The name by which the Germans of England were known in Britain would, probably, be the name by which they were known in Gaul; Gaul being, like Britain, Roman and Keltic.

The name by which the Germans of England were known in Britain and Gaul would probably be the name by which they were known to such Germans as occupied those countries, viz. the Goths and Franks.

Now, that this name was Saxon is by no means a matter of conjecture: on the contrary, it is one on which we have a good deal of satisfactory evidence. That the Britons used it is inferred from the present practice of the Welsh. That the Romans used it is inferred from the Litus Saxonicum of the Notitia. That the Franks used it is shown in almost every page of their annals.

I submit, then, that, whilst the invaders of Britain from the North of Germany called themselves Engles, the Britons called them Saxons. The name, however, though other than English in its origin, soon became Anglicized; though only in certain districts. Thus, the country of the

Orientales Saxones became East Seaxe, now Essex;
Meridiani Saxones
Sus Seaxe, Sussex;
Occidui Sacones

West Seaxe, Wessex;

all in contact with the county of Kent, in which the name probably originated.

b. Again no real difference between Angles and Saxons has ever been indicated. That the men of Yorkshire or Northumberland can be shown to differ from the so-called Saxons of Sussex or Essex in manners and dialect, no one denies. But do they not differ as north-countrymen and south-countrymen, rather than as Saxons and Angles? Who finds any difference between Saxon Essex and Angle Suffolk ?-between Saxon Middlesex and Angle Hertfordshire? Yet this is the difference required under the hypothesis that the Angles and Saxons were really different populations.

c. Thirdly the king who is said to have called the whole island England, or the land of the Engles, was Egbert, king of the West-Saxons. This is as if an Emperor of Austria enacted that all Germany should be called Prussia.

§ 14. Was the Angulus of Beda the true Angle territory?The statement of Beda respecting the district from which the Angles were derived re-appears in more than one of the authors who wrote after him.

Beda's form is Angulus, not Anglia. It means the district which is called Anglen at the present moment; a triangle of irregular shape formed by the Slie, the Flensborger Fiord, and a line drawn from Flensborg to Sleswick. It may be the size of the county of Rutland, or a little larger, and it lies on the side of the Peninsula furthest from England. Although one of the most fertile parts of Sleswick, it was likely to have been a desert; inasmuch as it was a frontier land, or March, between the Danes and the Wends of the eastern half of Holstein. But it was not likely to have been the mother-country of any large body of emigrants; still less for an emigration. across the German Ocean; least of all for such a one as

conquered England. At present it is German; showing signs of having once been Danish.

There is, however, no objection to the doctrine that there were Angles in Sleswick at the time of Beda. Neither is there any material objection to the Anglen of Sleswick having been part of the country of those Angles who invaded England. The only objection lies against its having been co-extensive with the mother-country of the English.

Beda's text, then, is exceptionable. That a population sufficiently strong to have conquered and given a name to England, and sufficiently famous to have been classed amongst the leading nations of Germany, both by Beda himself and by Ptolemy before him, is to be derived from a particular district on the frontier of Jutland rather than from Northern Germany in general—from a section of the Duchy of Sleswick rather than from Holstein and Hanover at large—is unlikely.

To conclude; the conquerors of England, who introduced the English language and gave the island its present name, bore two names.

By themselves they were called, Angles.

Where the latter populations determined the nomenclature the latter names prevailed.

§ 15. The Danes.-When the English called a place a tún, or town, the Danes called it a by. When the English said Newton, the Danes said Newby.

When the English said chester, as in Dorchester, or cester, as in Bicester, the Danes said caster; e. g. Tadcaster, Doncaster, &c.

The Danes said Sk-, rather than Sh-, and Skip-ton, rather than Ship-ton

The Danes said Ca-, rather than Ch-, and Carl-ton rather than Charl-ton

The Danes said Kirk rather than Church

The Danes said Orm rather than Worm, as in Ormshead. With these facts as a preliminary, we may study the distribution of the Danes. From Lincolnshire, where the forms in question are at their maximum, we trace them into Nottinghamshire, Leicestershire, and Derbyshire, as far as Rugby in Warwickshire, and Ashby in Northamptonshire. In Yorkshire they seem to have followed the western feeders of the Ouse up to its watershed, which they crossed, and, from the valley of the Eden in Cumberland, spread themselves into those of the Solway, the Lune, the Mersey, and the Dee. Faint traces of them occur in North, and fainter ones still in South, Wales. In the Isle of Man they are conspicuous.

Again-a block of land at the junction of Norfolk and Suffolk, on the lower course of the river Waveney, shows in its numerous villages ending in -by, signs of Danish

occupancy.

1. The Angle name of the present town of Whitby in Yorkshire was Streoneshalch. The present name is Danish. 2. The Angle name of the capital of Derbyshire was Northweorthig. The present name is Danish.

3. Several words in the northern dialects are Norse rather than Angle.

THE ANGLO-SAXON LANGUAGE.

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4. The following inscription is Danish rather than pure Anglo-Saxon. It occurs in the East Riding of Yorkshire.

Ulf het aræran cyrice for hanum and for Gunthara saula.

Ulf bid rear the church for him, and for Gunthar's soul.

Ulf and hanum are Norse forms.

§ 16. The three districts where the original British lasted longest were—

1. Cumberland-where it seems to have been extant in the twelfth century.

2. Cornwall-where it was currently spoken in the reign of Queen Elizabeth.

3. Wales-where it exists at the present moment.

§ 17. The death of Ecbert took place in 836 A.d. It is convenient to take this year as the date of the consolidation of the Anglo-Saxon power in England.

The Anglo-Saxon is the mother-tongue of the present English.

If the present English of the nineteenth century be compared with the Anglo-Saxon of the ninth, the following points of difference will be observed :

a. The Anglo-Saxon language contained words that are either wanting in the present English, or, if found, used in a different sense.

These words, which are very numerous, although lost, or changed as to meaning, in the current English, are often preserved in the provincial dialects.

b. The present English contains words that were either wanting in the Anglo-Saxon, or, if found, used in a diffe