GREGORY. Salerno, ib.; his design of a cru- sade, 179; founder of the papal mo- narchy, viii. 192; exile, ib.; suc- cessors, ib. GREGORY IX, pope, excommunicates the emperor Frederick II., vii. 270. GREGORY X., pope, receives the sub- mission of the Greek church at the council of Lyons, vii. 373; institutes the conclave, viii. 212. GREGORY XI., pope, final return of,
from Avignon to Rome, viii. 250; death, 251.
GREGORY XII., pope, viii. 254; re- nounces the tiara, 256. GREGORY XIII., pope, publishes a code of laws for Rome, viii. 259. GREGORY, bishop of Adrianople, pa- triarch of Constantinople, vii. 371 and note M.
GREGORY of Tours, account of, iv.
379 and note; literary character, 380 and note.
GREGORY BAR-HEBRÆUS, V. Abul- pharagius.
GREGORY, præfect of Africa, comes to the relief of Tripoli, besieged by the Arabs, vi. 343; heroism of his daughter, 344; death of Gregory, and capture of his daughter, 345; their genuine history, 346, note S. GRIMES DYKE, i. 141, note S. GRIMM, his hypothesis respecting the Goths, i. 375, note S.
GRIMOALD, duke of Beneventum, art-
ful flattery of Charlemagne, vi. 174. GROTIUS, political principles of, iii. 7, note; his unfounded tale of Ma- homet's pigeon, vi. 263 note. GRUMBATES, king of the Chionites, allied with the Persians, ii. 406; summons Amida to surrender to Sapor, 407; his son killed there, ib. ; Sapor promises to avenge him, ib. GRUTHUNGI, v. Ostrogoths. GUARDIANS and wards, Roman law of, v. 301; Gibbon's view corrected, ib. note S. GUBAZES, king of Lazica, invites Chos- roes Nushirvan to expel the Romans, v. 200; repentance, ib.; history of, 203; treacherously killed by order of Justinian, 204; judicial inquiry into his death, ib.
GUELFS and GHIBELINS, vi. 189; fac- tions of, vii. 289; negociations of, with the Romans, viii. 191.
GUESTS of the Romans, barbarian in- vaders of Gaul so called, iv. 130. GUIBERT, his character as an historian, vii. 191, note and note S.
GUILT, how measured by the legisla tor, v. 321. GUISCARD, Robert, defeats pope Leo IX., vii. 109; birth and character, 110; etymology of his surname, 112 and note; saluted count of Apulia, ib.; made duke by pope Nicholas II., 113; Italian conquests of, 114; his daughter betrothed to Constantine, son of the emperor Michael, 119; sets up a pretended Michael, ib.; invades the Eastern empire, 120; be- sieges Durazzo, 121; burns his ships, 123; defeats Alexius Com- nenus, 124; takes Durazzo, 126; return, ib.; delivers pope Gregory VII. from the arms of the emperor Henry III., 129; second expedition to Greece, 130; victory over the Greek and Venetian fleets, ib.; death, 131; buried at Venusia, ib. GUNDAMUND, king of the African Vandals, oppresses the Catholics, iv. 329. GUNDELINA, wife of Theodatus, king of Italy, her intrigues with Theo- dora, v. 129, notes.
GUNDOBALD Succeeds to the command of his uncle Ricimer's army, iv. 294; makes Glycerius emperor of_the West, ib.; becomes king of the Bur- gundians, 354; defeated by Clovis, 355; accepts military tenure under him, ib. GUNPOWDER, early use of, by the Chinese, iv. 240, note; used by the Mongols in the conquest of China, viii. 10, 11, and note M.; invention and use of, 75 and note M. GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS, how represented by the Austrians, i. 376, note. GUY OF LUSIGNAN, king of Jerusalem, character, vii. 297; overthrown by Saladin at Hittin, ib.; captivity and ransom, 258.
GYARUS, isle of, its poverty and misery, i. 297.
HADJ, species of Mahometan pilgrim- age, vi. 232, note S.
HADRIAN. HADRIAN, wall of, i. 141, note S.; re- signs the eastern conquests of Trajan, 144; contrasted with Trajan and Antoninus Pius, ib.; his frequent journeys, ib. and notes M. and S.; en- couraged military exercises, 148; adoption of, 213; character, ib.; adopts Verus, 214; makes Trebizond a port, 397; his library at Athens, v. 91; mausoleum of, converted into a fortress by Belisarius, 139; de- scription of, ib.; corrected, ib. note M.; establishes the Perpetual Edict, 267; not the first to assume the legislative power, 268, note W. HADRIAN, prætorian præfect, Claudian's epigram on, iv. 64; Hadrian's re- venge, ib.
HADRIANOPLE, battle of, between Con- stantine and Licinius, ii. 146; be- tween Valens and the Goths, iii. 335; immense slaughter at, 337; besieged by the Goths, 338.
HAHN, M., his Marcionite Gospel, ii. 164.
HAKEM, Fatimite caliph of Egypt, his vice, folly, and despotism, vii. 173; assumes the character of God upon earth, ib.; his followers the Druses, 174 and note M.; sacrilege at Jeru- salem, 175; assassinated, ib. HAMADANITES, Saracen dynasty of, in Mesopotamia, vi. 422. HAMYABITES, Arabian tribe derived from the Amalekites, Amazonian women of, vi. 318 and note.
HANBAL, fanaticism of the sect of, vi. 423.
HANNIBAL, route over the Alps, ii. 127,
notes; and the Roman senate, iv. 70. HANNIBALIANUS, brother of Constantine,
ii. 348; massacred by his nephew Constantius, 365. HANNIBALIANUS, nephew of Constan- tine, made Cæsar with the title of Nobilissimus, ii. 355; the only Ro- man prince distinguished by the title of King, ib. and 356, note M.; re- sided at Cæsarea, 357; his kingdom, ib.; excluded from the empire by the troops, 364; massacred by Con- stantius II., 365.
HANSEATIC LEAGUE, vi. 191 and 192, note M.
HAPPINESS, public, precarious under a despotism, i. 217; the caliph Ab- dalrahman's reflections on, vi. 397
HARBII, or sects proscribed by the Ma- hometans, vi. 366, notes. HARDOUIN, PERE, his theory respecting the Eneid, ii. 196, note. HARAM, Turkish delicacy respecting the, viii. 50 and notes.
HARAN, temple of the Moon at, vi. 214. HARMOZAN, satrap of Ahwaz and Susa, surrenders to Omar, vi. 297; inter- view with that caliph, ib. HARPIES, Le Clerc's happy conjecture respecting, ii. 288, note.
HARUN AL RASHID, his presents to Charlemagne, vi. 176; wars against the Romans, 404; ascends the throne, 405; his title of Al Rashid or Just,' ib.; slaughter of the Bar- mecides, ib. and note S.; reception of the ambassadors of Nicephorus, ib.; incestuous passion for his sister, ib. note S.; marries her to Djafar the Barmecide, ib.; answer to Nice- phorus, 406; subdues that emperor, b.; motives for withdrawing from Bagdad, ib. note and note S. HARUSPICES, Tuscan, consulted by Julian, iii. 211 and note. HASHEMITES, family of Mahomet, vi. 212, 216.
HASSAN, son of Ali, wounded in the defence of the caliph Othman, vi. 274; waives his claims to the cali- phate in favour of Moawiyah, 278. HASSAN, governor of Egypt, and lieu-
tenant of Abdalmalek, takes Carthage, vi. 350; destruction of that city wrongly ascribed to him instead of Musa, 351 and note S.
HASSAN, the Janizary, valour at the
assault of Constantinople, viii. 171. HATRA, or ATRA, site of, iii. 222, note S.
HAWKING, v. Falconry.
HAWKWOOD, JOHN, English mercenary,
his adventures and negociations with the emperor John I. Palæologus, viii. 83 and note.
HEBAL, statue of, in the Caaba, vi. 212.
HEBDOMON, or field of Mars, its dis-
tance from Constantinople, iii. 236. HEEREN, his history of the crusades
characterised, vii. 277, note M. HEGIRA or era of the flight of Ma- homet, vi. 242; instituted by Omar, ib. note.
HEINECCIUS, his works on civil law, v.
258, note; mistaken respecting the edicts of the prætors, 266, note W.; and respecting the perpetual Edict of Hadrian, 268, note W. HEINICHEN, on the interpolated passage of Josephus, ii. 235, note M. HEJAZ, province of Arabia, vi. 198; meaning of the name, ib. note S. HELENA, mother of Constantine the Great, ii. 109; converted to Chris- tianity by her son, iii. 3, note. HELENA, sister of Constantius II., mar- ries Julian, ii. 396; dies in childbed, iii. 112. HELENA, consort of Constantine Por- phyrogenitus, saves her husband's life, vi. 103; administration of, ib. HELENA, mother of the last Comneni, heroism in burying her children, viii. 182, note M.
HELENA, city of, Illiberis whence so called, ii. 376, note.
HELIGOLAND, how peopled, iv. 399, note S.
HELIOPOLIS taken by the Saracens, vi. 316.
HELL, Mahomet's, vi. 235.
HELLESPONT, current of the, ii. 148, note; described, 290, whether justly called broad, ib. and note. HELMICHIS, his intrigue with Rosa- mond, queen of Alboin, v. 339; as- sists her revenge, ib. ; murdered by her, 340.
HELVETII, i. 358, note.
HENDINOS, king of the Burgundians so called, iii. 261.
HENGIST and HORSA undertake the de- fence of Britain, iv. 387; are mythi- cal persons, ib. note S.; Hengist erects a kingdom of the Jutes in Kent, 388.
HENOTICON, the, of the emperor Zeno, account of, vi. 31.
HENRY THE FOWLER, king of Germany,
vi. 179; his victory over the Hun- garians, vii. 77.
HENRY III., emperor, alliance with Alexius Comnenus, vii. 127; his three sieges of Rome, 128; gets possession of it by bribery, ib.; sets up Pope Clement III., ib.; crowned in the Vatican, ib.; flies before Robert Guiscard, 129.
HENRY VI., emperor, conquers Sicily, vii. 144; his cruelty and avarice, 145.
HENRY IV., of France, reseinblance to Clovis, iv. 353; answer of a Spanish ambassador to, vii. 379.
HENRY, brother of Baldwin I., succeeds to the empire of Constantinople, vii. 332; character, 333; repulses the Bulgarians, 334 and note M.; con- cludes a truce with them, 334; liberal policy, ib.; opposed the pride and avarice of the clergy, 335; death, ib.
HENRY THE WONDERFUL, duke of Brunswick, account of, vii. 395, notes.
HEPTARCHY, Saxon in Britain, iv. 389; wrongly so called, ib. note M. HERA, cave of, near Mecca, frequented by Mahomet, vi. 222.
HERACLEA PONTICA, razed by Harun- al-Rashid, vi. 406.
HERACLEONAS, son of Martina, associ-
ated in the empire with Constantine, son of Heraclius, vi. 72; deposed and mutilated, 74.
HERACLIAN, Count, perfidiously executes Stilicho, by command of Olympius, iv. 61; assists Honorius against Atta- lus, 100; oppresses the Italian fugi- tives from the sack of Rome, 107; revolts, 117; defeat and death, 118. HERACLIANUS conspires against Gal- lienus, ii. 2.
HERACLIUS, son of the exarch, expedi- tion against Phocas, v. 388; captures and beheads him, 389; elected .em- peror, ib.; genealogical table, ib. note S.; condemns Crispus to a mo- nastery, 390; suppliant embassies to Chosroes II., 396; contemplated flight to Carthage, ib.; nearly cap- tured by the Avars, 397; submits to a Persian tribute, ib.; his incon- sistent character, 398; incestuous marriage, ib. ; first expedition against the Persians, 399; camp and disci- pline at Issus, 400; defeats the Persians, 401; second Persian expe- dition, 402; threatens Casbin and Ispahan, 403; defeats the Persians, 404; takes Salban, ib.; personal prowess on the banks of the Sarus, ib.; defensive war on the Phasis, 406; alliance with the Turks, ib. · third Persian expedition, 408; valour 409; takes and plunders Dastagerd, ib.; return, 410; concludes a peace with Siroes, 413; enters Constant!.
nople in triumph, ib.; pilgrimage to Jerusalem, 414; Ecthesis of, vi. 42; a Maronite, 56; apparent glory and real weakness, ib. ; death, 73; enter- tains an ambassador of Mahomet, 257; declining energy of, and flight from Syria, 324; date of his death, 335, note.
HERACLIUS, the Cynic, encourages Pro- copius in his revolt, iii. 239, note M. HERACLIUS, the præfect, his expedition against Genseric, iv. 283; joins the expedition of Basiliscus, 285. HERACLIUS, exarch of Africa, refuses obedience to Phocas, v. 388. HERACLIUS, favourite eunuch of Valen- tinian III., incites him against Aëtius, iv. 249; assassinated, 251. HEREUM, summer palace of Theodora, v. 78.
HERAT, story of the fire temple and mosque at, vi. 368.
HERCULES, columns of, i. 163.
HERCULIANS, guards of Diocletian, ii.
HERCULIUS, title of Maximian, ii. 67. HERCYNIAN FOREST, its state in the time of Cæsar, i. 351.
HEREDITARY SUCCESSION, its advan- tages, i. 304.
HERESY, origin of, ii. 163; Constan-
tine's edict against, iii. 41; severe edicts of Theodosius the Great against,
273. HERMANRIC, king of the Ostrogoths, his conquests, iii. 282 sq.; etymology of his name, ib. note S.; Gibbon's account legendary, ib.; assists the Goths, 285; his dominions invaded by the Huns, 317; death, ib. HERMANBIC, king of the Suevi in Spain, defeated by Genseric, iv. 177. HERMENEGILD, son of Leovegild, king of Spain, converted to the orthodox faith through his wife Ingundis, iv. 338; heads a catholic rebellion, ib.; put to death by his father, 339 and note S.; canonized, ib.
HERMINIANUS, Claudius, his severity
towards the Christians, ii. 244, note. HERMITS, origin and history of, iv. 306.
HERMODORUS, the Ephesian, assisted in framing the laws of the twelve tables, v. 261 and note S. HERMOGENES, general of the cavalry, murdered by the Constantinopolitans
whilst attempting to expel bishop Paul, iii. 91.
HERMOGENIAN code, v. 271 and note S. HERO and Leander, story of, ii. 290 and note M.
HEROD, son of Odenathus, murdered, ii. 21.
HERODES ATTICUS, munificence of, i. 182, sq.; 194, note. HERODIAN, his Life of Alexander Se- verus preferable to that in the Au- gustan History, i. 293, note. HERODIAN, officer of Justinian, delivers Spoleto to the Goths, v. 225. HERODIANS, Sect of, ii. 153, notes. HERODOTUS, his account the Persian worship, i. 335. HERULI, subdued by Hermanric, iii. 283; emigrations of the, v. 14; eth- nology of the, ib. note S.; under Narses, refuse to serve after his de- parture, 150 and note.
HIERAPOLIS, city and temple of, iii. 187; Julian's halt at, 188; called 'Ninus vetus,' ib. note; site of, ib. note S.; called Bambyce, ib. HIERARCHY, imperial, ii. 304. HIEROCLES, Elagabalus' husband, i. 283, note.
HIEROGLYPHICS, explained to Germani- cus by the Egyptian priests, ii. 400, note; probable origin of, ib. HILARION, St., preserves Epidaurus from being swallowed up by the sea, iii. 293, note.
HILARION, the Syrian anachoret, iv. 308, 309 and note.
HILARIUS, senator of Antioch, iii. 389; made governor of Palestine by Theo dosius, 391.
HILARY, pope, obliges the emperor Anthemius to renounce his principles of toleration, iv. 281.
HILARY, bishop of Poitiers, his account of the Oriental clergy, iii. 58; la- ments the diversity of creeds, 59; opinion on the Homoioousion, 61· long ignorance of the Nicene creed ib.; supports Athanasius against Constantius II., 80.
HILDERIC, king of the African Vandals,
character, iv. 329; v. 97; deposed by Gelimer, ib.; Justinian interferes in his favour, 98; executed by Geli- mer, 109.
HILDIBALD elected commander of the Goths of Italy, by the influence of
Uraias, v. 215; puts Uraias to death, ib.; assassinated, ib.
HINDOOS, their religion not that of Zoroaster, vi. 368, note. HINDOSTAN, expeditions of Mahmud the Gaznevide into, vii. 148; con- quered by Timour, viii. 46. HIONG-NOU, whether identical the Huns, iii. 307, note S. HIPPO REGIUS, colony of described, iv. 182; besieged by Genseric, ib.; death of St. Augustin at, ib. HIPPOLYTUS, his refutation of heresies, vi. 5, note and note S. HIRA, Arabian tribe, vi. 204. HIRA reduced by Caled, vi. 291; site of, ib. note S.
HISMAHELITE, Slavonian tribe, vii. 79 and note S.
HISTORY, principal subjects of, i. 371; Eastern, defective before the time of Mahomet, 407.
HOLAGOU Khan, grandson of Zingis, conquers Persia and the empire of the caliphs, viii. 12 and note M. HOMERITES Conquered by the Abyssi- nians, v. 207.
HOMER, Julian's admiration for, iii. 138; Florentine edition of, viii 118, note.
HOMICIDE, how punished by St. Basil, iii. 394, note; fines for among the Franks and Ripuarians, iv. 367; rates of, 368, 381.
HOMOIOOUSIANBs, Arian sect of, iii. 61. HOMOOUSION, term explained, iii. 56; established by the Council of Nice, ib.; different interpretations of, 57 and note.
HONAIN, war of, vi. 255.
HONAIN, Arabian physician, chief trans-
lator of the Greek writers, vi. 400, note.
HONGVOU founds the Chinese dynasty
HONORIA, sister of Valentinian III., ad- ventures of, iv. 229; her advances to Attila, 230. HONORIANS, troops in the service of the usurper Constantine, so called, iv. 56; how composed, ib. note. HONORIUS, walls of, ii. 17, note S.; suc- ceeds to the empire of the West, iv. 1; marries Maria, daughter of Stili- cho, 21; character of Honorius, 22; flies from Milan on the approach of Alaric, 34; takes refuge in Ravenna,
35, note S.; celebrates his triamph over the Goths at Rcre, 39; abo- lishes gladiatorial shows, 41 (v. note S.); fixes his residence at Ravenna, 41; becomes suspicious of Stilicho, 59; visits the camp at Pavia, 60; permits the death of Stilicho, 61; rejects the service of al' but Catho- lics, 67; exasperates the foreign auxiliaries to join Alaric, 68; im- prudent letter respecting the latter, 96; consents to share his empire with Attalus, 99; his offer rejected, ib.; deserted by Jovius and Valens, 100; supported by Heraclian, count of Egypt, ib.; degrading submission to Alaric, 101; insulting proclama- tion against, ib.; laws for the relief of Italy, after its evacuation by the Goths, 116; Spanish triumph, 128; recognizes the independence of Bri- tain and Armorica, 131; associates Constantius in the empire, 171; fond- ness for and quarrel with his sister Placidia, 172; death, ib.; persecuted the Donatists in Africa, 179.
HONOUR, three ranks of, introduced by Constantine, ii. 305.
HORMISDAS, prince of Persia, witty sayings of, ii. 400, note; becomes general of Julian, iii. 192; his sin- gular adventures, ib., Sapor's mes- sage to, for peace, 206; his son aids the revolt of Procopius, 240; made a proconsul, ib. HORMOUZ, Son of Nushirvan, succeeds to the Persian throne, v. 367; his tyranny and vices, ib.; danger of his kingdom, 368; envy and insult to Bahram, 370; deposed and im- prisoned, 371; pleads his cause be- fore the nobles, ib. ; condemned, ib.; put to death by Bindoes, 372 and note M.
HORMUZ contends for the throne of Persia, ii. 81.
HORNS, military, of the Germans, iii. 325, note.
HORSES, Venetian, excellence of, v. 351 and note; Arabian, account of, vi. 199; bronze, carried by the Vene- tians from Constantinople to the place of St. Mark, vii. 319, note. HOSEIN, son of Ali, rebels against Yezid, vi. 278; his tragical death, 279; Persian festival of his martyrdom, 280 and note
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