how regarded by the Romans, ii. 365.
COUSIN, president, his version of Pro-
Cow's MOUTH, débouche of the Ganges from, viii. 48 and note M. CRACOW, city of destroyed by the Mon- gols, viii. 14.
CRAL, or despot of Servia, vii. 399 and note.
CREEDS, the most ancient had the
greatest latitude, iii. 52, note; Atha- nasian creed, true history of, iv. 334 and note. CRESCENTIUS, consul of Rome, revolts
against Otho III., vi. 186; betrayed and hanged, ib.; medal of, ib. note M. CRESTON, city mentioned by Herodotus, site of, v. 260 and note S. CRETE, subdued by the Arabs, vi. 407;
called Candia from their fortress Can- dax, or Chandak, 408 and note S.; reduced by Nicephorus Phocas, 424 and note S.; fleet for its reduction, vii. 29; sold to the Venetians by Boniface marquis of Montferrat, vii. 323.
CRIMES, chief source of, i. 222; how
discriminated by Roman law, v. 321. CRIM TARTARY, i. 395.
CRINITUS, Ulpius, adopts Aurelian, ii.
CRISPUS, Son of Constantine, made
Cæsar, ii. 142; victories over the Franks and Alemanni, 144; defeats the fleet of Licinius, 148; virtues, 350; Constantine's jealousy of, 351; disgrace and death, 352 and note; whether married to Helena, ib. notes ; ruined by the arts of Fausta, 353. CRISPUS, the patrician, marries the daughter of Phocas, v. 388; incites the insurrection of Heraclius and Nicetas in Africa, ib.; condemned to a monastery by Heraclius, 390. CROATIA, account of the kingdom of, vii. 66.
CROCODILES exhibited by Augustus, ii. 59, note.
CROCUS, OF EROCUS, chief of the Ale- manni, ii. 111; etymology of his name, ib. note S.
CROSS, Symbol of adopted by Constan-
tine and his soldiers, iii. 12; use of the sign of, 13; in the sky, Constan- tine's vision of, 15; physical expla- nations of, ib. and notes; testimony
of suspicious, 17 and notes; discovery (or invention) of, 156; not dimi- nished by gifts of pieces, 157; Lord Mahon's history of, ib. note M.; exaltation of the, origin of that fes- tival, v. 414; sign of adopted by the crusaders, vii. 183 and note. CROWNS, mural and obsidional, distin- guished, iii. 200, note; musical, first extorted by Nero, viii. 227, note. CROWN of thorns, pledged to the Vene- tians by the barons of Romania, vii. 341; transferred to Paris, 342; mira- cles performed by, ib. CRUCIFIXION, how regarded by the Romans, iii. 11; that punishment abolished by Constantine, ib. CRUSADES, first, determined on at the council of Clermont, vii. 183; inquiry into the justice of, 184; original his- torians and documents of, ib. note and note M.; Gibbon's remarks on examined, 185, note M.; spiritual motives and indulgences, 186; serving in equivalent to a plenary indulgence, 188; temporal and carnal motives, 189; departure of the first crusaders, 191; led by a goose and goat, 192; Gibbon's account corrected, 189, note M.; destruction of the first crusaders in Hungary and Asia, 193; table of events of the first, 195; account of the leaders of, 196; march of the princes, 202; review and number of the crusaders, 209; their cannibalism, 210 and 211, note; besiege Nice, 211; gain the battle of Dorylæum, 213; march through Anatolia, 214; take Antioch, 217; defeat the Turks under Kerboga at, 218; famine and distress, 219; march to Jerusalem, 224; capture and sack the city, 227; defeat the caliph of Egypt at Ascalon, 229; second and third cru- sades, 239; numbers, leaders, and march of the second, 240 and note M.; of the third, 241; ill treatment by the Greek emperors, 242; march of the second crusade through Ana- tolia, 244 and note; result of the second crusade, 245; obstinate enthu- siasm of the crusaders, 246; third crusade, 260; fourth and fifth, 268; multiplication of, ib.; sixth, 271; seventh, 274; account of the fourth crusade, 288; its leaders form an alliance with the Venetians, 292;
CRUITNICH. besiege Zara, 295; dissensions among respecting an attack on Constanti- nople, 297; voyage from Zara to Constantinople, 298; passage of the Bosphorus, 301; siege and con- quest of Constantinople, 303; stay at that city, 306; second siege and cap- ture of, 310; division of the spoil, 314 and note S.; sacrilege and mockery, 316; destroy the Greek statues, 317; divide the Eastern empire, 320 and 322; elect Baldwin emperor, 321; reflections on the general consequences of the crusades, 346; checked the progress of Europe, 349.
CRUITNICH, etymology and meaning of that epithet, iii. 266.
CTESIPHON, i. 341; taken by Severus, 340; royal residence, ib.; described, iii. 201; siege of abandoned by Julian, 205 (v. Madayn). CUBLAI, Khan of the Mongols, conquers China, viii. 10, 11; character and reign, 18.
CUDWORTH, hypercosmian soul of ex- ploded, iii. 47, note.
CUFA, tomb of Ali at, vi. 277 and notes; pilgrimage of the Persians to, ib.; foundation of, 295; etymology of its name, 296 and note S. CUMANS, Turkish tribe, vii. 79 note, and note S.
CUNIMUND, king of the Gepida, refuses
Alboin his daughter Rosamond, v. 333; defeated and slain by the Lom- bards and Avars, 334; his skull made into a cup, ib. and note. CURATOR, office of under the Roman law, v. 302 and note S. CURDS, descendants of the Carduchians,
ii. 87; tribes of the described, vii. 253; probably identical with the Carduchians, 254 and note. CURLAND, holy groves of, vii. 84 and
CUROPALATA, office of, vii. 19. CURUBIS, town of, ii. 248, note. CUTULMISH, grandson of Seljuk, slain by Alp Arslan, vii. 168. CYANEAN rocks, ii. 288. CYBELE, Julian's oration in honour of, iii. 139.
CYNEGIUS, prætorian præfect of the
East, commissioned by Theodosius to close the pagan temples, iii. 414. CYPRIAN, bishop of Carthage, character
of, ii. 195; opposes the ambition of the Roman pontiff, 196; imperious declamations of, 203; account of, 246, sqq.; his letters, ib. note; dan- ger and flight, 247; banished to Curubis, 248; condemned, 249; his motive for concealing himself, ib. note G.; martyrdom, 250; whether the first martyr in Africa, ib. note G.
CYPRUS, massacre committed at by the Jews, ii. 222 and note; conquered by Harun al Rashid, vi. 406; recovered by Nicephorus Phocas, 428; bestowed by Richard I. on Guy de Lusignan, vii. 286.
CYRENE, i. 161; massacre at by the Jews, ii. 222 and note; a Lacedæmo- nian colony, iii. 36, notes; ruins of, ib.; Greek colonies of, extirpated by Chosroes II., v. 393.
CYRIADES, elected emperor at the com- mand of Sapor, i. 404. CYRIACUS of Ancona, forgery of, ii. 237, note.
CYRIL of Alexandria, answers Julian's work against Christianity, iii. 145 and note; account of, vi. 11; his tyranny, 12; opposition to Orestes, the præfect, 13; murders Hypatia, 14; condemns the heresy of Nesto- rius, 17; attends the council of Ephesus, 18; procures the condem- nation of Nestorius, 19; condemned and degraded by the oriental bishops, 20; intrigues at Constantinople and victory over Nestorius, 21; death, 24.
CYRIL of Jerusalem, his surprising ignorance of the story of the Labarum, iii. 66, note; his description of a celestial cross, 67; convenient easi- ness of his principles, 157 and note.
CYRUS, prætorian præfect of the East, disgraced, iv. 165.
CYRUS the patriarch, præfect of Egypt
under Heraclius, his plan for convert- ing the caliph Omar, vi. 333, note. CYRUS, river, course of, v. 194. CYZICUS, threatened by the Goths, i. 399; taken, ib.; seized by the usurper Procopius, iii. 240. CZAR, Russian, singular way of marry. ing, vi. 93.
DACIA, conquered by Trajan, i. 142; boundaries, ib.; described, 152; in- vaded by the Goths, 381; relin- quished to the Goths by Aurelian, fi. 12; Dacia Aureliani, ib. note S.; and Macedonia added to the Eastern empire by Gratian, iii. 343. DACIANS, character, i. 142. DADASTANA, death of Jovian at, ifi. 231. DEMONS identified by the primitive Christians with the pagan gods, ii. 165.
DAGALAIPHUS, his bold and candid ad-
vice to Valentinian, iii. 236; refuses the command against the Alemanni, 258. DAGISTEUS, general of Justinian, be-
sieges Petra, v. 201; commands the Huns in Italy under Narses, 231. DAGOBERT, king of the Franks, pub- lishes the Salic laws, iv. 365. DAHES and GABRAH, war of, vi. 207, note.
DAIMBERT, or DAGOBERT, archbishop
of Pisa, installed patriarch of Jeru- salem, vii. 229 and note M.; his arrogance and pretensions, ib. DALMATIA described, i. 158; conquest of, 248.
DALMATIAN legionaries sacrificed by the folly of Olympius, iv. 95.
DALMATIUS the censor, brother of Con- stantine, ii. 348.
DALMATIUS, nephew of Constantine, education, ii. 356; appointed to the Gothic frontier, 357; excluded from the empire by the troops, 364; cha- racter, ib. note; massacred by Con- stantius, 365.
DALMATIUS the abbot, assists the cause
of Cyril of Alexandria, vi. 21. DAMASCUS, throne of the caliphs trans- ferred to, vi. 284; besieged by the Saracens, 304; antiquity of, ib. note; figs of, ib.; surrendered to Abu Obeidah, 310; and also stormed by Caled, ib.; flight of the exiles of, and pursuit by Caled, 312; historical value of that story, 313 note S.; re- captured by the sultan Noureddin, vii. 250 and note M.; perfidiously seized and burnt by Timour, viii. 53. DAMASUS, when made bishop of Rome,
ii. 277, note; edict of Valentinian 1. addressed to, iii. 253; his ambition and luxury, 255; contest with Ur- sinus, ib.
DAMES, & Saracen, gallant exploit in taking the castle of Aleppo, vi. 323. DAMIETTA, taken by the crusaders under Louis IX., vii. 272. DAMOPHILUS, archbishop of Constanti- nople, resigns his see rather than subscribe the Nicene creed, iii. 368. DANCERS, female, numbers of at Rome, iv. 87 and note.
DANDOLO, Henry, doge of Venice, cha- racter, vii. 292; longevity, ib. note; blindness, ib. and note M.; treaty with the French crusaders, 293; per- suades them to attack the revolted cities of Dalmatia, 295; adopts the cause of Alexius son of Isaac Ange- lus, 296; suspected of a bribe from Malek Adel, 297 note S.; magnani- mity at the siege of Constantinople, 304; declines to compete for the im- perial crown, 321; proclaimed despot of Romania, 323; death, 332. DANES, invade Britain, iv. 389. DANIEL, prophecy of, applied to Rome by St. Jerom, iv. 403, note. DANIEL, first bishop of Winchester, epistle to St. Boniface respecting the conversion of infidels, iv. 325. DANIELIS, her gifts to the emperor Basil, vii. 11; her journey to Con- stantinople, 17; testament, ib. DANUBE, course, i. 158; provinces on, ib.; freezing of, 351 and note M.; and Rhine, junction of by Charle- magne, vi. 175 and note. DAPHNE, sacred grove and temple near Antioch described, iii. 167; prophetic powers of its Castalian stream, ib. and note; its sensuality proverbial, 168 and note; Julian's visit to, 168; its conversion into a Chrstian ceme- tery, 169; bodies removed by order of Julian, ib.; temple at, burnt, ib. DABA, founded by the emperor Anas- tasius, as a bulwark against the Persians, v. 86; improved by Justi- nian, ib.; its defences described, 87; ruins of, ib. note M.; taken by Nu- shirvan, 365.
DARDANIANS, site of the, ii. 68, note. DARDANUS, prætorian præfect in Gaul, alone opposes Jovinus, iv. 122; character, ib. note.
DARGHAM, Egyptian faction of, under the Fatimite caliphs, vii.251; slain, ib. DARIUS, columns of, on the Bosphorus, ii. 289, note.
DARIUS, officer of Valentinian III., em- bassy of, to the revolted count Boni- face in Africa, iv. 180. DARKNESS during the crucifixion, not mentioned by heathen philosophers and historians, ii. 219. DASTAGERD, OF ARTEMITA, residence of Chosroes II., v. 394 and note M.; taken and plundered by Heraclius, 409; site of, ib. note S. DARTS, poisoned, of the Sarmatians and others, ii. 358 and note. DATIANUS, governor of Spain, perse- cutes the Christians, ii. 275. DATIUS, bishop of Milan, aids the re- volt of the Ligurians to Justinian, v. 147; escapes to Constantinople at the capture of Milan by the Bur- gundians, 151.
DEAD, how disposed of by the Persians, v. 200, note.
DEBTORS, state, how treated among the Romans, ii. 342; insolvent, cruel treatment of, v. 317.
DECEBALUS, king of Dacia, i. 142. DECEMVIRS, laws of the, v. 261 and notes, 267, 316.
DECENNOVIUM, canal, v. 134, note. DECENTIUS, brother of Magnentius, ex- pelled from Trèves, ii. 384; suicide, 385.
DECIMUS, battle of, between Belisarius
and Gelimer, v. 109. DECIUS elected by the Masian legions, i. 374; origin, ib. note; marches against the Goths, ib.; Gothic war, 382; defeated, 383; successes, ib.; revives the censorship, ib.; defeat and death, 385; persecution of the Christians by, ii. 246, 247, 260; prevents the election of a bishop of Rome, ib.
DECRETALS, false, probably forged by Isidore, vi. 161. DECUMATES, what settlers so called, ii. 46, note.
DECURIONS, or CURIALES, ii. 335; their
position and functions, ib. note S. DEFENSORES, or advocates of the peo- ple, instituted by Valentinian I., iii. 248; office of, revived by Majorian, iv. 269; account of, ib. note S. DEIFICATION of the emperors, i. 207;
not confined to good princes, ib. note W. DELATORS encouraged by Commodus, i. 225; punished by Pertinax, 237. DELHI taken by Timour, viii. 47. DELPHI, ornaments of the temple re- moved to Constantinople by Con- stantine, ii. 298, note.
DELPHICUM, name for a royal banquet- ing-room, v. 110, note. DEMETRIAS, the celebrated virgin, escapes from the sack of Rome, iv. 107.
DEMETRIUS, despot of Epirus, vii. 343. DEMETRIUS, brother of John II., Pa
læologus, refuses his assent to the union of the Greek and Latin churches, viii. 102.
DEMOCRACY, unfavourable to freedom in large states, i. 171. DEMOSTHENES, his heroic defence of Cæsarea, i. 405.
DEMOTICA, City of, vii. 324 and note. DENGISICH, Son of Attila, slain, iv. 248; Turkish etymology of his name ib. note S.
DEOGRATIAS, bishop of Carthage, his charity towards the captive Romans, iv. 258.
DE PAUW, literary character, ii. 47, note M.
DERAR, friend of the Saracen genera Caled, his adventurous valour, vi. 306.
DERBEND, called the Caspian or Alba- nian gates, v. 87.
DERVISHES, Or Mahometan monks, in. crease of, viii. 126.
DESIDERIUS, last king of the Lombards. reduced by Charlemagne, vi. 156. DESPOT, a title under the Greek em- pire, vii. 18.
DESPOTISM, of the Byzantine emperors, its nature and limits, vii. 26. DEVONSHIRE, Courtenays, earls of, vii. 354.
DEXIPPUS attacks the Gothic fleet, i 400.
DEXIPPUS, fragments of his work reco- vered, iii. 152, note M.
D'HERBELOT, character of his ' Biblio- thèque Orientale,' vi. 290 and note. DIADEM, assumed by Diocletian, ii. 94 described, ib.
DIADUMENIANUS, son of Macrinus, Cæsar, i. 275; death, 279. DIAMONDS, whence procured, i. 192,
note; art of cutting, unknown to the ancients, 298, note. DIARBEKIR, the ancient Amida, ii. 407; or Tigranocerta, ib. note M. D'IBELIN, John, restores the Assize of Jerusalem, vii. 233; account of, ib. notes.
DICANICE, or imperial Greek sceptre, vii. 367, note.
DIET, German, election of the kings of Italy and Rome vested in, vi. 179. DIGEST: v. Pandects.
DILEMITES, assist the Persians in the Lazic war, v. 202.
DINAR, gold Arabian coin, account of, vi. 377, note.
DIOCESES, formation of, ii. 193, note G.; civil, of the empire, 313. DIOCLETIAN, his remark on Aurelian,
ii. 32; general of Probus, 44; elected emperor, 62; stahs Arrius Aper, 63; defeats Carinus at Margus, ib.; origin, character, and elevation, 64; re- sembled Augustus in policy, 65; clemency, ib.; took M. Antoninus as his model, 66; associates Maximian, ib.; takes the title of Jovius, 67; associates Galerius and Constantius as Cæsars, ib.; fourfold division of the empire under, 68; laws whence dated, ib. note M.; defence of the frontiers, 73; cautious policy, 74; distributes the vanquished barbarians in the provinces, 75; campaign in Egypt, 76; takes Alexandria, ib. ; de- stroys Busiris and Coptos, ib.; treaty with the Nobatæ, 77; suppresses alchymy, ib.; directs the Persian war, 82; triumph, 89; fixes his resi- dence at Nicomedia, 91; assumes the diadem, 94; political system, 95; his edict, 97, notes M. and S.; abdi- cation, 98; illness, ib. ; retirement at Salona, 100; answer to Maximian, ib. ; death, 101; baths at Rome, 113; his treatment of the Christians, 264; conversion of his wife and daughter, ib.; persuaded by Galerius to perse- cute, 268; rigorous edict against the Christians, 269; his palace burnt, 271; execution of his first edict, 272; further edicts against, 274. DIOGENES, leader of the Chersonites, ii. 361.
DIOGENES defends Rome against Totila, v. 227.
DION CASSIUS, object of his work, i,
262, note; his danger, 291; consul with Al. Severus, ib.; Gibbon's error as to his estates, ib. note W.; retires to Nice, ib.; probable design of the oration he ascribes to Mæcenas, ii. 259, note.
DIONYSIUS, testimony to the paucity of the Alexandrian martyrs, ii. 246. DIONYSIUS, poetical geographer, age of, vi. 315, note and note S. DIOPHANTUS of Alexandria, inventor of algebra, vi. 401.
DIOSCORUS, patriarch of Alexandria, supports the cause of Eutyches, vi. 25; his violence against Flavian, 26; deposed by the council of Chalcedon and banished, 28.
DIRAN, king of Armenia, account of, ii. 369, note M.
DISABUL, khan of the Turks, Justinian's
embassy to, v. 179; purification of the ambassadors, ib. and note M. DISCIPLINE, Roman military, i. 146 sq.; restored by Augustus, 211; relaxed by Severus, 259; by Caracalla, 272; decline of under Constantine, ii. 321; under Theodosius, iii. 404; the in- fantry lay aside their defensive armour, 405.
DISCIPLINE, ecclesiastical, variety of in the Greek and Latin churches, vii. 279.
Dispargum, residence of Clodion, site of, iv. 227 and note. DITCH, battle of the, vi. 250. DIVA GENS (or DIVORUM REGIO), eastern coast of India so called by the Ro- mans, iii. 180, note M. DIVINATION, Suppressed by Constan- tine, iii. 97.
DIVINE right of princes, iii. 8; exem- plified in Jewish history, ib.; attri- buted to Constantine by the Chris- tians, 9.
DIVINITY, titles of usurped by Diocle- tian and Maximian, ii. 94. DIVORCE, law of among the Romans, v. 296; facilities of, 297; limited,
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