cipality we are now speaking of, and where these papers are drawn up: (1815)

"Garmon was a saint and a bishop, the son of Ridigius, from the land of Gallia; and it was in the time of Constantine of Armorica, that he came here, and continued here to the time of Vortigern; and then he returned back to France, where he died. He formed two choirs of saints, and placed bishops and divines in them, that they might teach the Christian Faith to the nation of the Cymry, where they were become degenerate in the Faith. One choir he formed in Llan Carvan, where Dyfric (Dubricius) the saint was the principal, and he himself was bishop there. The other was near Caer Worgorn, where he appointed Iltutus to be principal; and Lupus (called Bleiddan) was the chief bishop there. After which he placed bishops in Landaff;* he constituted Dubricius archbishop there; and Cadoc,t the saint, the son of Gwynlliw, took his place in the choir at Lancarfan; and the archbishop of Landaff was bishop there also."

The two places mentioned in this document are well known as to their situation in the country. Lantwit is a considerable village; and Lancarvan lies in a small romantic dale, encompassed with rising grounds, skirted with woods; and famed in a more recent age for the residence of the Welsh historian, Caradoc, in whose time there was a famous monastery, which succeeded the old British college.

Iltutus was one of the knights of Armorica, nephew to Garmon, and cousin to Prince Emyr; and his mother

* It is evident that some, mentioned here as bishops, were, in reality, of no higher order than that of presbyters; and;he whom we would entitle bishop, is here called pen-esgob, or archbishop

+ There was another Cadoc, the son of Prince Brychan.

its evils. The aged and the unfortunate sought for refuge from calamity, and a society with whom they might serve God, and prepare for a better world. The religious institutions that had this object in view became numerous among the Cambro-Britons; for, besides Lantwit and Lancarvan, there were several places that all bore the appellation of Bangors. These are enumerated in "The Genealogy of the British Saints." Some of these had schools of learning connected with them, and others are to be considered as principally designed for places of retirement and devotion.

The famous college of Iltutus was sometimes called Côr Tewdws, as it originated with the seminary of learning, founded by the Emperor Theodosius, whom the Welsh called Tewdws. It afterwards bore the name of Bangor Iltut.

Cadvan and Padarn, men of note, who came over with Garmon, were members of this institution, until they were afterwards placed at the head of similar institutions.

The college at Lancaroan was called Bangor Cattwg, from Cadoc, or Cattwg, its first principal, or director. It received the name of Lan-Carvan, as if it were in remembrance of Carnoban, or Car'van, the territory of the family of Caw, a chief from the borders of Scotland, who fled with his numerous family into Wales; some of them settling in Mona, or the island of Anglesea; and others in Siluria. Cadoc, or Cattwg, had the honour of giving his name to several churches in the principality.

Gildas, his brother Peirio, together with their brothers Gallgo, Maeloc, Eigrad, and Caffo, settled at Lan

carvan.

At LANDAFF there was an institution under the direction of Dubricius and Teiliaus, or Teilo the Great,

then in existence. The city of Caerleon, called then Glamorgantia,* might be noticed as a place to which Garmon and his companions resorted, after they had been in the village of Cantabrigge, or Cambridge, in Gloucestershire. Caerleon, according to Geraldus Cambrensis, had within its walls a famous seminary, which (if there were any in Britain at that time) may be called an university. There youth were taught astronomy and geometry, and the whole circle of the sciences, agreeable to the learning of those ages.

Garmon not only established schools, and furnished the churches with pastors, but regulated the exercise of public worship, by presenting the British Christians with proper forms of devotion, according to the usage of the Gallican church; and which are in great part re tained to the present age, in the liturgy of the established church of England. The last-named circumstance is worthy of the regard of those who are too forward in attributing all forms of prayer to a popish origin.

British Monastic Institutions.

THE turbulent state of affairs may perhaps be allowed to form some excuse for the great propensity which was shewn at this time to withdraw from the world, and embrace a life of retirement and seclusion from all its concerns. Some from principles of devotion, and the love of study, forsook a world whose disturbing and vexatious noise they could not bear; whose vices they wished thus to shun, when they felt unequal to combat

* The ancient Glamorgan, at one time, extended as far as the Usk, or at least near to its banks: and the country of Gwent seems to have included, at one time, both Monmouthshire and Glamorgan.

M 2

its evils. The aged and the unfortunate sought for refuge from calamity, and a society with whom they might serve God, and prepare for a better world. The religious institutions that had this object in view became numerous among the Cambro-Britons; for, besides Lantwit and Lancarvan, there were several places that all bore the appellation of Bangors. These are enumerated in "The Genealogy of the British Saints." Some of these had schools of learning connected with them, and others are to be considered as principally designed for places of retirement and devotion.

The famous college of Iltutus was sometimes called Côr Tewdws, as it originated with the seminary of learning, founded by the Emperor Theodosius, whom the Welsh called Tewdws. It afterwards bore the name of Bangor Iltut.

Cadvan and Padarn, men of note, who came over with Garmon, were members of this institution, until they were afterwards placed at the head of similar institutions.

The college at Lancaroan was called Bangor Cattwg, from Cadoc, or Cattwg, its first principal, or director. It received the name of Lan-Carvan, as if it were in remembrance of Carnoban, or Car'van, the territory of the family of Caw, a chief from the borders of Scotland, who fled with his numerous family into Wales; some of them settling in Mona, or the island of Anglesea; and others in Siluria. Cadoc, or Cattwg, had the honour of giving his name to several churches in the principality.

Gildas, his brother Peirio, together with their brothers Gallgo, Maeloc, Eigrad, and Caffo, settled at Lan

carvan.

At LANDAFF there was an institution under the direction of Dubricius and Teiliaus, or Teilo the Great,

who were themselves disciples of Garmon. This was called Bangor Teilo; and was an eminent school during the lives of these two holy men.

Padarn erected a religious institution and school of learning, in the county of Cardigan, near Aberystwith; and the parish church still bears his name, being called Llan-Badarn.

Paulinus, a holy man of the college of Iltutus, founded an institution at a place called Tý Gwyn ar Daf, where it is supposed Whitland Abbey afterwards stood. He was assisted by the sons of Ithel, called the Generous, a chieftain from Armorica.

Tathan, to whom there is a church dedicated, in the vale of Glamorgan, founded an institution at Caer Went, in Monmouthshire, under the patronage of Ynyr, the prince of the surrounding territory. Tathan was nephew to Iltutus, and one of his disciples.

*

Dubricius is said to have had a famous school upon the Wye, which some suppose to have been situated at Gwenddor, in Brecknockshire. There was a similar one at Mochros; but it is uncertain where that was. The place of his nativity was on the river Gwain, in Pembrokeshire, according to some authors; but it was more probably on the Wye side. He died at Ramsay, A. D.

522.+

The most celebrated place, as a situation for devout retirement, was the island of Enlli, or Ramsay, off the western coast of North Wales. This was under the

* Ceredig, the son of Cunetha, was the founder of this, at a place Called Wick: this college was destroyed by the Saxons; in consequence of which one was founded at Menevia, and another at Ty Gwyn, on the river Tivy.

+ He was called Dubric, the Golden-Headed. Bale styles him Gwaynianus; and an old Bard calls him Dubric of Lan Gwayn. See Cambr. Regist. Vol. I. p. 242.