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EERAS.

tempt to conduct one when raised to the papal throne as Pius II., ib. ARAS, Greek and Latin, how and when adopted, v. 95; remarkable of the world, ib., notes; æra of Cæsar, account of, vi. 356; Gelalæan, vii. 166. AERIAL tribute, what, v. 67. ESTIANS, or Livonians, send ambassadors to Theodoric King of Italy, v. 15. ÆSTII, reduced by Hermanric, iii. 283;

a collective name, ib. note S. ETHIOPIA, attempted reduction of, i. 138; Christian princes of, iii. 84 and note M.; Christians of, their commercial relations with Justinian, v. 61. AETIUS, surnamed the Atheist, account of, iii. 59; his talents for disputation, 60; patronised by the Arian bishops, ib.

AETIUS, general of Placidia, character, iv. 175; supports the usurper John, 176; plots against his rival, Count Boniface, ib.; battle with, 184; flies to the Huns in Pannonia, 185; who compel Placidia to restore him, 221; seizes the administration of the West, ib.; character of by Renatus, ib. sq.; wise and vigorous government, 222; connexion with the Huns and Alani, 223; defeats Clodion near Artois, 228; forms an alliance with Theodoric King of the Ostrogoths, 223; relieves Orleans, 234; defeats Attila at Châlons, 237; alone opposes him in Italy, 244; urges the marriage of his son Gaudentius with the Princess Eudoxia, 249; murdered by Valentinian III., ib.

AFRICA, province of, i. 161; western, limits of the Roman dominion in, 162; tribute, 296; revolts from Diocletian, ii. 76; rapid growth of Christianity in, 212; the last province Christianized, ib. note; religious discord in, iii. 42; mal-administration of, by Count Romanus, 272; the Africans join the rebellion of Firmus the Moor, 273; quelled by Theodosius, 274; state of Africa described, 276; ancient fables respecting its interior, ib.; Gildo the Moor transfers that province from Honorius to Arcadius, iv. 16; revolt of Count Boniface, 176; invasion of the Vandals, 178; persecution of the Donatists, 179; desolated by the Vandals,

AHRIMAN.

181; view of the Vandal persecution in, 330; reduced by Belisarius, v. 114; Catholic church re-established by Justinian, 115; civil government remodelled, ib.; taxes of, increased by Justinian, 210; revolt of led by Stoza, 211; reduced, 214; desolation of, ib.; first invasion of by the Saracens, vi. 342 and note S.; limits of their conquests, 347; their final reduction of, 352; extinction of Christianity in, 369; conquests of the Normans in, vii. 135.

AGATHIAS, his account of the Franks, iv. 363 and note; continued the history of Procopius, 40; his character of the Persian language, v. 186. AGATHYRSI, vassal-tribe of the Alani, iii. 315.

AGAUNUM, or St. Maurice, monastery of, founded by Sigismond King of the Burgundians, iv. 356. AGENTS (agentes in rebus), or spies, number of, under Constantine, ii. 331.

AGIAMOGLANS, Turkish class of, viii. 74. AGLABITES, Saracen dynasty of, founded, vi. 420.

AGLAE, her passion for St. Boniface, ii. 277; Lord Hailes' opinion of that story, 278 note M.

AGNATS, what, v. 307; their right of inheritance, ib.

AGNES, daughter of the Duke of Brunswick, marries Andronicus the Younger, Emperor of Constantinople, vii. 395 and note. AGRARIAN laws, Roman, related only to the Ager Publicus, v. 304, note S. AGRICOLA defeats the Caledonians, i. 140; contemplates the reduction of Ireland, ib.; recalled, ib.; his forts in Scotland, 141, note S.; his origin, ii. 309.

AGRICULTURE, progress of in the Westem provinces, i. 189; decay of, in

Italy, iv. 303 and note M.; state of in the East, under Justinian, v. 55. AGRIVECTIGALES, what, i. 302, note S. AGRIPPA, censor with Augustus, i. 197. AGRIPPINA, ambition of, i. 285. AHMED EBN ARABSHAH, his history of Timour, and testimony respecting Bajanet's iron cage, viii. 58. AHRIMAN, principle of evil among the Persians, i. 334; final defeat of, 335 and note S.

AIX-LA-CHAPELLE.

AIX-LA-CHAPELLE, Charlemagne's palace at, how decorated, viii. 275. AIZNADIN, site of, vi. 306, note S.; battle of, between the Romans and Saracens, 307; date of, 309, note S. AJAX, his sepulchre, ii. 291. AKBAH, lieutenant of Moawiyah, his conquests in Africa, vi. 346; his expedition confounded with that of Musa, 348, note S.; founds Cairoan, 349 and note S. ALANI invade Asia, ii. 39; repulsed by Tacitus, ib.; nation of the, described, iii. 315; worshipped a naked scimitar, ib.; vanquished by and united with the Huns, ib.; their ethnology examined, ib. note S.; join Radagaisus in invading Italy, iv. 45; overrun Gaul, 51; settle in Carthagena and Lusitania, 125; colonies of, in Gaul, 223 and notes; devoted to Aëtius, 224; arrival of the Turks among the, v. 176.

ALARIC, the Goth, learns the art of war under Theodosius, iii. 400; leads the Gothic revolt in the reign of Honorius, iv. 24; invades Greece, ib.; passes Thermopyla, 25; takes Athens, ib.; Corinth, Argos, and Sparta, 26; Idate of his invasion, 27, note S.; defeated by Stilicho, 28; escapes into Epirus, 29; concludes a treaty with Arcadius, ib.; made master-general of eastern Illyricum, 30; proclaimed King of the Visigoths, 31; invades Italy, ib.; defeated by Stilicho at Pollentia, 36; marches into Tuscany, 38; concludes a treaty with Honorius, ib.; defeated near Verona, 39, and note S.; retreat, 39; renounces the service of Arcadius for that of Honorius, 57; appointed mastergeneral in Illyricum, ib. ; demands reimbursement and a Western province as a settlement for the Goths, 58; requires hostages in security of his demands, 68; marches towards Rome, 69; blockades it, 90; insulting reception of the Roman ambassadors, 92; accepts a ransom, and raises the siege, 93; date of that event, 92, note S.; marches into Tuscany, 93; reinforced, 94; his proposals to the court of Ravenna, ib.; rejected by Olympius, ib.; renewed, 95; rage at the letter of Honorius, 96; takes the port of Ostia, 98; obliges the Romans to

ALBOIN.

elect Attalus emperor in place of Honorius, ib.; deposes him, 101; his friendship renounced by Honorius, ib.; third expedition against and sack of Rome, 102; moderation, ib. ; evacuates the city, 109; ravages the south of Italy, ib. sq.; projects of conquest, 112; death and funeral, ib. ALARIC, King of the Visigoths, interview with Clovis near Amboise, iv. 357; defeated and killed by Clovis near Poitiers, 359. ALATHEUS and Saphrax, chiefs of the Ostrogoths, after their defeat by the Huns, save their infant king, Witheric, iii. 318; solicit Valens for permission to pass the Danube, 322; pass by force, 324; voluntary retreat, 351; death of Alatheus, 352. ALAUDA, Roman legion, i. 146, note; Gibbon's mistake corrected, ib. note S.

ALAVIVUS and Fritigern, judges of the Visigoths, conduct them to the Danube, iii. 318.

ALBANIA, reduced by Trajan, i. 143. ALBANIANS, the, ravage the Morea, viii. 181.

ALBERIC, son of Marozia, expels her new husband, Hugh King of Bur gundy, from Rome, and seizes the government, vi. 185; supposed to have restored the consuls and tribunes, ib. and note. ALBIGEOIS, persecution of the, vil. 58.

ALBINUS, Clodius, Governor of Britain, family and character, i. 246; declares against Julianus, 247; accepts the rank of Cæsar, 254; vanquished by Severus, 255; death, 257. ALBINUS, the Pontiff, conversion of, iii. 412, note; Gibbon's account of, from Jerom, corrected, ib. note S. ALBINUS, friend of Boethius, accused of treason, v. 30.

AL BOCCHARI compiles the Sonna, vi. 229.

ALBOFLEDA, sister of Clovis, married to

Theodoric the Great, iv. 350. ALBOIN, King of the Lombards, assists Justinian against the Goths, v. 231; Gibbon's mistake respecting his forces corrected, ib. note M.; early prowess of, 332; adventure at the banquet of Turisund, ib.; carries off Rosamond, daughter of the King of

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ALBORNOZ.

the Gepida, 333; contracts an alli-
ance with the Avars, and defeats the
Gepidæ, ib.; undertakes the conquest
of Italy, 335; overruns the greater
part, 337; besieges Pavia, 338; makes
that city his capital, ib.; compels
Rosamond to drink from her father's
skull, 339; assassinated at her in-
stigation, 340.

ALBORNOZ, Cardinal and Papal Legate,
his character, and treatment of Rienzi,
viii. 246 and note.

ALCHYMY suppressed in Egypt by Dio-
cletian, ii. 77; origin and progress of
that study, 78; infatuation of the
Arabians for, vi. 403.

ALDUS MANUTIUs, his press, when es-
tablished at Venice, viii. 118 and
note; not the first Greek printer, ib.
ALEMANNI, origin, i. 393; name, ib.;
etymology of, ib. note S.; method of
fighting, ib.; invade Gaul and Italy,
ib.; repulsed from Rome, 394; re-
puted defeat at Milan, ib.; invade
Italy, ii. 13; defeated by Aurelian,
ib.; their embassy, 14; re-enter
Italy, ib.; again defeated by Aurelian,
15; vanquished by Constantius Chlo-
rus at Langres and Vindonissa, 75;
establish themselves in Alsace and
Lorraine, 412; defeated by Julian at
Strasburg, 416; invade Gaul, iii.
257; defeated by Jovinus at Scar-
ponna, 258; and on the Moselle, ib.;
at Châlons, ib.; by Valentinian I. at
Mount Solicinium, 260; invade Gaul
under Priarius, 331; their settle-
ments on the Rhine and in Gaul, iv.
349;
defeated and subdued by Clovis
at the battle of Tolbiac, ib. ; institu-
tions of, ratified by the Merovingian
Kings, 365; invade Italy, v. 237;
overthrown by Narses, 240; limits
of their country under Charlemagne,
vi. 174.

ALEPPO, siege and capture of, by the
Saracens under Abu Obeidah, vi.
322; taken and sacked by Nicephorus
Phocas and Zimisces, 427; taken
and sacked by Timour, viii. 51;
cadhis of, their interview with him,
52; city burnt, 58.

ALEXANDER, Archbishop of Alexandria,
excommunicates Arius, iii. 53.
ALEXANDER, uncle and colleague of
Constantine VII., Porphyrogenitus,
his vices and death, v. 101.

ALEXIUS.

ALEXANDER III., Pope, rejects the al-
liance of the Emperor Manuel, iii.
139; establishes the election to the
papal throne in the college of car-
dinals, viii. 211.

ALEXANDER, the Scribe, surnamed
Psalidium, fiscal minister of Justi-
nian in Italy, his oppressions, v. 217
and note S.


ALEXANDER SEVERUS: v. Severus.
ALEXANDRIA, massacre at, by Cara-
calla, i. 272; otherwise oppressed,
ib. note G.; described, 413; tumults
at, 414; religious disputes frequent,
ib. note M.; statistical register, 415;
taken by Diocletian, ii. 76; Christian
church of, in the reign of Hadrian,
210; bishops of, their succession, ib.
note; school of, iii. 46; Jews at,
embrace the Platonic system, ib.;
publish the Wisdom of Solomon,
47; united the Mosaic faith and
Grecian philosophy, ib.; Trinitarian
controversy revived at, 53; awful
earthquake at, 293; temple of Sera-
pis at, described, 417; library of
the Ptolemies destroyed, ib. note; a
new one founded by Cleopatra, ib. :
Gibbon's account corrected, ib. note S.;
library of the Serapeum, when de-
stroyed, 419, note S.; taken by
Chosroes II., v. 293; patriarch of,
his miraculous loan to Heraclius,
399; besieged by Amrou, vi. 333;
taken, 335; date, ib. note and note S.;
burning of the library of, 336; rea-
sons for doubting that fact, ib. sq.;
authorities in confirmation of, 338,
notes M. and S.

ALEXANDRIANS, character of the, i. 413.
ALEXIUS I., son of John Comnenus,
his character and education, vi. 116:
takes Constantinople and deposes
Nicephorus Botaniates, 117; ascends
the throne, ib.; character and policy,
118; a hypocrite, 119; efforts to
convert the Paulicians, vii. 56; burns
Basil, the monk, ib.; marches to
the relief of Durazzo, 122; army,
how composed, 123; defeat and flight,
125; able defence, 126; alliance with
the emperor Henry III., 127; alli-
ance with the Venetians, 130; naval
defeat, 131; invokes the aid of the
Latins against the Turks, 171; sends
an embassy to the council of Pla-
centia, 180; induces the crusaders to

ALEXIUS.

cross the Bosphorus, 194; anxiety on
the approach of the crusaders, 204;
suspicious policy towards the Latins,
205; obtains the homage of the
crusaders, 206 and 208, note; adopts
Godfrey of Bouillon, 206; recovers
Nice, 212; enlarges his empire dur-
ing the crusades, 237.
ALEXIUS II., Comnenus, Emperor of
Constantinople, vi. 123; deposed by
Andronicus, 128; and murdered, 129.
ALEXIUS III., Angelus, usurps the
throne of his brother Isaac, vii. 287;
supineness and despondency on the
approach of the crusaders, 300; flies
from Constantinople, 305; receives
and blinds Mourzoufle, 325; sent
prisoner to Italy, 326.

ALEXIUS IV., son of Isaac Angelus,

flies from his uncle, who had usurped
his father's throne, vii. 288; forms
an alliance with the French and
Venetian crusaders, 296; his pro-
mises, 297; crowned with his father,
306; persuades the crusaders to re-
main at Constantinople, 307; de-
posed and murdered by Mourzoufle,

310.

ALEXIUS Strategopulus, Cæsar, and
general of Michael Palæologus, takes
Constantinople, vii. 344.

ALFRED the Great, religious rigour of,
iv. 341; his ambassadors visit the
shrine of St. Thomas at Madras, vi.
51 and note.

ALGEBRA, invented by Diophantus, vi.
401.

ALGEZIRE, name of the town of Count
Julian, in Spain, vi. 356.
ALHORR, invasion of France by, vi. 386
and note S.

ALI, son of Abu Taleb, embraces the
doctrine of Mahomet, vi. 238;
prowess, 252; marries Fatima,
daughter of Mahomet, 268; cha-
racter, 269 and 270, note M.; waives
his claim to the caliphate in favour
of Omar and Othman, 271; succeeds
Othman, 272; his simple manners,
ib.; how regarded by the Shiites, ib.;
sect of The Return' founded in his
favour, ib. note S.; his inauguration,
274; reign, ib.; defeats the rebels
Telha and Zobeir, 275; valour and
humanity in the war. with Moawi-
yah, ib. and note S.; vanquished and
Assassinated, 276; date, ib. note S.;

AMALAFRIDA.

tomb at Cufa, 277 and notes; pos-
terity, 280.

ALIGERN, brother of Teias, defends.the
royal treasure at Cumæ, v. 235; in-
trepid conduct, 237; takes service
under Narses, ib.; commandant at
Cesena, 238.

ALITURUS, a Jewish actor under Nero,
ii. 236 and note.

ALLECTUS murders Carausius and seizes
Britain, ii. 72; slain, 73.
ALLOBICH, Commander of the guards,
assassinated by order of Honorius,
iv. 96.

ALMA, mount, vineyard planted by the
soldiers of Probus, ii. 51.
ALMAMON, caliph, his splendour, vi.
395; encouragement of literature,
398; and astronomy, 401.
ALMANSOR, caliph, founds Bagdad, vi.
394; his riches and splendour, 395;
encouraged science, 398.

ALMOHADES, or Princes of Morocco, vii.
134.

ALMONDAR, Arab King of Hira, sup-
ported by Chosroes Nushirvan in his
dispute with Arethas, v. 188.
ALMUS, King of the Hungarians, vii. 71.
ALP ARSLAN, Son of Togrul Beg, sultan
of the Turkmans, vii. 157; conquers
Armenia and Georgia, 158; defeats
and captures Romanus Diogenes, 161;
assassinated by Joseph, the Cariz-
mian, 163; dying reflections, ib.;
character, 164; epitaph, ib.
ALPHABET, Mæso-Gothic, invention of,
by Ulphilas, iv. 323 and note M.
ALPHONSO the Chaste, his Spanish
dominions, vi. 176.

ALPS, passages of, ii. 127 and notes;
route of Hannibal over, ib. note S.;
roads over, 128.

ALTAI, mountain of Central Asia, v.
172, note S., 173.

ALYPIUS, commissioned by Julian to
restore the temple of Jerusalem, iii.
159.

AMALA, King of the Goths, i. 379.
AMALA, a name of hereditary sanctity

and honour among the Ostrogoths, v.
1, note M.; Sanscrit etymology of,
ib. 2.

AMALI, royal line of the, v. 1 and note.
AMALAFRIDA, sister of Theodoric the

Great, marries Thrasimond, Vandal
King of Africa, v. 125; captivity and
death, ib.

AMALASONTHA.
AMALASONTHA, daughter of Theodoric,
erects a splendid tomb for his re-
mains, v. 34; her birth and cha-
racter, 125; marries Eutharic, 126;
becomes guardian of her son Athalaric,
and regent of Italy, ib. ; her counsels
directed by Cassiodorus, ib.; negociates
with Justinian, 127; marries Theo-
dotus, and sizes the throne of Italy,
128; imprisonment and death, ib.
AMALPHI, story of the discovery of the
Pandects at, v. 287 and note M.;
Roman colony of, 348; city described,
vii. 115; trade, 116; present state,
ib. note G.; republic of, promoted
pilgrimage and trade to the East, 172
and note.

AMALRIC, OF AMAURY, King of Jeru-

salem, character, vii. 252; unsuc-
cessful attempt upon Egypt, 253.
AMANDUS, leader of the Bagaudæ, ii. 70.
AMANTIUS, eunuch of Anastasius, out-
witted by Justin, v. 36; beheaded on
a charge of heresy, 37.
AMAZONS, existence of, examined, ii.
27, note and note M.

AMBASSADORS, ancient treatment of,
v. 205 and note.

AMBER, i. 191 and 192 note; analysis

of, v. 14, note.

AMBITION, reflections on, vi. 132.
AMBROSE, St., lively expression con-

cerning heresy, iii. 56; his birth and
early history, 376; refuses to the
Empress Justina the liberty of Arian
worship, 377; further disputes with
her, 378; triumph of Ambrose, 379;
banished, but refuses to obey, 380;.
exhumes the bones of the martyrs
Gervasius and Protasius, ib.; their
miraculous power, 381; influence of
Ambrose over Theodosius, 393; re-
fuses to administer the eucharist to
him after the massacre of Thessa-
lonica, 394; refuses him admittance
into the church, and subjects him to
public penance, ib. sq.; character of
Ambrose's writings, ib. note; refuses
to acknowledge the usurper Eugenius,
402; opposes the petition of Symma-
chus in favour of the goddess of Vic-
tory, 410.

AMBROSIUS AURELIAN, the Roman, de-
fender of Britain from the Saxons,
iv. 392 and notes; confounded with
Natanleod, ib. note.

AMELIUS, neo-Platonist, ii. 104.

AMROU.

AMELOT de la HOUSSAIE, character of
his 'Histoire de Venise,' iv. 244, note.
AMIDA, city described, ii. 407; be
sieged by Sapor, ib.; identical with
Diarbekir, ib. note; captured by the
Persians, 409; date of that event, ib.
note S.; receives the banished citizens
of Nisibis, iii. 225; long and de-
structive siege of by Cabades, v. 86.
AMINA, the Zahrite, her marriage with
Abdallah, son of Abdol Motalleb, vi.
217; whether a Jewess, ib. notes M.
and S.; her dream after giving birth
to Mahomet, ib. note S.
AMIR, Turkish Prince of Ionia, his
character and friendship for John
Cantacuzene, viii. 25; rescue of, and
delicacy towards the Empress Irene,
ib.; slain at Smyrna, 26.
AMIROUTZES, George, protovestiarius of
Trebizond, letter on the capture of
that city, viii. 182, note M.
AMMATAS, brother of Gelimer, his rash-
ness and death, v. 108.
AMMIANUS MARCELLINUS, sarcasm re-
specting the power of Eusebius, ii.
387; character as a writer, 389,
note; took part in the defence of
Amida, 407, note; his character of
the religion or superstition of Con-
stantius II., iii. 67; of the Christians,
96; account of the præternatural
obstacles to the rebuilding of the
temple of Jerusalem, 160; account
of the vices of the church of Rome
under Valentinian, 255; his impar-
tiality, 346; description of Roman
manners in his own times, iv. 77.
AMMON, the mathematician, his ac-
count of the walls of Rome corrected,
iv. 88, note S.

AMMONIUS, the monk, his body how
honoured by Cyril of Alexandria, vii.
13.

AMMONIUS, neo-Platonist, ii. 104.
AMORIAN war, vi. 413.
AMORIUM, birthplace of the Emperor
Theophilus, vi. 414; ruins of, ib.
note S.; taken and destroyed by the
caliph Motassem, 415.
AMPOULLE, Sainte, brought down for
the baptism of Clovis, iv. 351, note.
AMPHILOCHIUS, bishop of Iconium,
orthodox bon mot of, iii. 364.
AMPHITHEATRE of Titus described, ii.
59; height, ib. note.

AMROU, converted to Mahometanism,

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