CONRADIN.

CONBADIN of Swabia executed by
Charles of Anjou, vii. 376.
CONSCIENCE, liberty of established, vi.
61, notes.

CONSILIUM, or privy council, instituted

by Augustus, i. 206, note S.; re-
vived under Al. Severus, 287, note S.
CONSTANCE, treaty of between Frede-
rick I. and the Lombard league, vi.
189; council of, establishes the au-
thority of a general council above
that of the pope, viii. 92; its weight
and importance, 255; deposes the
three pretenders to the papal see,
256; elects Otho Colonna with the
title of Martin V., ib.

CONSTANS, third son of Constantine,
governs Italy and Africa, ii. 357;
share of the empire after the death
of his father, 366; war with his
brother Constantine II., 374; ac-
quires the provinces of the latter,
ib.; slain at Helena by the adherents
of Magnentius, 376; protected Atha-
nasius, iii. 75; demanded the resto-
ration of Athanasius from Constan-
tius II., 76; his menaces, ib. and
note; his visit to Britain, 269.
CONSTANS II., son of Constantine III.,

accession of, vi. 74; murders his
brother Theodosius, 75; voluntary
exile, ib.; pillages the churches at
Rome, ib. note M.; death, ib.; his
project to restore the seat of empire
to Rome, vii. 37; pillages and deserts
that capital, ib.

CONSTANS, Son of the usurper Constan-
tine, put to death by Gerontius, iv.
119.

CONSTANT, M., his work' Sur la Reli-
gion,' i. 166, note M.

CONSTANTIA, Sister of Constantine,

pleads for her husband Licinius,
ii. 149; her greatness and misery,
350; pleads for the life of her son
Licinius, 353.

CONSTANTIA, daughter of Constantius,

saved from the Quadi by Messalla,
iii. 288; marries Gratian, 291.
CONSTANTIA, daughter of Roger, king
of Sicily, marries the emperor Henry
VI., vii. 143.

CONSTANTINA, daughter of Constantine

the Great, persuades Vetranio to ac-
cept the purple, ii. 376; marries
Gallus, 388; cruel character, 389;
death, 392.

CONSTANTINE.

CONSTANTINA, widow of the emperor
Maurice, attempts an insurrection
against Phocas, v. 387; tortured and
beheaded with her three daughters,
ib.

CONSTANTINE the Great, his family
connection with Claudius, ii. 8; birth
and education, 109; birthplace in-
vestigated, ib. notes; person and
character, 110; journey to Britain,
ib.; elevation, 111; affected repug-
nance, 112; acknowledged by Ga-
lerius as Cæsar, ib. ; his brothers and
sisters, 113, note; marries Fausta,
116; named Augustus by Maximian,
117; besieges Maximian in Arles, 121;
puts him to death, ib.; administra-
tion of Gaul, 123; exposes several
German princes to wild beasts, ib.;
preparations against Maxentius, 126;
passes the Alps, 128; enters Milan,
129; besieges Verona, ib.; defeats
Maxentius at Saxa Rubra, 132; his
proceedings at Rome, 133; triumphal
arch, 134; suppresses the Prætorians,
ib.; places of residence, 135; alliance
with Licinius, ib.; war with Lici-
nius, 140; defeats him at Cibalis, ib. ;
at Mardia, 141; treaty with, ib.
laws, 142; chastises the Goths, 144;
attacks Licinius, 145; defeats him
at Hadrianople, 147; besieges By-
zantium, ib.; defeats Licinius at
Chrysopolis, 149; puts him to death,
ib.; Constantine's activity, 286; de-
sign in founding Constantinople, 287;
contemplated building his new city
on the plain of Troy, 292; ascribed
the founding of Constantinople to
inspiration, 293; his statue, with
the attributes of Apollo and Christ,
297 and note; invited eminent
Romans to Constantinople, 299; con-
fers many privileges on the Constan-
tinopolitans, 300; annual procession
of his statue, 302; introduces a new
form of government, 303; separates
the civil and military administration,
319; corrupted military discipline,
320; first bestowed consular honours
on barbarians, 325; seven ministers
of his palace, ib. sq.; financial go-
vernment, 333 sqq.; some advantages
of his reign, 344; his character, 345,
sqq.; family, 348; genealogical table
of, 349, note S.; jealous of his son
Crispus, 351; celebrates the twen-

CONSTANTINE.

tieth year of his reign at Rome, 352;
puts Crispus and Licinius to death,
b.; story of his repentance un-
founded, 353; satirized as a Nero,
355; elevation of his sons and
nephews, ib.; their education, 356;
Constantine assists the Sarmatians
against the Goths, 360; victory, ib.;
Gibbon's erroneous account of his
defeat, ib. note M.; alliance with the
Chersonites, 361; rewards them, ib. ;
reduces the Goths, ib. ; his death and
funeral, 363; tomb, ib. note; factions
respecting the succession, 363; li-
mited to his sons, 364; date of his
conversion, iii. 1; when a catechu-
men, 2; legend of his baptism at
Rome, ib. note; two inconsistent
edicts of, 3; his pagan superstition,
ib.; made his father a divinity, 4;
devotion to Apollo, ib.; protects the
Christians in Gaul, ib.; publishes the
Edict of Milan, 5; his motives for
favouring the Christians, 6, sq.; after
the defeat of Licinius, invites all his
subjects to embrace Christianity, 9;
his conversion miraculous, 11; his
vision described and examined, ib.;
adopts the symbol of the cross and
standard of the Labarum, 12; his
dream, 13; should be connected with
the apparition in the sky, ib. note
M.; natural solution of, 14; his
triumphal arch and inscription, 15;
vision in the sky, ib.; testimony of
suspicious, 17 and notes; motives of
Constantine's conversion examined,
17; his theological discourses, 19;
pagan nature of, ib.; proves Chris-
tianity from the Sibylline verses and
Virgil, ib.; his Christian privileges,
20; a priest and hierophant, ib.; his
baptism, why delayed, 21; his cha-
racter worse after his conversion, 22;
which was maliciously attributed to
remorse by the pagans, ib. and note
M.; canonized by the Greeks, 23;
influence of his conversion, ib.; pro-
tects the Persian Christians, 25;
bounty to Cæcilian bishop of Car-
thage, 32; favoured monachism, 33;
liberality towards the church, ib.;
tenderness for episcopal reputation,
35; attends the council of Nice, 39;
edict against heretics, 41; rallies
Acesius, 42; addresses a moderating
letter to Alexander and Arius, 63;

CONSTANTINE.

growing zeal against the Arians, ib. ;
ratifies the Nicene creed, 64; banishes
Eusebius of Nicomedia and Arius,
ib.; relents, 65; recalls the exiles,
ib.; deposes the three principal Ca-
tholic leaders, ib.; baptised by the
Arian bishop Eusebius, ib.; incon-
sistency of his religious opinions, ib. ;
did not suppress paganism, 97; abo-
lished several pagan abuses, 98;
deified by the pagan senate of Rome,
99; legend of his cure by St. Silves-
ter, and donation of the Western
Empire to the popes, vi. 161.
CONSTANTINE II., education, ii. 356;
presides over Gaul, ib.; share of the
empire after the death of his father,
366; exacts the African provinces
from Constans, 374; invades the
latter's dominions, ib.; slain, ib.
CONSTANTINE III., son of Heraclius,
reign of, vi. 73; also called Hera-
clius II., ib. note S.
CONSTANTINE IV., Pogonatus, acces-
sion, vi. 75; Sicilian expedition and
punishment of a usurper, 76; muti-
lates his brothers, ib. and note M.
CONSTANTINE V., Copronymus, em-
peror of Constantinople, vi. 83; his
iconoclasm, tyranny, and brutality,
ib.; virtues, 84; accused of burning
the library of Constantinople, ib. note
S.; tragic history of his five sons, 85;
persecutes and abolishes the monks,
144; proscribes the worship of
images, ib.; marriage with the
daughter of the king of the Chazars
denounced, vii. 24; introduces the
Paulicians into Thrace, 55.
CONSTANTINE VI. and Irene, reign of at
Constantinople, vi. 85, v. Irene.
CONSTANTINE VII., Porphyrogenitus,
vi. 101; deposed by Romanus I.,
102; his literary and artistic talent,
ib.; restored, 103; death and funeral,
ib.; works of, vii. 1; marriage of his
son with Bertha, daughter of Hugo,
king of Italy, how excused, 24; en-
couraged learning, 40.

CONSTANTINE VIII., emperor of Cor-

stantinople, vi. 102; conspires with
his brother Stephen, and deposes
his father Romanus I., 103; deposed
and banished in turn, ib.
CONSTANTINE IX., emperor of Constan-
tinople, vi. 107; death, 108.
CONSTANTINE X., Monomachus, em-

CONSTANTINE.

peror of Constantinople, vi. 110;
profligacy and death, ib.; name of
Monomachus hereditary, ib. note S.
CONSTANTINE XI., Ducas, emperor of
Constantinople, character and death,
vi. 114.

CONSTANTINE XII., emperor of Con-
stantinople, vi. 115.
CONSTANTINE XIII., Palæologus, last of
the Greek emperors, viii. 139;
crowned at Sparta, 140; message to
Mahomet II. before the siege of Con-
stantinople, 149; signs the act of
union between the Greek and Latin
churches, 156; insincerity, 157;
valiant defence of Constantinople,
159; last address, 168 and note;
slain, 171 and note.

CONSTANTINE, son of Michael VII., be-
trothed to a daughter of Robert Guis-
card, vii. 119; and to Anna Com-
nena, ib. note.
CONSTANTINE, a private soldier, elected
emperor by the British legions, iv.
54; attempts to deliver Gaul from
the barbarians, ib. sq.; besieged in
Vienna by the forces of Honorius,
55; reduces Spain, ib.; opposed by
the family of Theodosius, ib.; his
claims ratified by Honorius, 119;
revolt of his general Gerontius, ib. ;
besieged in Arles by Constantius,
121; engages the aid of the Franks
and Alemanni, ib.; capture and
death, ib.

CONSTANTINE, son of Heraclius, aban-

dons the defence of Syria, vi. 324.
CONSTANTINE SYLVANUS, founder of
the Paulicians, vii. 47; cruelly put
to death by Simeon, 51.
CONSTANTINE, governor of Spoleto,
despoils Presidius, v. 149; put to
death by Belisarius, ib.
CONSTANTINOPLE, founded, ii. 286, 293;
described, 287; port, 289; advan-
tages of its position, 292; its boun-
daries traced by Constantine, 294;
extent, ib.; surrounded with walls by
Theodosius the Younger, 295; pro-
gress and expense of constructing the
city, ib.; adorned by despoiling other
cities of their sculptures, 296; edifices
described, 297; population, 299; rapid
increase of, 300; regions of, 301 and
note; considered as a colony of Rome,
302 and note; dedication of the city,
302; how annually celebrated, ib.:

CONSTANTINOPLE.

date of, ib. note S.; called Second or
New Rome, 303; the name Constan-
tinople found on the medals of Con-
stantine, ib. note; new form of go-
vernment at, ib. sqq.; præfects of,
312; never profaned by idolatry, iii.
23 and 90; church of, 90; dissen-
sions of, ib. sqq.; cathedral, number
and description of its ministers, 31
and note; imperial court of described,
124; reformed by Julian, ib.; senate
of made equal to that of Rome by
Julian, 130; discontent of the citi-
zens under Valens, 239; Procopius
obtains possession of the city, ib.;
school of founded by Valentinian I.;
account of, 247, sq.; threatened by
the Goths, 339; admiration of Atha-
naric at, 350; principal seat of Arian-
ism, 364; disputatious zeal of the
citizens, 365; Gregory's orthodox
mission to and persecutions at, 367;
success, 368; tumult at on the in-
stallation of Gregory, 369; council of,
370; threatened by the Goths under
Alaric, iv. 23; tumult and massacre
of the Gothic troops at, 149; riots
on the deposition of Chrysostom,
155; walls rebuilt, 160; great
earthquake at under Theodosius the
younger, 201; threatened by the
Huns, ib.; fury of the factions of the
Circus at, v. 49; Nika sedition at,
51; conflagration, 53; threatened by
the Bulgarians, 243; riots at on the
reported death of Justinian, 245;
riots and revolt against the emperor
Maurice, 384; threatened by the Per-
sians under Chosroes II., 393; be-
sieged by the Avars and Persians,
405; religious war concerning the
Trisagion at, vi. 33; second council
of, 40, 43; iconoclast council of
under Constantine V., 141; besieged
by the Arabs, 374; second siege
of by Moslemeh, 378; threatened
by Harun al Rashid, 404; royal col-
lege of, vii. 39; threatened by the
Hungarians, 76; thrice attempted by
the Russians, 87; prophecy of its
capture by that nation, 88 and note
S.; threatened by Godfrey of Bouil-
lon, 205; patriarch of, excommuni-
cated by the pope, 282; siege and
conquest of, by the Latins, 302; fire
at, occasioned by the Flemings, 308
and note S.; sedition at, 309; second

CONSTANTIUS.

siege of, by the Latins, 310; third
conflagration, 312; capture, ib.; pil-
lage, 313; destruction of the statues,
317; recovered by Michael Palæo-
logus, 346 and 367; titular Latin
emperors of, 346 and note; walls
estored by Michael, 376; besieged
by the sultan Amurath II., viii. 71;
use of cannon at, 76; women of, their
secluded lives, 106; state of learning
at, in the thirteenth and fourteenth
centuries, ib.; compared with Rome,
120; authorities for the siege of, 146,
note and note M.; invested by Ma-
homet II., 154; number of the de-
fenders, 156; fanaticism of the
Constantinopolitans, 157; attack and
defence, 160; succoured by a fleet,
161; distress, 165; general assault,
168; capture of, 171; sacked, 172;
captivity of the inhabitants, 173;
amount of the spoil, 175; repeopled
and adorned by Mahomet II., 179;
churches of, divided between the
Turks and Greeks, 180.

CONSTANTIUS CHLORUS, associated with
Diocletian, ii. 67; character, ib.;
adopted son, and son-in-law of
Maximian, 68; recovers Britain, 73;
victories over the Alemanni in Gaul,
75; emperor, 106; character, ib.;
economy, 107, note; British expedi-
tion, 111; death, ib.; family, 112;
makes Constantine his successor, ib.
and note; averse to persecution, 275.
CONSTANTIUS II., son of Constantine

the Great, made Cæsar and ruler
of Gaul, ii. 351; education, 356 and
notes; governor of the Eastern pro-
vinces, 357; seizes Constantinople
on the death of his father, 364; his
fraud and forgery, ib.; massacres his
uncles and cousins, 365; his share of
the empire, 366; conducts the Per-
sian war, ib.; nine battles of, 370;
Constantius defeated at Singara, 371;
hastens to Europe to oppose Magnen-
tius and Vetranio, 377; refuses to
treat with them, ib.; deposes Vetra-
nio by seducing his officers, 378;
war with Magnentius, 380; solicits
peace, ib.; defeats Magnentius at
Mursa, 382; recovers Italy, 383;
Africa and Spain, 384; final victory
over Magnentius, ib.; cruelty, 385;
sole emperor, 386; governed by
eunuchs, 387; sarcasm of Ammianus

CONSTANTIUS.

respecting, ib.; reforms the adminis
tration of Gallus in the East, 390,
invites him to Milan, 392; puts him
to death at Pola, 393; political dif-
ficulties, 395; declares Julian Cæsar,
397; visits Rome, 399; admiration
of that city, 400; embellishes it with
an Egyptian obelisk, ib.; war with
the Quadi and Sarmatians, 401; re-
duces the former, 402; forms the
Sarmatians into a kingdom, ib.; sub-
dues the Limigantes, ib.; gives au-
dience to them, 403; punishes their
treachery by their extinction, 404;
receives the name of Sarmaticus, ib. ;
answer to the proposals of Sapor, 405
sends ambassadors to Persia, ib.;
proceeds to the East, 411; unsuccess-
ful siege of Bezabde, ib. ; adopts the
Arian heresy, iii. 66; Ammianus' ac-
count of his religion (or superstition),
67; his addiction to theological con-
troversy, ib.; his vacillating opinions,
68; styled "Bishop of Bishops,"
ib.;

banishes the orthodox clergy, 69;
persecutes Athanasius, ib.; restores
him at the instance of Constans, 76;
resentment of Constantius, 77; pro-
cures the condemnation of Athana-
sius, 80; banishes the bishops who
opposed it, ib. sq.; edicts against the
Catholics, 92; visits the temples of
Rome, 99; his jealousy and fear of
Julian, 102; deprives Julian of the
Gallic legions, 103; dismisses Ju-
lian's ambassadors, 111; continues
his march towards Persia, 112; offers
conditions of pardon for Julian's re-
volt, ib.; marches against him, 118;
dies at Mopsucrene, 120; character,
ib.; funeral, 121.

CONSTANTIUS, general of Honorius,
character, iv. 120; besieges the usur-
per Constantine in Arles, 121; de-
feats his general Edobic, ib.; magna-
nimity, ib.; sends Constantine pri-
soner into Italy, ib.; abandons Gaul
to Jovinus, 122; expels the Goths
from Narbonne, 125, note S.; mar-
ries Placidia, 171; associated in the
empire by Honorius, ib.; death, ib.;
date of, ib. note S.
CONSTANTIUS, general of Probus, ii. 44.
CONSTANTIUS, JULIUS, the patrician,

brother of Constantine, ii. 348; mur-
dered by his nephew Constantius,
365.

CONSTANTIUS.

CONSTANTIUS, Secretary of Attila, ne-
gociations for a wife at the court of
Constantinople, iv. 208.
CONSULS, jurisdiction of the, i. 203;
elected by the emperors, ii. 306;
none at Rome for 120 years, ib.; in-
auguration and ensigns, ib.; nomin-
ally appointed by the senate, ib. note
S.; cost of the games exhibited by,
307; Gibbon corrected, ib. note S.;
had no duties, 308.
CONSULSHIP under the empire, i. 204
and note; when first conferred on a
barbarian, 401; assumed by the em-
perors, ii. 308; exalted idea of, ib.
notes; conferred on barbarians by
Constantine, 325; Julian's respect
for the, iii. 130; revived by Odoacer,
iv. 302; vast expense of, under the
later emperors, v. 94; suppressed by
Justinian, 95; legally extinguished
by Leo the Philosopher, ib. and note.
CONTI, Italian family, viii. 220.
CONTRACTS by consent, v. 312 and note
W.

CONVERTISSEUR, zeal for obtaining that
title under Louis XIV., iii. 152, note.
COPIATE, or gravediggers, number of,
at Constantinople, iii. 32.

COPTIC dialect confined to the peasants,
vi. 45.

COPTOS destroyed by Diocletian, ii. 76.
COPTS and Abyssinians, era of martyrs

in use am.ng, ii. 264, note; religious
tenets of the, vi. 59; present state of
the Egyptian Jacobites, 62.
CORBULO, i. 139, note.

CORDOVA, magnificence of, under the

Arabs, vi. 366; martyrs of, 372
and note.

CORINTH, Isthmian games celebrated
at, under the emperor Julian, iii.
131; isthmus of, fortified by Justi-
nian, v. 80

CORN, daily allowance of, at Constanti-
nople, ii. 300 and note S.; ill policy
of, 301.

CORNIFICIA, name of Fadilla, i. 270,
note M.

CORNWALL subdued by Athelstan, iv.
391, note.

CORONARY gold, what, ii. 343; con-
verted into a tax, ib.; amount paid
by the Roman senate, ib.
COROULTAI, or diet of the Tatars, iii.
302.

CORPORATIONS, regarded with suspicion

COUSINS GERMAN.

by the Romans, ii. 226 and 227,
note; municipal, reformed by Majo-
rian, iv. 269.

CORRUPTIBLES and INCORRUPTIBLES,
Christian factions at Alexandria, vi.
59.

CORSI, Italian family, viii. 220.
Cos, isle of, manufacture of silk in, v.
57 and note S.; transparent garments
of, ib.

Cosa (Kussai), fifth ancestor of Maho-
met, usurps the Caaba, vi. 212; his
office described, 216, note S.
COSMAS INDICOPLEUSTES, his voyages
and geographical notions, v. 62, note;
design of his Topographia Christiana,'
vi. 48, note.

COSMO of Medicis, character, viii. 117.
Cossova, battle of, gained by Amu-

rath I. over the Slavonian tribes,
viii. 30.

COUCY, SIRE DE, leader of the French
at Nicopolis, dies a prisoner at Boursa,
viii. 34.

COUNCILS, of Ancyra, ii. 202; Illiberis,
ib.; Arles, iii. 39; Nice, ib. and 56;
Rimini, 62; another, 68; Seleucia, ib.;
Tyre, 72; Antioch, 74; Sardica, 75;
Arles, 76; Milan, ib.; Constanti-
nople, 370; Toledo, iv. 340 and note;
first of Ephesus, vi. 18; second of
Ephesus, 25; of Chalcedon, 26
second of Constantinople, 40, 43;
iconoclast of Constantinople, 140;
second of Nice, 164; of Frankfort,
166; Placentia, vii. 180; Clermont,
182; Lyons, 373; Pisa, viii. 92;
Constance, ib.; Basil, 93; Ferrara
and Florence, 98; Pisa, 255; Con-
stance, ib.

COUNCIL, general, its authority superior
to that of the pope, viii. 93.
COUNT of the East, ii. 313; origin, de-
finition, and functions of counts,
320; or treasurer, of the private
estate, under Constantine, 328; of
the sacred largesses, treasurer-gene-
ral so called under Constantine, ib.;
functions of, 329; of the domestics
under Constantine, 330.
COUPELE, rock of, on the Ganges, viii.
48.

COURT, imperial, progress of, ii. 94,
note G.

COURTENAY, account of the family of,
vii. 350.

COUSINS-GERMAN, marriage between,