HOSPITALERS, knights, vii. 231. HOSTILIANUS, son of Decius, elected emperor, i. 386; death, 387. HOURIS, Mahomet's, vi. 236. HOUSES, Roman, loftiness of, iv. 88; inconvenience of, ib.; rent, ib.; number of, 89.
HOWELL, character of his 'History of the World,' ii. 321. HUGH, king of Burgundy, marries Ma-
rozia, vi. 185; insults her sch Al- beric, and is expelled by him, ib. HUGH, count of Vermandois, a leader in the first crusade, vii. 196; why styled the Great,' 197 and note S.; receives the golden standard of St. Peter from the pope, 203; brought as a captive to Constantinople, 204; his pompous titles, ib. and note S. HUGHES, Mr., character of his tragedy of the 'Siege of Damascus,' vi. 311, note. HUGO, king of Italy, pedigree, vii. 24; profligacy, 25.
HUMAN RACE, happiest period of the, i. 216; diminution of the, under Gal- lienus, 415; nature, two natural pro- pensities of, ii. 184; Gibbon's opinion examined, 185, note M.
HUME, his Natural History of Re- ligion,' i. 165, note; corrected, 249, note; his difficulty as to the extent of the imperial palace at Rome, 267, note; his remark on intolerance, 338 note, and note S.
HUNGARIANS, Works on the history of the, vii. 70, note, and note M.; de- scended from the Turks, ib.; emi- grations, ib.; Finnish origin and language, 71 and note S.; original abode, ib.; first appearance on the Danube, 72, note S.; manners and tactics, 73; first establishments and inroads, 75; defeated by Henry the Fowler, 77; humbled by Otho the Great, 78.
HUNGARY, Great, iii. 313. HUNGARY, how occupied, iv. 192 and note S.; state of, under Charle- magne, vi. 175; conquered by the Mongols, viii. 14.
HUNIADES, John, his campaign against
the Turks, viii. 129; defeat at Varna, 132; history of, 133; elected go- vernor of Hungary after the death of Ladislaus, 134; conduct at the battle of Cossova, ib.; defence of Belgrade, ib.; death, 135.
HUNNERIC, son of Genseric, king o the Vandals, marries Eudocia, daughter of Valentinian III., iv. 277; persecutes his Catholic subjects, 329. HUNS, origin and seat, iii. 306 and note S.; conquests in Scythia, 307; war with the Chinese, 309; defeat Kaoti, ib.; are vanquished by the arms and policy of Vouti, 310; their emigrations, 312; establish themselves in Sogdiana, ib.; this division called Euthalites, ib.; or rather Ephthalites, ib. note S.; also White Huns, 313; their wars with Persia, ib.; Huns of the Volga, ib. ; subdue the Alani, 315; attack the dominions of Hermanric, 316; their ugliness, ib. and note S.; fable of their origin, 317; defeat the Goths on the Dniester, 318; vanquished and driven northwards by the Geou- gen, iv. 44; driven from Thrace, 160; revival of their power under Attila, 191; settlement in Hun- gary, 192; assist the usurper John, ib.; extort a tribute from Theo- dosius the Younger, ib.; human sacrifices, 195; believed by the Geougen to have power over the elements, 196, note; ravage the East in the reign of Arcadius, 197; attack the Persians under Attila, 198; invade the eastern empire, 199; ravages on the Illyrian frontier, 200; barbarous mode of warfare, 201; estimation of their Roman captives, 203; invade and ravage Gaul, 231; invade Italy, 239; dis- solution of their empire after the death of Attila, 247 sq.; invade Britain, 389.
HUNTING of wild beasts, use and abuse of, i. 230, 311, note.
HYCSOs, or Shepherd Kings, conquerors of Egypt, vi. 206, note and note M. HYMETTUS, bees and honey of, vii. 386 and note.
HYPATIA, daughter of Theon the ma- thematician, her beauty and learn- ing, vi. 14; murdered by Cyril, patriarch of Alexandria, ib. HYPATIUS, nephew of the emperor Anastasius, crowned by the people in the Nika sedition, v. 54; ex- ecuted, 55.
HYPHASIS, march of Alexander the Great to the, i. 165.
IBAS of Edessa, condemned of heresy, vi. 39. IBERIA reduced by Trajan, i. 143; kings of, nominated by the Romans, ii. 88; how Christianized, iii. 24, note M.
IBERIAN and Caspian gates of mount Caucasus, v. 88 and note M. IBERIANS subdued by Sapor, iii. 278. IBN HISHAM, his biography of Ma- homet, vi. 238, note S.
IBN ISCHAC, his biography of Mahomet, vi. 238, note S.
IBRAHIM, chief of the Abbassides, seized and imprisoned by the Om- miades, vi. 391.
IBRAHIM, son of Aglab, lieutenant of Harun, founds the dynasty of the Aglabites, vi. 420.
IBRAHIM, vizir of Amurath II., his virtues, viii. 68; descendants, ib. note.
ICASIA, loses the hand of the emperor
Theophilus, vi. 93.
ICENI, British tribe, i. 157.
ICHOGLANS, Turkish class of, viii. 74. ICHTHYOPHAGI, or fish-eaters, of Ge- drosia, i. 340, note; vi. 198 and note. ICONIUM, or Cogni, capital of the sul- tans of Roum, vii. 239 and note S.; taken by Frederick Barbarossa, 246. ICONOCLASTS, account of the, vi. 140; histories of, ib. note, and note M. IDATIUS, his account of the barbarian invasions of Spain, iv. 124. IDOLATERS easily converted, iii. 421, 423.
IDOLATRY, account of that term, iii. 100, note.
IGILIUM, isle of, a refuge for the Romans after the sack of Alaric, iv. 107.
IGMAZEN, king of the Isaflenses, sur- renders the body of Firmus the Moor to Theodosius, iii. 275; length of the war between him and Theo- dosius, ib. note M.
IGNATIUS, St., quoted traditions, ii. 164, note; vindicated, ib. note G.; his escape from martyrdom, 245, note; his ardent desire for that dis- tinction, 252; object of his epistle to the Smyrnæans, vi. 5, note.
ILERDA, or Lerida, i. 392, note. ILIUM, design of removing the empire to, ii. 90, note.
ILLIBERIS, council of, ii. 202; city of named Helena after Constantine's mother, 376, note.
ILLUSTRIOUS, rank of, ii. 305, 325. ILLYRICUM, described, i. 158 and note;
western, annexed to the eastern em- pire of Theodosius the Younger, iv. 174.
IMAGES, worship of, momentous con- sequences of the dispute concerning, vi. 134; derived from paganism, 135; when established, 136; opposition to, 140; condemned by the council of Constantinople, 141; restored by Irene, 163; finally established by Theodora and the second council of Nice, 165.
IMAMS, twelve Persian, vi. 280; sanctity of Mahadi, the twelfth and last, ib. IMAUS, mount, v. 173. IMMA, daughter of Charlemagne, hei marriage with Eginhard, vi. 170, note.
IMME, battle of and defeat of Macrinus, i. 279 and note; battle of between Aurelian and Zenobia, ii. 23, note (v. Antioch).
IMMORTALS, royal Persian cavalry so called, iii. 217 and note. IMPERATOR, nature of that title, and use by the Roman emperors, i. 198, note, and note S.; altered meaning of that word under Diocletian, ii. 93. INA, king of Wessex, laws of, iv. 397 and notes.
INCARNATION, history of the doctrine of the, vi. 3.
INCEST, Roman law of, v. 299; in- fringed and altered by the empero. Claudius, ib. note S.
INCOME TAX under Constantine, il 341;
called Lustral Contribution, 342.
INDIA. INDIA, commerce of the Romans with, i. 192 and notes; ambassadors from to Constantine, ii. 362 and note; ignorance of the Romans respecting, iii. 180, note; science of, whether borrowed from the Greeks, v. 178 and note M.
INDIAN commodities taxed by Alex. Severus, i. 298; price, ib. note. INDICTIONS, date of that æra, ii. 130, note; name and use, whence derived, 333; origin and method of using, ib. note S.; name transferred to the tribute which it prescribed, 334 and 337, note S.
INDULGENCES, papal, origin and nature of, vii. 187.
INFANTS, exposed and abandoned, Con- stantine's law to prevent this crime, ii. 142; often rescued by the Chris- tians, 201.
INFERNAL regions, ancient notions of, ii. 170 and note.
INGO destroys the temple of Upsal, i. 376.
INGULPHUS, secretary of William the Conqueror, accompanies the great pilgrimage to Jerusalem, vii. 176. INGUNDIS, Consort of Hermenegild, her persecution by Goisvintha, and its effects, iv. 338.
INHERITANCE, Roman law of, v. 306 s 5 sqq. INJURIES, Roman law concerning, v. 314.
INNOCENT, bishop of Rome, accom-
panies the embassy to Alaric, iv. 95. INNOCENT II., pope, excommunicates Roger king of Sicily, vii. 133; con- demns the heresy of Arnold of Brescia, viii. 195.
INNOCENT III., pope, persecutes the Albigeois, vii. 58; character, 267; promotes the fourth and fifth cru- sades, 268; proclaims the fourth crusade, 288; excommunicates the crusaders for attacking Zara, 296; reproaches their conduct at Constan- tinople, 313.
INQUISITION, establishment of the, vii. 268.
INQUISITORS, religious, first established
by Theodosius the Great, iii. 374. INSTITUTES of Justinian, publication of, v. 283; analysis of, 289. INSULA, or Roman lodging-house, iv. 88, note.
INTEREST of Money, Roman law of, v.
314 and notes; condemned by the fathers and clergy, ib. and note. INTERREGNUM after the death of Aure- lian; both the senate and the army decline to elect an emperor, ii. 34; length of, ib. note S.
INTILINE, province of, ii. 87 and notes. INVESTITURES, papal, to the Normans, vii. 110.
IONA, isle of, its monasticism and learn- ing, iv. 309, 310, note. IRELAND, contemplated reduction cf, by Agricola, i. 140; (Erin or Ierne), whence colonized, iii. 267, sq. IRENEUS, did not enjoy the gift of tongues, ii. 178 and note M. IRENE, an Athenian orphan, marries Leo IV., emperor of Constantinople, vi. 85; appointed guardian of their son Constantine, 86; zeal in restoring images, ib.; disputes the empire with her son, ib.; blinds and deposes him, 87; her reign, ib.; deposed and banished by Nicephorus, ib.; restores the worship of images, 163; persecutes the iconoclasts, ib.; correspondence of Charlemagne with,
IRENE, or Pansophia, concubine of Dioscorus, patriarch of Alexandria, epigram concerning, vi. 28 and note. IRNAC, youngest son of Attila, retires into Lesser Scythia, iv. 248.
IRON, Siberian, its excellence and plenty, v. 173, note.
ISA, son of Bajazet, his reign, viii. 67. ISAAC I., Comnenus, defeats the troops of Michael IV. and is crowned emperor at Constantinople, vi. 113; abdicates in favour of Constantine Ducas, ib.
ISAAC II., Angelus, heads an insurrec- tion against Andronicus I. Com- nenus, and ascends the throne of Constantinople, vi. 130; character and reign, vii. 285; scandalous em- bassy to Saladin, ib.; acknowledges the independence of the Bulgarians, 286; deposed, blinded, and impri- soned by his brother Alexius, 287; restored by the Crusaders, 305; in- terview with the Latin ambassadors, ib.; deposed by Mourzoufle, 310; death, ib.
ISAAC, son of John Comnenus, con-
cedes the crown to his brother Alexius, vi. 117.
ISAAC, an Armenian bishop, his defence of King Artasires, iv. 169. ISAURIANS, rebellion of the against the emperor Gallienus, i. 414; chas- tised by Probus, ii. 43; besiege Se- leucia, 395; incursions of the, v. 81; war with Anastasius, 82; re- duced to submission, ib. ISDIGUNE, ambassador from Chosroes to Justinian, his pomp and eloquence, v. 204.
ISIDORE the Milesian, colleague of the architect Anthemius, v. 73. ISIDORE, archbishop of Russia, receives a cardinal's hat for assenting to the union of the Greek and Latin churches, viii. 101; condemned and imprisoned in Russia, 124; legate from the Pope to Constantine Palæo- logus, 156; his escape at the taking of Constantinople by the Turks, 174, notes and note M.
ISIS and SERAPIS, their temples at Rome, i. 169, sq.; worship of, iii.
ISLAM, meaning of that term, vi. 222,
note S.; four practical duties of, 234, note S.
ISMAEL, progenitor of the Arabs, vi. 202.
ISMAEL, the Seljuk, his conversation
with Mahmud the Gaznevide, vii. 152.
ISMAEL BEG, prince of Sinope, sur-
renders to the Turks, viii. 182; his revenues, ib. note.
ISMAELITES, Shiite sect, account of, vi. 417, note S.
ISOCRATES, price of his lessons, v. 91. Issus, city of, v. 400 and note. 1STER, Lower Danube why so called, i. 159 and note.
ISTRIA, annexed to Italy, i. 157. ITALICA, birthplace of Trajan, Hadrian,
and Theodosius, iii. 343 and note. ITALIAN, modern language how formed, v. 350 and note M.
ITALIANS, their character in the six-
teenth century, iv. 109; separated from the Goths, by Theodoric, v. 12. ITALY described, i. 157; divided into eleven regions by Augustus, ib.; its distinction from the provinces, 171; singular change in the application of its name, ii. 314, note S.; invaded by the Goths under Alaric, iv. 31; kingdom of, Western empire reduced
to the, iv. 276; miserable state of under Odoacer, 303; reduced by Theodoric the Ostrogoth, v. 10; flourishing state of under him, 22; invaded by Belisarius, 132; oppres- sion of by Justinian's generals and by his minister Alexander, 217; in- vaded by the Franks and Alemanni, 237; civil settlement of by Justinian after its reduction by Narses, 241; desolation caused by the Gothic war, 242; conquests of the Lombards in, 337; harassed by them, 346; how divided between them and the ex- archate of Ravenna, 348; at the in- stigation of Pope Gregory II. revolts from the Emperor Leo the Isaurian in the cause of image worship, vi. 148; Byzantine dominion preserved in till the time of Charlemagne, 150; extent of his empire in, 174; rise of the cities of, 187; ravaged by the Hungarians, vii. 76; conflict of the Saracens, Latins, and Greeks in, 96. ITHACIUS, bishop, his cruelty, iii. 376. ITINERARY from the wall of Antoninus to Jerusalem, i. 188, note; of Alex- ander, ii. 370, note M.; of Trajan, ib.
JAAFAR, kinsman of Mahomet, heroic death at Muta, vi. 257. JABALAH, chief of the Christian Ara- bians of the tribe of Gassan, account of, vi. 319 and note.
JACOB, son of Leith, his pious robbery, vi. 421; founds the dynasty of the Soffarides, ib.; makes war on the caliph, ib.; death, ib. JACOBITES, or Monophysites, account of, vi. 53; persecuted by Justin, ib.; name of Jacobites derived from James Baradæus, 54; absurdity of their tenets, 55; austerity, ib.; of Egypt, form an alliance with the Arabs during the siege of Memphis, 332; their mission to Cairoan, 370. JALULA, Yezdegerd defeated at by the Saracens, vi. 296.
JAMES, ST., romances concerning, ii. 212.
JAMES, ST., bishop of Edessa, his mira- cles there, ii. 372, note. JANE, sister of the Count of Savoy, marries Andronicus the Younger,
emperor of Constanticople, and as- sumes the name of Anne, vii. 395; conspires against the regent John Cantacuzene, 397.
JANE, queen of Naples, arraigned before Rienzi, for strangling her husband, viii. 236; parallel of with Mary of Scotland, ib. note.
JANIZARIES, destroy the Hippodrome of Constantinople, ii. 298, note G.; account of the institution of the, viii. 29 and note M.; meaning of the name, 29; discipline of the, 74; Greek, 99 and note.
JANSENISTS, Compare Athanasius and Arnauld, iii. 84, note.
JANUS, temple of, when last opened, i. 325; state of in the time of Belisa- rius, v. 140; originally a gate, ib. note. JAROSLAUS, Sovereign of Russia, attacks Constantinople, vii. 88.
JAZYGE, Sarmatians described by Ovid, probably of that tribe, ii. 359; account of, ib. and notes; choose a Vandal king, ib.
JAZYGES, Cumanian tribe, vii. 79 and note S.
JEHAN NUMA, or watch-tower of the world, Mahomet II.'s palace at Adrianople, viii. 150.
JERMUK, or Hieromax, date of the battle of, vi. 310, note S.; battle of, between the Romans and Saracens described, 318.
JEREMIAH the prophet, his conduct compared with that of the Roman Senate towards Hannibal, iv. 71. JEROM, ST., his abilities engaged in the service of Damasus, bishop of Rome, iii. 255; his complaints of the ra- vages of the Goths, 340. JERUSALEM, temple of destroyed, ii. 237, note; Julian's design to rebuild the temple, iii. 154; city described, 155; state under Hadrian, ib.; cir- cumference of the ancient city, ib. note; under Hadrian, ib. note S.; Gibbon's account corrected, ib.; Holy Sepulchre, pilgrimages to, 156; site, ib. note M.; vices of the in- habitants, 157; Julian's attempt to rebuild the Temple supernaturally frustrated, 159; testimony of the Christians, 160; of Ammianus, ib. ; physically explained by Michaelis, ib. note G.; excavations under the
temple, ib. 161 and 162, note M.; the explosions occasioned by inflammable air collected in these, ib.; spoils of the temple carried from Rome to Carthage by Genseric, iv. 257; taken by the Persians under Chos roes II., v. 392; tumults of the Mo- nophysite monks at, vi. 30; Maho- met's first Kebla of prayer, 232 and note S.; taken by the Saracens under Abu Obeidah, 320; called Ælia by the Arabs as well as Romans, ib. note; mosch founded by Omar, 321; state of, under the Abbasside caliphs, vii. 171; pilgrimages to, ib. ; annual miracle of the flame in the holy sepulchre, 172 and notes; state under the Fatimite caliphs, 173; sacrilege of the caliph Hakem, 175; great pil- grimage to, under the archbishop of Mentz, 176; conquered by the Turks, ib.; regained by the Fati- mite caliphs, 223; siege and con- quest of by the Crusaders, 225; massacre, 227 and note S.; oppres- sions of the Latin clergy at, 229; feudal kingdom of, 230; assize of, 232; taken by Saladin, 259; en- tered by Frederick II., 270; taken and pillaged by the Carizmians, 271. JERUSALEM, NEW, idea of the, ii. 174. JESUITS, mission to Abyssinia, vi. 65; expelled, 67.
JEWS, encouraged by Artaxerxes, i.
339, note M.; rebellion of in the reign of Hadrian, 145, note; religious character of the, ii. 153 and notes M.; their zeal increased under the second temple, 154; their cruelty and unsociability, 155; did not pros- clytize, ib.; defence of their conduct, ib. note M.; first adopted the doc- trine of a future state under the As- monæan princes, 172; rebellious spirit and cruelties of the, 222; toier- ated by Antoninus Pius, ib.; privi- leges enjoyed by, 223; patriarch of, ib.; that office suppressed by Theo- dosius the Younger, ib. note; their religion why exempted from perse- cution, ib.; how they escaped perse- cution under Nero, 236; capitation tax on under Domitian, 237; philo sophical of Alexandria, iii. 46 (v. Alexandria); Julian's letter to the Jews, 154; their rabbis approved the murder of an apostate, ib.; oppressed
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