his measures against Tribigild, 145; is condemned by Arcadius, 146; takes refuge with Chrysostom, 147; dis- graced and banished to Cyprus, ib.; recalled and executed, 148; charge on which he was condemned, ib. and note S. EUTYCHES, the abbot, assists the cause of Cyril of Alexandria, vi. 21; heresy of, 24; acquitted by the se- cond council of Ephesus, 25. EUTYCHIAN Controversy, iv. 342. EUXINE, naval force in, i. 155; northern shores subject to the Roman em- perors, 160; navigation of, opinion of the Turks on, 399; periplus of by Sallust and Arrian, v. 193, note. EVAGRIUS, his history when composed, v. 345, note.
EXARCHS of Ravenna, establishment of, v. 241; extent of their jurisdiction, 348; finally extinguished by Astol- phus king of the Lombards, vi. 153. EXCISE, introduced by Augustus, i. 299; abolished by Caligula, ib. note S.
EXCOMMUNICATION, origin, nature, and consequences of, ii. 201; removed by public penance, 202; instances of, iii. 36; involved whole families, 37; hence extended to national interdicts, ib. note.
EXERCITUS, etymology of, i. 147 and note.
EXILE, voluntary among the Romans,
might avert a capital sentence, v. 326.
EXORCISM, account of, ii. 178; the only miraculous power assumed by pro- testants, 179.
FACCIOLATI, great duke of Constanti- nople, treacherously admits Cantacu- zene, vii. 401. FADILLA, daughter of the emperor Marcus, executed, i. 270 and note M. FAITH, merits of, ii. 182. FALCANDUS, HUGH, character of his 'Historia Sicula,' vii. 141, notes; his lamentation for his country, 142. FALCO, Sosius, conspires against the emperor Pertinax, i. 239.
FALCONRY, introduced into Italy by the Lombards, v. 352 and notes; un-
known to the Greeks and Romans, ib.
FAMINE, hardly known under the em pire, i. 191; at Rome during the siege of Alaric, iv. 90; horrors of 91.
FANO, battle of, ii. 15. FARMERS of the revenue, i. 301. FARNESE palace built of the materials of the Coliseum, viii. 284. FASTI, Consular, probable account of the chasms in, v. 94.
FATHERS of the church, visions and inspirations of the, ii. 178, note; dis- claimed by Chrysostom, ib. note M.; high tone of their morality, 184; ac- knowledged the supernatural part of paganism, 266, note; method of gair- ing some idea of their spirit, iii. 428, note.
FATIMA, daughter of Mahomet, marries Ali, vi. 268.
FATIMITES, or descendants of Ali,
usurpations of their name, vi. 281; privileges in the Ottoman empire, ib. FAUN, sleeping, discovery of the, v. 139, note.
FAUSTA, daughter of Maximian, mar- ries Constantine the Great, ii. 116; her conduct towards her father, 121; her children, 348; procures the death of Crispus, 353; story of her execu- tion for adultery examined, 354 al' notes, and 355 note M. FAUSTINA, daughter of Antoninus Piu marries M. Antoninus, i. 215; he. character, 221.
FAUSTINA, widow of Constantius II., with her daughter Constantia, joins the revolted Procopius, iii. 240. FAUSTUS, price of his first printed Bibles, v. 285, note.
FAVA, or FELETHEUS, king of the Rugians, vanquished by Odoacer, iv. 203. FELICISSIMUS, Cyprian's condemnation of, ii. 203, note M.
FELIX, an African bishop, martyrdom of, ii. 272.
FELIX, an Arian, supersedes Liberius as bishop of Rome, iii. 89; his ad- herents massacred, 90.
FELIX V., pope, account of, viii. 100; retires to the hermitage of Ripaille, 104.
FELIX, St., miraculous tomb of at Nola, iv. 110.
FEMALES, superiority of established in Egypt, iii. 417 note.
FERDUSI, the Persian poet, works of, iii. 304, notes.
FERISHTA, translations of by Colonels
Dow and Briggs, vii. 146, note M. FERRAMENTA SAMIATA, what, ii. 10, note.
FERRARA, Council of, viii. 98. FESTIVALS, pagan, horror of the Chris- tians at, ii. 166; rustic, paganism maintained by, iii. 421 and 422, notes.
FEUDAL GOVERNMENT,rudiments of may be discovered among the Scythians, iii. 302.
FEZ, Edrisite kingdom of, vi. 420. F.HR, reputed founder of the Arabian tribe Koreish, vi. 216, note S. FINANCES, Roman, history of, i. 293, sqq.; review of under Constantine the Great, ii. 333.
FINES, regulations for the imposition of, ii. 316 and note. FINGAL, whether he fought against Severus, i. 266; objection, ib. note. FINLAY, Mr., his theory as to the ori- gin of the story of Belisarius' beggary examined, v. 247, note S.
FINNS, their wide dissemination, vii. 72 and note S.
FIRE, use of unknown to many nations, iv. 410, note.
FIRE TEMPLES, introduction of, i. 335. FIRE-SIGNALS, Byzantine, vii. 29. FIRE, Greek, Arabian fleet destroyed
by, vi. 380; account of, 382 and notes; how used, 383; secret of, dis- covered by the Saracens, 384; super- seded by gunpowder, ib.; works on, ib. note S.
FIRMUS, revolt of, in Egypt, ii. 26;
put to death by Aurelian, 27. FIRMUS the Moor, cause of his revolt against Valentinian, iii. 273; gains possession of Mauritania and Numi- dia, ib.; attempts to deceive Theo- dosius, 274; pursuit of, and suicide, 275.
FIRUZ, Son of the Persian king Jezde- gard, becomes captain of the Chinese guards, vi. 299 and note M. FLACCILLA, Consort of Theodosius the Great, prevents his conference with the Arian Eunomius, iii. 364. FLAGELLATION, substituted for money payments in penance, vii. 187.
FENUS UNCIARIUM.
FLAMENS, Roman, functions of the, iii. 407.
FLAMINIAN WAY, distances on the, v. 232, note.
FLAMININUS, remark on the army of Antiochus, ii. 323, note. FLAVIAN family, i. 212.
FLAVIAN, patriarch of Constantinople, arraigns the heresy of Eutyches, vi. 25; killed at the second council of Ephesus, 26.
FLAVIANUS and Diodorus, introduce responses and psalmody, iii. 88. FLAX, cultivation of, i. 190. FLÉCHIER, his Life of Theodosius the Great, iii. 342, note.
FLEECE, golden, probable origin of that fable, v. 195.
FLEURY, abbé de, character of his 'In-
stitutes of Canon Law,' iii. 34, note. FLOR, Roger de, chief of the Catalan mercenaries, history of, vii. 381 and note G.; assassinated, 383. FLORENCE besieged by Radagaisus, iv. 47; its origin, ib. note; relieved by Stilicho, 48; council of, viii. 99; reunion of the Greek and Latin churches at the, 103. FLORENTIUS, a patrician, gives his estate in lieu of the tax on prosti- tutes, ii. 342, note G. FLORENTIUS, prætorian præfect in Gaul, oppression of, restrained by Julian, ii. 423; declines attending the council of Julian, iii. 105; flight of, 110; consul and præfect of Illyricum, flies on the approach of Julian, 117; condemned by the tri- bunal of Chalcedon and pardoned by Julian, 127.
FLORIANUS, brother of the emperor Tacitus, usurps the purple, ii. 40; opposed by Probus, ib.; put to death by the army, 41.
FLORIN, origin of the name, viii. 94, note.
FLORUS, prince, founder of the Courte-
nays of Devonshire, fable of, vii. 354 and 355, note.
FLORUS, his description of the wars of infant Rome, viii. 209.
Fo, Indian god, worship of, viii. 18 and note.
FEDERATI, Gothic troops in the service of the Romans, iii. 353.
FENUS UNCIARIUM, amount of, v. 314, note W.
FOLARD, Chev., on ancient warlike machines, i. 152, note.
FOLLIS, or purse, value of, iv. 74, note and note S.
FONTENELLE, his remarks on the am- bition of Constantine examined, ii. 303, note.
Foor, Roman, i. 321, note; Greek, proportion of the, ii. 295. FORGERIES, pious, of the early Chris- tian apologists, ii. 218. FORUM TREBONII, battle of between Decius and the Goths, i. 385. FRAME (German spears), described, i. 367.
FRANCE, population, ii. 339, notes; taxation in, 339 and 341, note S.; that name given to Gaul by the Franks, iv. 376; limits of, under Charlemagne, vi. 173; invaded by the Arabs, 384; their conquests in, 386, note S.; their expulsion, 389 and note S.; southern provinces of, ravaged by the Hungarians, vii. 75; power of the kings of, in the eleventh century, 181; genealogy of the royal house of, 352 and note; description of, by Chalcocondyles the Greek historian, viii. 87.
FRANCISCA, or Frankish battle-axe, iv. 357 and note.
FRANGIPANI, Odo, marries the niece of
the emperor Manuel, vii. 139. FRANGIPANI, Cencio, Roman baron, his violent and brutal conduct towards pope Gelasius II. and the cardinals, viii. 192.
FRANGIPANI, origin of the name of, viii. 220.
FRANKFORT, Synod of, rejects the de- crees of the second Nicene Council respecting images, vi. 166. FRANKS, their origin and confederacy, i. 390; name, ib.; applied to several confederacies, ib. note S.; invade Gaul, 391; Spain, ib.; Mauritania, 392; driven from Gaul by Probus, ii. 44; daring enterprise of, 48; their power under the sons of Con- stantine, 325; occupy the island of Batavia and Toxandria, 412; sub- dued by Julian, 419; settle perma- nently in Gaul, iv. 128; occupy the lower Germany, 129; customs de- scribed, 227; bloody battle with the Gepida, 234; converted to Christi- anity 324; subdue and civilize Ger-
many, 350; conquer Burgundy, 356 Aquitain, 360; countries beyond the Alps yielded to them by Justinian, and final establishment of the French monarchy, 362 and note S.; extent of their dominion, 363; laws re- specting homicide, 367; anarchy of, 382; invade Italy, v. 151; their ravages and distress, 152; again in- vade Italy, 237; defeated by Narses, 240; proverb respecting the, vi. 180; their name applied by the Greeks and Arabians to all the Western nations, vii. 33; state of, in the tenth and eleventh centuries, 34; military character and tactics, 35.
FRASCATI, town of, viii. 210. FRAVITTA, Gothic leader, his character, iii. 355; kills his rival Priulf, ib. : conducts the war against Gainas, iv. 149; defeats him on the Hellespont, 150.
FREDERICK I., Barbarossa, emperor of Germany, invades Italy, vi. 188; destroys Milan, ib.; treaty with the league of Lombardy, 189; undertakes the third crusade, vii. 239; marches through Anatolia, 245; captures Iconium, 246; drowned, ib. and note; embassy of the Romans to, viii. 206; his haughty answer, 207; collisions with the Romans, 208.
FREDERICK II., emperor of Germany, worsted by the Lombards and pope, vi. 189; record of his family, ib.; crusade of, vii. 269; excommunicated by pope Gregory IX., 270; enters Jerusalem, ib.; further acquisitions, ib.; toleration, ib. ; exhorts the Eu- ropean princes to arm against the Mongols, viii. 15.
FREDERICK III., of Austria, last em-
peror crowned at Rome, viii. 258. FREEDMEN, condition of, i. 178. FREE-GIFTS first exacted by Maxentius, ii. 124.
FREJUS, a naval station, i. 154. FRIGIDUS river described, iii. 400 and note.
FRISIANS invade Britain, iv. 389. FRITIGERN, colleague of Alavivus, as judge of the Visigoths, assumes the chief command, iii. 324; cultivates the friendship of the Ostrogoths, ib.; escapes from Lupicinus at Marciano polis, 325; engages the Romans at Salices, 329; forms an alliance with
the Ostrogoths and Taifalæ, 330; artful negociations with Valens, 334; battle of Hadrianople, 335; his death, 348; breaks the union of the Gothic tribes, ib.
FROISSARD, his character as a writer, viii. 32, note.
FRONTIER garrisons, when first esta- blished, ii. 46.
FRONTO, Count, ambassador from Avitus to the Suevi of Spain, iv. 262. FRUITS, flowers, &c., introduction of, into Europe, i. 189. FRUMENTIUS, Converts the Abyssinians, iii. 25.
FULCARIS, the Herulian, general of Narsis, defeated and slain by the Franks, v. 238.
FULK, count of Anjou, husband of Melisenda, queen of Jerusalem, vii. 256.
FULK of Neuilly, preaches the fourth
crusade, vii. 288; interview with Richard I., 289.
FUNERALS, Roman, comic satires on the deceased at, iii. 226; at Julian's, ib.; his funeral contrasted with that of Constantius, 227, note.
FURTUM lance licioque conceptum," ceremony of pursuing stolen goods, v. 272 and notes.
GABINIUS, king of the Quadi, inveigled and murdered by Marcellianus, go- vernor of Valeria, iii. 287. GAIAN, patriarch of Alexandria, ba- nished, v. 59.
GAILLARD, M., character of his His-
toire de Charlemagne,' vi. 170, note. GAIMAR, Lombard prince of Salerno, invites the Normans into Italy, vii. 102, note M.
GAINAS, the Goth, deputed by Stilicho
to take vengeance on Rufinus, iv. 12; puts him to death before the palace of Hebdomon, 13; deserts the service of Stilicho, 14; appointed general against Tribigild by Eutropius, 145; secretly favours that rebel, 146; openly unites with him, 148; inter- view with Arcadius, who grants his demands, ib.; tumult and massacre of his troops at Constantinople, 149; defeated on the Hellespont by Fra-
vitta, 150; marches towards ene Danube, ib.; slain, ib.
GAITA, wife of Robert Guiscard, her valour at the battle of Durazzo, vii. 124.
GAIUS (or Caius) belonged to the legal sect of Sabinians, v. 279, note W.; but often followed the Proculians, ib. note S.; juridical authority conferred on, by Theodosius II., 279; his In- stitutes, 288 and note; discovered by Niebuhr, 289, note S. GALA, derivation of that term, vii. 21, note and note S.
GALATA, suburb of Constantinople, as- signed to the Genoese, vii. 406. GALEAZZO, John, first duke of Milan, his connection with Bajazet, viii. 84 and note.
GALERIUS, general of Probus, ii. 44; associated in the empire by Diocle- tian, 67; character, ib.; adopted son and son-in-law of Diocletian, 68; valour, 74; defeated by the Persians, 82; disgrace, 83; victory over the Persians, 84; generous conduct to- wards the captives, ib.; reply to the ambassador of Narses, 85; emperor, 106; character, 107; schemes, 108; rage on the elevation of Constantine, 112; acknowledges him as Cæsar, ib.; unpopular taxes, 113; invades Italy, 117; retreats, 118; death, 122; public works, ib.; persuaded Diocletian to a general persecution of the Christians, 268; published an edict of toleration, 278.
GALILEANS, that appellation explained, ii. 236; doubtful whether applied to the followers of Judas, 237, note M.; Gibbon's error in supposing that Tacitus confounded the two distinc- tions, ib. note G.; Christians so called by Julian, iii. 162.
GALL, St., his hermitage in Switzer- land becomes a principality, v. 238, note.
GALL, St., monastery burnt by the Hungarians, vii. 75.
GALLA, sister of Valentinian II., marries Theodosius the Great, iii. 383. GALLEYS, Roman, i. 154; Byzantine, vii. 28.
GALLICANUS and Mæcenas, senators, kill two prætorians, i. 322. GALLIENUS associated in the empire by his father Valerian, i. 389; opposes
the Franks in Gaul, 391; degrades the senate, 394; marries Pipa, ib.; marches against the Goths, 400; character and administration, 407; medal of, 408, notes; considered sole emperor by Italy and the senate during the rebellion of the thirty ty- rants, 411; inhuman mandate of, 412; family of, ib. note; famine and pestilence, 415; conspiracy against, ii. 2; death, ib. ; names Claudius as his successor, 3; imprecations on, by the senate and people, 5, notes; favoured the Christians, 261; restored the ce- meteries to them, ib. note. GALLIPOLI, Occupied by the Catalans,
vii. 383; rebuilt and repeopled by Soliman, son of Orchan, viii. 28. GALLUS elected emperor, i. 386; dis- graceful treaty with the Goths, ib.; popular discontent, 387; murdered, 388.
GALLUS, nephew of Constantine, escapes assassination, ii. 365; made governor of the East by Constantius II., 377, 388; education and imprisonment, 388; declared Cæsar, ib.; marries Constantina, ib.; of a different mo- ther from Julian's, ib. note G; cruel and imprudent character, 389; Mag- nentius attempts to assassinate him, 390; Domitian appointed to reform his government, ib.; he and Mon- tius put to death by Gallus, 391; vacillating conduct of the latter, ib.; recalled by Constantius, 392; dis- grace and death, ib.; transferred the body of St. Babylas to the grove of Daphne, iii. 169.
GAMES, secular, i. 328; Actiac restored
by Julian, iii. 131, note; public, of the Romans described, iv. 86. GANNYS, eunuch, i. 279. GARGANUS, mount, Hannibal's camp on, occupied by Totila, v. 223. GARIBALD, king of Bavaria, takes re- fuge with Autharis, king of Lom- bardy, v. 353.
GARIZIM, mountain of cursing, cross planted on, vi. 37.
GARRISONS, frontier, number of, under Constantine, ii. 323.
GASSAN, Arabian tribe, account of, iii. 194, notes, vi. 204; serve under Heraclius against their countrymen, 317; defeated by Caled, 318. GAUDENTIUS the notary, occupies the
provinces of Africa for Constantius, iii. 119; executed at Antioch by Julian, 127. GAUDENTIUS, son of Aetius, contracted
to the princess Eudoxia, iv. 249. GAUL, province of, described, i. 156; divided by Augustus, ib.; number of tribes in, ib. and note; tribute, 296, and note S.; usurpers in, ii. 17; invaded by the Lygians, 44; not Christianized before the time of the Antonines, 211; slow progress of Christianity in, 212; capitation-tax, how levied in, 338; amount compared with modern rate, 339; Gibbon's account corrected, 341, note S.; in- vaded by the Germans at the insti- gation of Constantius, 412; forty-five cities destroyed, ib.; government as- signed to Julian, 413; invaded by the Alemanni, iii. 257; maritime pro- vinces invaded by the Saxons, 264; invaded, after the defeat of Rada- gaisus, by the Suevi, Vandals, Alani, and Burgundians, iv. 51; desolation of, 52; occupied permanently by the Goths, Burgundians, and Franks, 128; they recognise the title and laws of Honorius and his successors, 130; seven provinces of, annual assem- bly at Arles, 134; conquests of the Visigoths in, 287.
GAULS in Lombardy, i. 157; in Ger- many, 352, notes; their belief in a future state, ii. 170 and note; in- trusted their money to their priests, ib.; their contempt for the Germans, iv. 345; trade of, 362, note; contro- versies respecting their relation to the Franks, 364.
GAZA, Theodore, translates Aristotle and Theophrastus, viii. 115. GEBER, Arabian physician,. vi. 402. GEBERIC, king of the Goths, defeats the Sarmatians, ii. 361.
GEDROSIA, district of, described, i. 310, note.
GEISA, Hungarian prince, his influence in Germany, vii. 79. GELALEDDIN, son of Mohammed sultan of Carizme, valiant defence against the Mongols, viii. 9; death, 21. GELALEAN ERA of the Turks, when established, vii. 166.
GELASIUS, pope, abolishes the Luper- calia, iv. 283.
GELASIUS II., pope, his scandalous
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