HOSPITALERS.
11OSPITALERS, knights, vii. 231.
HOSTILIANUS, son of Decius, elected

em peror, i. 386 ; death, 387.
HOURIs, Mahomet's, vi. 236.
Houses, Roman, loftiness of, iv. 88;

inconvenience of, ib.; rent, ib. ;

number of, 89.
Howell, character of his · History of

the World,' ii. 321.
Hugh, king of Burgundy, marries Ma-

rozia, vi. 185; insults her sc:: Al-
beric, and is expelled by bim, ib.
Huga, count of Vermandois, a leader

in the first crusade, vii. 196 ; why
styled “ the Great,' 197 and note S.;
receives the golden standard of St.
Peter from the pope, 203; brought
as a captive to Constantinople, 204 ;
bis pom pous titles, ib. and note S.
Hughes, Mr., character of his tragedy of

the Siege of Damascus,'vi. 311, note.
Hugo, king of Italy, pedigree, vii. 24;

profligacy, 25.
HUMAN RACE, happiest period of the, i.

216; diminution of the, under Gal-
lienus, 415; nature, two natural pro-
pensities of, ii. 184; Gibbon's opinion

examined, 185, note M.
HUME, his Natural History of Re-

ligion,' i. 165, note ; corrected, 249,
note ; his difficulty as to the extent
of the imperial palace at Rome, 267,
note ; his remark on intolerance, 338

note, and note S.
HUNGÁRIANs, works on the history of

the, vii. 70, note, and note M. ; de-
scended from the Turks, ib.; emi-
grations, ib.; Finnish origin and
language, 71 and note S.; original
abode, ib.; first appearance on the
Danube, 7?, note S.; manners and
tactics, 73; first establishments and
inroads, 75; defeated by Henry the

Fowler, 77; humbled by Otho the
Great, 78.
HUNGARY, Great, iii. 313.
HUNGARY, how occupied, iv. 192 and

note S.; state of, under Charle-
magne, vi. 175; conquered by the

Mongols, viii. 14.
HUNIADES, John, his campaign against

the Turks, viii. 129 ; defeat at Varna,
132 ; history of, 133; elected go-
vernor of Hungary after the death
of Ladislaus, 134; conduct at the
battle of Cossova, ib.; defence of
Belgrade, ib.; death, 135.

HYPHASIS.
HUNNERIC, son of Genseric, king a

the Vandals, marries Eudocia,
daughter of Valentinian III., iv. 277;

persecutes his Catholic subjects, 329.
Huns, origin and seat, iii. 306 and

note S.; conquests in Scythia, 307;
war with the Chinese, 309; defeat
Kaoti, ib.; are vanquished by the
arms and policy of Vouti, 310;
their emigrations, 312; establish
themselves in Sogdiana, ib.; this
division called Euthalites, ib.; or
rather Ephthalites, ib. note S.; also
White Huns, 313; their wars with
Persia, ib. ; Huns of the Volga, ib.;
subdue the Alani, 315; attack the
dominions of Hermanric, 316; their
ugliness, ib. and note S.; fable of
their origin, 317; defeat the Goths
on the Dniester, 318; vanquished
and driven northwards by the Geou-
gen, iv. 44; driven from Thrace,
160; revival of their power under
Attila, 191; settlement in Hun-
gary, 192; assist the usurper John,
ib.; extort a tribute from Theo-
dosius the Younger, ib.; human
sacrifices, 195; believed by the
Geougen to have power over the
elements, 196, note; ravage the
East in the reign of Arcadius, 197;
attack the Persians under Attila,
198; invade the eastern empire,
199; ravages on the Illyrian frontier,
200; barbarous mode of warfare,
201; estimation of their Roman
captives, 203; invade and ravage
Gaul, 231; invade Italy, 239; dis-
solution of their empire after the
death of Attila, 247 sq.; invade

Britain, 389.
HUNTING of wild beasts, use and abuse

of, i. 230, 311, note.
Hycsos, or Shepherd Kings, conquerors

of Egypt, vi. 206, note and note M.
HYMETTUS, bees and honey of, vii. 386

and note.
HYPATIA, daughter of Theon the ma-

thematician, her beauty and learn-
ing, vi. 14; murdered by Cyril,
patriarch of Alexandria, ib.
HYPATIUS, nephew of the emperor

Anastasius, crowned by the people
in the Nika sedition, v. 54; ex-
ecuted, 55.
HYPHABIB, march of Alexander the

Great to the, i. 165.

son

INDIA.
INDIA, commerce of the Romans with,

i, 192 and notes ; ambassadors from
to Constantine, ii. 362 and note;
ignorance of the Romans respecting,
iii. 180, note; science of, whether
borrowed from the Greeks, v. 178

and note M.
INDIAN commodities taxed by Alex.

Severus, i. 298; price, ib. note.
INDICTIONS, date of that æra, ii. 130,

note ; name and use, whence derived,
333; origin and method of using,
ib. note S. ; name transferred to the
tribute which it prescribed, 334 and

337, note S.
INDULGENCES, papal, origin and nature

of, vii. 187.
Infants, exposed and abandoned, Con-

stantine's law to prevent this crime,
ii. 142; often rescued by the Chris-

tians, 201.
INFERNAL regions, ancient notions of,

ii. 170 and note.
Ingo destroys the temple of Upsal, i.

376,
INGOLPHUS, secretary of William the

Conqueror, accompanies the great

pilgrimage to Jerusalem, vii. 176.
INGUNDIS, consort of Hermenegild, her

persecution by Goisvintha, and its

effects, iv. 338.
INHERITANCE, Roman law of, v. 306 899.
INJURIES, Roman law concerning, v.

314.
INNOCENT, bishop of Rome, accom-

panies the embassy to Alaric, iv. 95.
INNOCENT II., pope, excommunicates

Roger king of Sicily, vii. 133; con-
demns the heresy of Arnold of

Brescia, viii. 195.
INNOCENT III., pope, persecutes the

Albigeois, vii. 58 ; character, 267;
promotes the fourth and fifth cru-
sades, 268; proclaims the fourth
crusade, 288; excommunicates the
crusaders for attacking Zara, 296 ;
reproaches their conduct at Constan-

tinople, 313.
INQUISITION, establishment of the, vii.

268.
INQUISITORS, religious, first established

by Theodosius the Great, iii. 374.
INSTITUTES of Justinian, publication

of, v. 283; analysis of, 289.
INSULA, or Roman lodging-house, iv.

88, note.
INTEREST of Money, Roman law of, v.

ISAAC.
314 and notes ; condemned by the

fathers and clergy, ib, and note.
INTERREGNUM after the death of Aure-

lian ; both the senate and the army
decline to elect an emperor, ii. 34 ;

length of, ib. note S.
INTILINE, province of, ii. 87 and notes.
INVESTITURES, papal, to the Normans,

vii. 110.
Iona, isle of, its monasticism and learn.

ing, iv. 309, 310, note.
IRELAND, contemplated reduction cf, by

Agricola, i. 140; (Erin or Ierne),

whence colonized, iii. 267, sq.
IRENÆUS, did not enjoy the gift of

tongues, ii. 178 and note M.
IRENE, an Athenian orphan, marries

Leo IV., emperor of Constantinople,
vi. 85 ; appointed guardian of their

Constantine, 86; zeal in
restoring images, ib.; disputes the
empire with her son, ib.; blinds and
deposes him, 87; her reign, ib.;
deposed and banished by Nicephorus,
ib. ; restores the worship of images,
163; persecutes the iconoclasts, ib. ;
correspondence of Charlemagne with,

179.
IRENE, or Pansophia, concubine of

Dioscorus, patriarch of Alexandria,

epigram concerning, vi. 28 and note.
IRNAC, youngest son of Attila, retires
into Lesser Scythia, iv. 248.

Siberian, its excellence and
plenty, v. 173, note.
Isa, son of Bajazet, his reign, viii. 67.
Isaac I., Comnenus, defeats the troops

of Michael IV. and is crowned
emperor at Constantinople, vi. 113 ;
abdicates in favour of Constantine

Ducas, ib.
Isaac II., Angelus, heads an insurrec-

tion against Andronicus I. Com-
nenus, and ascends the throne of
Constantinople, vi. 130; character
and reign, vii. 285; scandalous em-
bassy to Saladin, ib.; acknowledges
the independence of the Bulgarians,
286 ; deposed, blinded, and impri-
soned by his brother Alexius, 287;
restored by the Crusaders, 305; in-
terview with the Latin ambassadors,
ib.; deposed by Mourzoufle, 310;

death, ib.
ISAAC, son of John Comnenus, con-

cedes the crown to his brother
Alexius, vi. 117.

IRON,

ISAAC.
Isaac, an Armenian bishop, his defence

of King Artasires, iv. 169.
ISAURIANS, rebellion of the against

the emperor Gallienus, i. 414; chas-
tised by Probus, ii. 43; besiege See
leucia, 395; incursions of the, v.
81; war with Anastasius, 82; re-

duced to submission, ib.
ISDIGUNE, ambassador from Chosroes to

Justinian, his pomp and eloquence,

v. 204.
ISIDORE the Milesian, colleague of the

architect Anthemius, v. 73.
ISIDORE, archbishop of Russia, receives

a cardinal's hat for assenting to the
union of the Greek and Latin
churches, viii. 101; condemned and
imprisoned in Russia, 124 ; legate
from the Pope to Constantine Palæo-
logus, 156; his escape at the taking of
Constantinople by the Turks, 174,

notes and note M.
Isis and SERAPIS, their temples at

Rome, i. 169, sq.; worship of, iii.

417.
Islam, meaning of that term, vi. 222,

note S.; four practical duties of, 234,

note S.
ISMAEL, jorogenitor of the Arabs, vi.

202.
ISMAEL, the Seljuk, his conversation

with Mahmud the Gaznevide, vii.

152.
ISMAEL BEG, prince of Sinope, sur-

renders to the Turks, viii. 182; his

revenues, ib. note.
ISMAELITES, Shiite sect, account of, vi.

417, note S.
ISOCRATES, price of his lessons, v. 91.
Issus, city of, v. 400 and note.
ISTER, Lower Danube why so called,

i. 159 and note.
ISTRIA, annexed to Italy, i. 157.
ITALICA, birthplace of Trajan, Hadrian,

and Theodosius, iii. 343 and note.
Italian, modern language how formed,

v. 350 and note M.
ITALIANS, their character in the six-

teenth century, iv. 109; separated

from the Goths, by Theodoric, v. 12.
Italy described, i. 157; divided into

eleven regions by Augustus, ib.; its
distinction from the provinces, 171 ;
singular change in the application of
its name, ii. 314, note S.; invaded
by the Goths under Alaric, iv. 31;
kingdom of, Western empire reduced

JANE.
to the, iv. 276; miserable state of
under Odoacer, 303; reduced by
Theodoric the Ostrogoth, v. 10;
flourishing state of under him, 22;
invaded by Belisarius, 132; oppres.
sion of by Justinian's generals and
by his minister Alexander, 217; in-
vaded by the Franks and Alemanni,
237; civil settlement of by Justinian
after its reduction by Narses, 241 ;
desolation caused by the Gothic war,
242; conquests of the Lombards in,
337; harassed by them, 346; how
divided between them and the ex-
archate of Ravenna, 348 ; at the in-
stigation of Pope Gregory II. revolts
from the Emperor Leo the Isaurian
in the cause of image worship, vi,
148 ; Byzantine dominion preserved
in till the time of Charlemagne, 150;
extent of his empire in, 174 ; rise of
the cities of, 187; ravaged by the
Hungarians, vii. 76; conflict of the

Saracens, Latins, and Greeks in, 96,
ITHAcius, bishop, his cruelty, iii. 376.
ITINERARY from the wall of Antoninus

to Jerusalem, i. 188, note ; of Alex-
ander, ii. 370, note M. ; of Trajan, ib,

J.

JAAFAR, kinsman of Mahomet, heroic

death at Muta, vi. 257.
JABALAH, chief of the Christian Ara-

bians of the tribe of Gassan, account

of, vi. 319 and note.
Jacob, son of Leith, his pious robbery,

vi. 421 ; founds the dynasty of the
Soffarides, ib.; makes war on the

caliph, ib. ; death, ib.
JACOBITES, or Monophysites, account of;

vi. 53 ; persecuted by Justin, ib.;
name of Jacobites derived from
James Baradæus, 54; absurdity of
their tenets, 55; austerity, ib.; of
Egypt, form an alliance with thu
Arabs during the siege of Memphis,

332; their mission to Cairoan, 370.
JALULA, Yezdegerd defeated at by the

Saracens, vi. 296.
JAMES, ST., romances concerning, ii.

212.
JAMES, ST., bishop of Edessa, his mira.

cles there, ii, 372, note.
JANE, sister of the Count of Savoy,

marries Andronicus the Younger,

232;

JANE.
emperor of Constantijople, and as-
sumes the name of Anne, vii. 395 ;
conspires against the regent John

Cantacuzene, 397.
JANE, queen of Naples, arraigned before

Rienzi, for strangling her husband,
viii. 236; parallel of with Mary of

Scotland, ib. note.
JANIZARIES, destroy the Hippodroine

of Constantinople, ii. 298, note G.;
account of the institution of the, viii.
29 and note M.; meaning of the
name, 29; discipline of the, 74 ;

Greek, 99 and note.
JANSENISTS, compare Athanasius and

Arnauld, iii. 87, note.
Janus, temple of, when last opened, i.

325 ; state of in the time of Belisa-
rius, v. 140; originally a gate, ib.

note.
JAROSLAUS, sovereign of Russia, attacks

Constantinople, vii. 88.
JAZYG Æ, Sarmatians described by

Ovid, probably of that tribe, ii. 359;
account of, ib. and notes; choose a

Vandal king, ib.
JAZYGES, Cumanian tribe, vii. 79 and

note S.
JEHAN Numa, or watch-tower of the

world, Mahomet II.'s palace at

Adrianople, viii. 150.
JERMUK, or Hieromax, date of the

battle of, vi. 310, note S.; battle of,
between the Romans and Saracens

described, 318.
JEREMIAH the prophet, his conduct

compared with that of the Roman

Senate towards Hannibal, iv, 71.
JEROM, Sr., his abilities engaged in the

service of Damasus, bishop of Rome,
ji. 255; his complaints of the ra-

vages of the Goths, 340.
JERUSALEM, temple of destroyed, ii.

237, note ; Julian's design to rebuild
the temple, iii. 154 ; city described,
155 ; state under Hadrian, ib. ; cir-
cumference of the ancient city, ib.
note ; under Hadrian, ib. note S.;
Gibbon's account corrected, ib.;
Holy Sepulchre, pilgrimages to, 156;
site, ib. note M. ; vices of the in-
habitants, 157; Julian's attempt to
rebuild the Temple supernaturally
frustrated, 159 ; testimony of the
Christians, 160; of Ammianus, ib. ;
physically explained by Michaelis,
ib, note G.; excavations under the

JEWS.
temple, ib. 161 and 162, note M.; the
explosions occasioned by inflammable
air collected in these, ib. ; spoils of
the temple carried from Rome to
Carthage by Genseric, iv. 257;
taken by the Persians under Chose
roes II., v. 392 ; tumults of the Mo-
nophysite monks at, vi. 30; Maho-
met's first Kebla of prayer, 232 and
note S. ; taken by the Saracens under
Abu Obeidah, 320; called Ælia by
the Arabs as well as Romans, ib.
note ; mosch founded by Omar, 321 ;
state of, under the Abbasside caliphs,
vii. 171; pilgrimages to, ib. ; annual
miracle of the flame in the holy
sepulchre, 172 and notes ; state under
the Fatimite caliphs, 173; sacrilege
of the caliph Hakem, 175; great pil-
grimage to, under the archbishop of
Mentz, 176; conquered by the
Turks, ib. ; regained by the Fati-
mite caliphs, 223; siege and con-
quest of by the Crusaders, 225;
massacre, 227 and note S.; oppres-
sions of the Latin clergy at, 229;
feudal kingdom of, 230; assize of,

taken by Saladin, 259; en-
tered by Frederick II., 270; taken

and pillaged by the Carizmians, 271.
JERUSALEM, New, idea of the, ii. 174.
JESUITS, mission to Abyssinia, vi. 65;

expelled, 67.
Jews, encouraged by Artaxerxes, i.

339, note M.; rebellion of in the
reign of Hadrian, 145, note ; religious
character of the, ii. 153 and notes
M.; their zeal increased under the
second temple, 154; their cruelty
and unsociability, 155; did not pros-
clytize, ib. ; defence of their conduct,
ib. note M.; first adopted the doc-
trine of a future state under the As.
monæan princes, 172 ; rebellions
spirit and cruelties of the, 222; toier-
ated by Antoninus Pius, ib.; privi-
leges enjoyed by, 223; patriarch of,
ib. ; that office suppressed by Theo-
dosius the Younger, ib. note: their
religion why exempted from perse-
cution, ib. ; how they escaped perse-
cution under Nero, 236 ; capitation
tax on under Domitian, 237 ; philo.
sophical of Alexandria, iii. 46 (v.
Alexandria); Julian's letter to the
Jews, 154 ; their rabbis approved the
murder of an apostate, ib.; oppressed