution	575

Affairs of Würtemberg and Prussia in 1850	576

Dissension between Austria and Prussia regarding HesseCassel	577

Powerful intervention of Russia	579

The Olmutz Convention terminates the dispute	581

Final decision of the affairs of Germany at Dresden in 1851	582

renewal of hostilities	583

Defeat of the Prussians near Fredericia and renewal of the armistice	584

Treaty of July 2 between Prussia and Denmark	585

Renewal of the war by the bad faith of the Prussians	587

Battlefield of Idstedt	588

Results of the victory to the Danes and conclusion of the war	590

Final settlement of the Danish question	591

Reflections on the failure of the movement for German liberty	592

Great effects of the loyalty of the army	593

Great effect of the Prussian representation of classes	594

CHAPTER LIV	596

Serious excitement in Vienna	597

Tumult of March 13	598

Sacking of Prince Metternichs hôtel and tumult in the palace	599

Speech and resignation of Metternich	601

His final conversation with the Emperor and formation of a new Ministry ib 7 Anarchy and rapid progress of the Revolution at Vienna	603

Commencement of trouble in Hungary and Bohemia	604

Demands of Kossuth and the Hungarians	605

Liberal Constitution for Bohemia	606

Outbreak at Prague and murder of the Princess Windischgratz	608

Desperate and bloody fight in Prague ib 14 Gradual suppression of the Sclavonic revolt in Bohemia	609

Commencement of the revolt in Hungary	610

Arrangement of a constitution for Hungary	611

Constitution of the whole Austrian Empire	613

Animosity of races which broke out in the Austrian Empire	614

The hostility of the Hungarians to the Austrians ib 20 Conciliatory measures adopted by the Cabinet of Vienna	615

Fidelity of the Croatians	616

Increased disturbances in Vienna	617

Flight of the Emperor	618

Fresh revolutionary movements in Vienna	619

Return of the Emperor to Vienna	620

Emperors proclamation from Innspruck and measures there	621

Austria was saved by the fidelity of the army ib 27 Commencement of a rupture between the Magyars and the Croats	622

The Ban is disavowed by the Emperor but continues his preparations	623

First acts of the Hungarian Parliament	624

Meeting of the Austrian Constituent Assembly	625

Commencement of differences between Austria and Hungary	628

Memorable conference between Jellachich and Count Bathiany	629

State of parties in Hungary at this time	630

Democratic or republican party	631

Character of Georgey 632	632

Character of Kossuth	634

Of Jellachich	635

Of Windischgratz	636

Of Prince Schwartzenberg	638

Revolt of the Razen	639

Preparations for war on both sides	640

Plan of the Austrians	641

Plan of the campaign on the part of the Hungarians	642

Immense efforts of the Hungarians	643

Appointment of Count Lamberg and counterproclamation of the Hunga rian Diet	644

Murder of Count Lamberg ib 49 Execution of Count Zichy	646

Dissolution of the Diet of Hungary which is declared in a state of siege	647

Commencement of the insurrection in Vienna	648

Strange scene at a meeting of the conspirators	649

Plans of the conspirators and commencement of the insurrection	650

Commencement of the combat and successes of the insurgents	651

Capture of the office of the warminister and murder of Count Latour	653

Storming of the arsenal	655

Retirement of the Emperor to Olmutz	656

The military are stationed in the Belvidere Gardens	657

March of Jellachich on Vienna	658

His approach ib 62 Great agitation in Vienna and vain attempts to gain the Ban	659

Approach of Windischgratz from Prague	660

Character of Bem	661

the bombardment commences	662

Preparations for the assault on both sides	663

Storming of the barricade of the Prater ib 68 Night which followed the attack	664

Commencement of conference for a surrender	665

Approach of the Hungarians as seen from the steeples of Vienna	666

Battle of Schwechat and defeat of the Hungarians	667

Total defeat of the Hungarians	668

Execution of Blum	670

Formation of a new Ministry by Schwartzenberg	672

Resignation of the Emperor and accession of the new Emperor Francis Joseph	673

CHAPTER LV	674

New Constitution of Austria	675

Cold reception of the Constitution in Hungary and Austria	677

Description of Hungary in a military point of view	678

Forces of the Austrians and their plan of operations	679

Advance of the Austrians	680

Advance of the Austrians to Komorn and Pesth	681

Brilliant retreat and movements of Georgey	682

War of Bem in Transylvania	683

Able movements of Georgey in the north of Hungary	684

Extreme difficulties of his march to Kaschau	685

Efforts of Kossuth and the Government to reorganise the army behind the Theiss	687

Arrest and execution of Count Bathiany	688

Inactivity of Windischgratz at Pesth	689

Advance of Windischgratz towards Debreczin	690

Battle of Kapolna	691

Victory of the Austrians ib 18 Inactivity of the Austrians after the victory	692

Discord in the Magyar ranks and Dembinski displaced	693

Successes of Bem in Transylvania and first intervention of the Russians	694

Successes and disasters of Pückner	695

Renewed advance of the Magyars towards Pesth	697

It is resolved to fight for Pesth	698

Movements on both sides before the battle ib 25 Battle of TapioBiscke and defeat of the Hungarian right	699

Battle of Isaszeg	700

Victory of the Hungarians	701

Great results of the battle	702

Able movement of Georgey round the Austrian left	703

Storming of Waitzen ib 31 Consternation in Vienna and appointment of Baron Welden to the com mand of the army	704

Speech of Kossuth against Georgey on the future of Hungary 705	705

Georgeys reply 706	706

Declaration of Hungarian Independence	708

Vast preparations of the Hungarians and the government declared revolu tionary	709

Deplorable condition of Austria which resolves to invoke the aid of Russia	710

Raising of the siege of Komorn and continued disasters of the Austrians	711

Evacuation of Pesth by the Austrians	712

Divided opinions on what course should be pursued after Pesth was taken	713

Siege and storm of Buda	714

Successes of the Hungarians on their right on the Danube	716

Forces and chances of the Magyars	718

Biography and character of Haynau	719

Biography and character of Paskewitch	720

Forces of the Austrians and Russians ib 51 Forces of the Hungarians	722

Causes of the delay in the commencement of the campaign 54 Paskewitch invades Hungary and taking of Debreczin	724

Farther operations on the Wang	725

Advance of the Austrians towards Waitzen and battle of Acz	726

Issue of the conflict	727

Results of the battle and advance of the Austrians to Pesth	728

Battle of Waitzen	729

Desperate cavalry action at Tzombor ib 62 Desperate state of Hungarian affairs and proposals of capitulation	730

Georgey is dismissed and restored to the command	731

Results of the first part of the campaign	732

Ability and consequences of Georgeys mountain march and combat at Poroszlo	733

Combat in front of Debreczin	734

Defeat of the Hungarians	735

Disasters of the insurgents in Transylvania	736

Defeat of Bem at Segesvar	737

Final defeat of Bem at Hermanstadt	738

Advance of the Austrians to Szegedin	739

Battle of Szegedin	740

The advance to Temesvar	741

Battle of Temesvar	742

Defeat of the Austrians before Komorn	744

Eccentric retreat of Dembinski and Bem to the south	745

Resignation of Kossuth and Georgey declared Dictator	746

Interview of Georgey and Bem	747

Georgeys letter to Rudiger offering surrender	748

The Hungarians lay down their arms	749

Mournful ceremony which then occurred	750

Surrender of the remaining corps and fortresses and termination of the war	751

Paskewitch intervenes in vain in behalf of the Hungarian leaders	752

Executions of Hungarian leaders	753

Mutual jealousy of Austrians and Russians after the war	754

Deep interest of the Hungarian war	755

The Hungarian insurrection was unjustifiable ib 89 And disastrous to freedom if successful	756

CHAPTER LVI	758

Great political importance of the period from 1848 to 1852	759

Increased loyal and docile temper of the people	761

Real suffering of the country during this period	762

Prices of grain during the period and effects of the fall	763

Outcry for repeal of the Navigation Laws	764

710 Argument of the Freetraders for the repeal of the Navigation Laws 766768	766

1114 Answer of the Protectionists 769771	769

The bill is passed in both Houses	772

Its results	773

Mr Disraelis motion for relief to the agriculturists	775

Change of circumstances which weakened the Protectionists cause	776

Rise in the price of foreign grain from the repeal of the Corn Laws	777

Great improvements in agriculture especially draining	778

Great effect on agriculture of the completion of the railway system	780

Effect of the railway system on the balance of political parties in the State	781

Violent outcry among the agricultural classes ib 25 Attitude of the Freetraders on the question	783

Answer of the Protectionists 786	788

Reflections on this decision	789

Finances of the Empire from 1849 to 1852	790

Population census of 1851	791

Mortality of town and country districts	793

Remarkable increase in crimes of violence in Great Britain during the last forty years	795

Relinquishment of the transportation system and its injurious effects	796

Causes which led to this	798

What Government should have done ib 40 Course pursued and its ruinous effects and abandonment of transportation	799

Ruinous consequences of the change	800

What Government did in the circumstances and its effects	801

Concession of right of selfgovernment to the colonies	802

Difficulties of a direct representation of the colonies in Parliament	803

Colonial discontent produced by the Reform Bill and its results	804

New and true colonial system	806

Affairs of the Cape discontent there and its causes ib 48 Caffre war its early disasters	807

Progress of the war	809

Progress and termination of the war	810

Subsequent transactions	811

Renewed predial outrages in Ireland	812

Sir Robert Peels Encumbered Estates Bill	813

Working of the plan and its great effects	814

Its beneficial effects in the end	815

Difference with Russia in regard to the Hungarian refugees	816

Origin of the quarrel with the Greek Government	818

France is on the verge of war with England in consequence	819

Proceedings in Parliament on this subject	820

Military and naval armaments of the empire at this period	821

Death of Sir R Peel ib 62 Bill lowering the franchise in Ireland	822

Circumstances which led to Lord Palmerstons removal from office	823

Defeat of the Ministry on the Militia Bill	824

Lord Derby as an orator	826

His Cabinet	827

Embodying of the militia and increase of the military force of the country ib 68 Lord Hardinges measures to increase the artillery	828

Dissolution of the House of Commons	829

The Budget upon which Lord Derby is defeated and he resigns and the Whigs return to office	830

Loss of the Amazon and Birkenhead steamers	831

The gold discoveries in California and Australia in 1850 and 1851	833

Their vast effects	834

Especially in the British empire ib 75 Universal excitement on Wellingtons funeral	836

Preparations for the ceremony of the interment ib 77 The procession	837

Chief persons who attended in it	838

Ceremony in St Pauls	839

CHAPTER LVII	841

Formation of the Army of the Alps under Bugeaud	842

Early divisions and changes in the Cabinet	843

Appointment of a VicePresident	844

Disastrous state of the finances debate on the salt duties	845

Increased duty on successions	846

Comparative financial state of France in 1848 and 1849	847

Laws regarding prison labour	848

Measures on the question of primary education and the Council of State	849

General reaction against the Revolution and the Assembly	850

Proposition of M Rateau	851

Preparations for a conspiracy	852

Conspiracy of January 29	853

The general election of May 1849	854

Meeting of the Legislative Assembly	856

Preparations for the insurrection of June 13 ib 17 Insurrection and its defeat	858

Flight of LedruRollin and the Mountain measures of repression in Paris	859

Revolt in Lyons	860

Entire change of Ministers	861

Impression made by this step in Paris and the provinces	862

First measures of Louis Napoleon as an independent magistrate	863

Election of March 10 1850 in Paris	864

Effects of this election on public opinion	865

Meeting of Louis Napoleon with the electors ib 26 Law of the 31st May on the electoral rights	867

Effect of this law on public opinion and the President	868

Hostile spirit evinced in the Assembly in the vote on the Mayors on the civil list and on the permanent commission	869

Presidents tour in the provinces ib 30 Parliamentary coalition against the President	870

Rupture between the President and General Changarnier	872

Opening of the new session of the Assembly	873

Commencement of the rupture with the Assembly	874

Violent proceedings in the Assembly	875

Hostile vote of the Assembly against the President	876

Change of Ministry and exhaustion of parties	877

New Ministry	878

Revision of the Constitution	879

Napoleon and Cavaignac on the revision of the Constitution	880

Vote against the revision of the Constitution prorogation of the Assembly	881

State of parties during the recess preparations of the President and change of Ministry ib 42 Opening of the session	882

Motion of the Quæstors	884

Views of the leaders of parties at this time	885

Military meeting at General Magnans	886

Conspiracy in the Assembly ib 48 Preparations for the coupdétat	887

The Presidents proclamation to the people	889

Dispersion of the National Assembly ib 51 Combat in Paris	890

Great majority over France for Louis Napoleon	892

Conclusion of the authors work ib 54 Results of the strife so far as the cause of freedom is concerned	893

What have been the additions made to the cause of freedom	894

Effects of the European revolutions on the civilisation of the world	895

What is necessary to make an ancient nation emigrate	896

The love of power does this	897

Which ends in stoppage of increase of the people and great emigration	898

Effect of the growth of wealth in raising prices	899

Which induces the cry for Free Trade ib 62 Influence of monetary measures and manufactures for the export sale in arresting population	901

Growth in old societies of the causes which retard and stop their increase	902

Which was the change going on in Europe during the period embraced in this History	903

Democracy is a means not an end and it has answered its purpose	905

This arises from an overestimate of the average capacity of human nature	906

Corresponding error in the estimate of the capacity of nations for Free dom or true Religion	907

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History of Europe, from the Fall of Napoleon, in 1815, to the ..., Volum 8
Archibald Alison
Uten tilgangsbegrensning - 1859

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Affghanistan Affghans Ameers April arms army artillery Assembly Ateliers Nationaux attack Austrian bank barricades battalions battle brigade British Government Cabul Cavaignac cavalry CHAP Charles Albert chief columns command danger decree Desp desperate directed disaster effect election Ellesmere empire enemy enemy's Ferozepore fire flank force formidable France front garrison Goito Gough Governor-General guns Gwalior Hardinge head Hist honour horse hostile Hôtel Hôtel de Ville India infantry inhabitants insurgents insurrection intrenched camp Italian Italy Jellalabad June Kaye King Lahore Lamartine Ledru-Rollin Lombardy Lord Ellenborough Lord Gough loss Louis Blanc Mantua March ment military Mincio Minister Moniteur Napier National Guard Nott officers Paris passed Peshawur Piedmontese Pollock position Provisional Government Punjaub Radetsky rear regiments rendered Republic resistance retreat Revolution river Scinde sepoys side Sikh Singh soldiers soon success Sutlej thousand tion town treaty troops Umballa utmost victory whole XLIX XLVIII

Bibliografisk informasjon

Tittel	History of Europe: From the Fall of Napoleon, in 1815, to the Accession of Louis Napoleon, in 1852, Volum 8 History of Europe: From the Fall of Napoleon, in 1815, to the Accession of Louis Napoleon, in 1852, Archibald Alison
Forfatter	Archibald Alison
Utgiver	W. Blackwood and Sons, 1859
Original fra	University of California
Digitalisert	19. mai 2010

Eksporter sitat	BiBTeX EndNote RefMan

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