by the Christian emperors, ib.; Ju- lian's sentiments respecting their faith,158; laws and conduct of adopt- ed by the Christian clergy, 406; per- secution of in Spain, iv. 341; their intrigues promoted the Arabian con- quest, 342; persecution of the by Heraclius, v. 414 and note M.; their belief of the immortality and trans- migration of souls whence derived, vi. 5; persecuted by Justinian, 37; settled in Arabia, 215; military laws of the, 245; Arabian, subdued by Mahomet, 250; of Spain, assisted the arms of the Saracens, 358; massacre of by the first crusaders, vii. 192 and note S.; Roman tribute on, viii. 282 and note. JEZDEGERD, king of Persia, supposed guardianship of Theodosius Younger, iv. 159; war with Theodo- sius, 166.
JOAN, pope, probable origin of that fable, vi. 183 and notes; proved false by two protestants, ib. JOANNINA, daughter of Belisarius and Antonina, her marriage with Anasta- sius, nephew of Theodora, prevented by her mother, v. 226.
JOANNITES or followers of Chrysostom, iv. 157, note.
JOB, book of, its sublimity, vi. 228; its dialect and age, 229, note, and note M.
JOHN the Almsgiver, archbishop of Alexandria, entertains the fugitive Christians of Jerusalem on its cap- ture by Chosroes II., v. 392; his charity, vi. 61.
JOHN, bishop of Antioch, his decision
against and reconciliation with Cyril of Alexandria, vi. 19-21.
JOHN of Apri, patriarch of Constanti- nople, conspires against the regent John Cantacuzene, vii. 397; his ab- surd vanity, ib. note; deposed by the Palamites, 406.
JOHN the Armenian, general of Beli- sarius, v. 107.
JOHN of Brienne, king of Jerusalem, elected emperor of Constantinople, vii. 338, 339, note M.; prowess and death, ib. JOHN of Cappadocia, minister of Jus-
tinian, arraigned by the people, v. 53; character of, 69 and notes M.; conspiracy of Theodora against, 70;
wretched fate of, ib.; opposed the African war, 98; fraud in the bread supplied to the army, 104. JOHN COMNENUS or Calo-Johannes, emperor of Constantinople, vi. 119; character, ib.; victories, 120; sin- gular death, ib.
JOHN, count, reputed father of Theodo- sius the younger, iv. 158.
JOHN the eunuch, brother and minister of Michael IV., compels the empress Zoe to adopt his nephew Calaphates, vi. 109.
JOHN, son of Isaac the Sebastocrator,
and grandson of Alexius Comnenus, goes over to the Turks, vi. 123. JOHN, hermit of Lycopolis, consulted by Theodosius the Great respecting the usurpation of Eugenius, iii. 399. JOHN, count of Nevers, his valour and imprudence at the battle of Nicopo- lis, viii. 32; ransom of, 34. JOHN, monophysite bishop of Asia, em-
ployed by Justinian to extirpate pagans and heretics, vi. 37, note. JOHN PHILOPONUS, solicits. Amrou to spare the library of Alexandria, vi. 336.
JOHN XII., pope, grandson of Marozia,
his profligate life, vi. 183; degraded by Otho I., 185.
JOHN XXII., pope, immense wealth of, viii. 92, note; of Avignon, deposed by the Romans, 213.
JOHN XXIII., pope, his profligacy, viii. 255; deposed and imprisoned by the council of Constance, 256.
JOHN the præfect succours Carthage against the Saracens, vi. 350; driven out, 351.
JOHN the primicerius usurps the West- ern throne on the death of Hono- rius, iv. 172; conspiracy of Ardabu- rius against, and ignominious death,
JOHN of Procida, history of, vii. 378; excites the revolt of Sicily from Charles of Anjou, ib.
JOHN of Ravenna, professor of Latin at Florence, viii. 112 and note. JOHN, St., reveals the incarnation of the Logos, iii. 48; beginning of his gospel admired by the Platonists, ib. note; his intention to confute the Ebionites and Docetes, ib., and vi. 5, note; controverted text of respect- ing the Trinity, iv. 335 and notes.
JOHN, St., Christians of in Bassora, vi. 214 and note M. JOHN, St., Damascenus, account of, vi. 143, note; writings against Constan- tine V., 144 and note; last Father of the Greek church, vii. 43, note. JOHN, St., of Jerusalem, hospital of founded by the Italians, vii. 172; knights of, 231; profession of arms when assumed by them, ib. note. JOHN the Sanguinary, general of Beli- sarius, his successes against the Goths, v. 147; defence of Rimini, 148.
JOHN, officer of Basiliscus, desperate courage of, iv. 286.
JOHNSON, Dr., commentary on Shaks- peare's Henry IV., vii. 184, note ; passage of his 'Irene' censured, viii. 166, note.
JOINVILLE, the historian, companion of Louis IX., vii. 272; editions of his work, ib. notes.
JONAS of Damascus, story of his love
for Eudocia and apostasy, vi. 311. JORNANDES, Gothic history of, i. 375. JORTIN, Dr., character of his remarks
on the Arian controversy, iii. 57, note.
JOSEPH the Carizmian defends Ber- zem against the sultan Alp Arslan, vii. 163; assassinates him, ib. JOSEPH, the patriarch, said to be wor- shipped in Egypt as Apis and Sera- pis, iii. 416, note.
JOSEPH, patriarch of Constantinople, withdraws to a monastery on the union of the Greek and Latin churches, vii. 373.
JOSEPHS of Amida, Nestorian sect, vi. 51.
JOSEPHUS, interpolated passage of re- specting Christ, ii. 234, note; whe- ther entirely a forgery, 235, note M.; his opinion that Plato derived his knowledge from the Jews contro- verted, iii. 45, note.
JOSEPHUS, the false, his legend of Tse- pho, ii. 223, note; his literary cha- racter, ib. note M.
JOURNEYS of the Romans, how con- ducted, iv. 79, and note. JOVIAN, saluted emperor by the troops
on the death of Julian, iii. 216; his previous rank, ib. note; character, 216 and 217, note; retreat to Sa- mara, 217; to Dura, 218; negotia-
tion with Sapor, 219; irresolution and humiliating peace, ib.; his in- terested views, 220; retreat con- trasted with that of the Ten Thousand, ib.; losses in recrossing the Tigris, 221; arrives at Nisibis, 222; astonish- ment and indignation of the Romans at his treaty, 223; which he fulfils ib.; expels the citizens of Nisibis, 224; proceeds to Antioch, 225; ap- points Procopius to bury Julian, ib.; displays the Labarum on his march, 228; edict in favour of Christianity, ib.; declares for the Nicene faith, 229; proclaims universal toleration, 230; march from Antioch, 231; makes his infant son consul, ib.; sudden death at Dadastana, ib. JOVIANS, guards of Diocletian so called, ii. 92.
JOVINUS, general of Julian, iii. 115; besieges Aquileia, 119; made a judge at Chalcedon, 126; defeats the Ale- manni at Scarponna, 258; on the Moselle, ib.; at Châlons, ib.; made consul, 259; assumes the diadem at Mentz, iv. 122; defeats Constantius and gains possession of Gaul, ib.; rejects the friendship of Adolphus, ib.; makes his brother Sebastian emperor, ib.; put to death by Adol- phus, 123.
Jovius, title of Diocletian, ii. 67. JOVIUS and Gaudentius commissioned
by Theodosius to close the pagan temples in the West, iii. 414. JOVIUS, prætorian præfect, succeeds Olympius as minister of Honorius, iv. 95; instigates a mutiny of the guards, 96; negociates with Alaric, ib.; deserts to Attalus, 100; betrays him, 101.
JUBILEES, Popish, a copy of the secular games, i. 327, note; instituted by Pope Boniface VIII., viii. 217; altered to the Mosaic Jubilee by Clement VI., 218; successive reductions of the term of the, ib.
JUDAISING Christians, ii. 157; Justiz
Martyr s decision respecting, 160. JUDAS, the Gaulonite, ii. 236; obstinate defence of his successors, ib. note. JUDE, St., his grandsons summoned before a Roman tribunal, ii. 238; his relationship to Christ, ib. note. JUDGES, venality of under Constantine, ii. 317.
JUDGES, kings of the Visigoths assume that title, iii. 282. JUDGMENTS of God among the Franks, iv. 369.
JULIA DOMNA, her marriage with Se- verus and character, i. 263; Gibbon's account too favourable, 264, note S. ; suicide, 277.
JULIA MESA banished, i. 277; gains the army for Elagabalus, 278; per- suades him to adopt Alexander Se- verus, 283.
JULIAN assumes the purple at Car- thage, ii. 76; defeat and suicide, ib. note.
JULIAN, nephew of Constantine the Great, his character of Octavianus, i. 209, note; of Alexander Severus, 293, note; escapes being assassin- ated by Constantius, ii. 365; charges that prince with murder, 366, note; education and imprisonment, 388; saved by Mark, bishop of Arethusa, ib. note; his epistle to the Athenians the best account of his early life, ib.; was the son of Basilina, ib. note G.; assisted by his brother Gallus, 389; after the death of the latter he is conveyed to Milan, 393; danger, 394; saved by Eusebia, ib.; banished to Athens, ib.; conduct there, 395; opposite character to Gallus, 396; compared to Titus, ib.; Eusebia pro- cures his recall, ib.; marries Helena, ib.; appointed to the trans-Alpine provinces, ib.; fear and regret at leaving Athens, ib.; awkward de- meanour, ib.; declared Cæsar, 397; distress in his new situation, ib.; conduct in Gaul, 413; first campaign there, 414; march from Autun to Rheims, ib.; defeats the Germans at Brocomagus, 415; winters at Sens, ib.; besieged there by the Germans, ib.; obtains the dismissal of Mar- cellus, ib.; acquires supreme military command in Gaul, ib.; second cam- paign, 416; defeats the Germans at Strasburg, 417; punishes his fugitive cuirassiers, ib. note; generous con- duct to Chnodowar, 418; subdues the Franks, 419; sends some captives to Constantius, ib.; generous treatment of the Chamavians, 420; three ex- peditions beyond the Rhine, ib.; composed commentaries of the Gallic war, ib.; dictates conditions to six
kings of the Alemanni, 421; restores the cities of Gaul, ib.; despatches corn ships to Britain, 422; his civil administration, ib.; retort on Del- phidius, 423; protects the Gauls from the oppression of Florentius, ib. ; their flourishing state under his rule, 424; residence at Paris, ib.; his account of the persecutions of Constantius II., iii. 93; jealousy of Constantius, 102; perplexity of Julian on the Gallic legions being ordered to the East, 105; discontent of the latter, 106; they proclaim Julian emperor, 107; his reluctant consent, ib.; inquiry respecting his innocence, 108; his dream, ib.; embassy to Constantius, 109; demands the confirmation of the title of Augustus, ib.; fourth and fifth expeditions beyond the Rhine, 110; his ambassadors angrily dis- missed by Constantius, 111; con- ditions offered by the latter, 112; Julian resolves on civil war, ib.; absurd accusation of poisoning his wife, 112, note; his violent epistle to Constantius, 113; renounces Christi- anity, ib.; his soldiers consent to follow him against Constantius, 114; makes Sallust prætorian præfect in Gaul, ib.; march to Illyricum, 115; descends the Danube, 116; takes Sirmium, ib.; acknowledged in Italy and Illyricum, 117; his manifesto, ib.; and epistle to the Athenians, 118; excellence of the latter, ib. note; his claims admitted by the Romans, ib.; death of Constantius and sub- mission of his army, 120; Julian enters Constantinople in triumph, ib.; attends the funeral of Con- stantius, 121; civil government and private life, ib.; date of his birth, ib. note; vegetable diet, 122; chas- tity, ib.; works, 123; reforms the court, 124; but too hastily and in- considerately, 125; to avoid foppery becomes a sloven, ib.; description of himself in his 'Misopogon,' ib. and note; institutes a chamber of justice at Chalcedon, 126; punishes the innocent with the guilty, 127; passes an act of oblivion, 128; deceives the Egyptians, ib.; clemency, ib.; dis- misses the Stoics, ib. ; love of freedom, 129; refuses the title of Dominus, 130; affected devotion to republican
forms, ib.; care of the Grecian cities, 131; an orator and judge, 132; merits and faults as a judge and legislator, 133; character, ib.; his religion examined, 135; a devout Pagan, ib.; cause of his apostasy, 136; Christian education, ib.; offi- ciates in the church of Nicomedia, ib.; a tolerable theologian, 137, note; opinion on the Trinity, ib.; admira- tion for Homer and his mythology, 138; embraces Paganism, ib. ; adopts the allegorical mythology of the Pla- tonists, 139; his theological system, 140; initiated in the Eleusinian mysteries, 142; fanaticism, 143; dissembles his religion, 144; work against Christianity, 145; character of its fragments, ib.; edict of uni- versal toleration, 146; recalls the Christian exiles of all sects, 147; hears their disputes, ib.; secret motives for tolerating them, ib.; becomes Pontifex Maximus, ib. zealous in restoring Paganism, ib.; his extravagant superstition, ib. sq.; directions for the reformation of the Pagan priests, 149; abhorrence of the Epicureans and Sceptics, 150; friendship for the philosophers and diviners, 151; their corruption at his court, 152; Julian's proselytizing zeal, ib.; success with the soldiery, 153; favours the Jews, 154; epistle to, ib.; design to rebuild the temple of Jerusalem, ib.; motives, 158; his attempt supernaturally frustrated, 160; this event physically explained, ib. note G.; names the Christians Galilæans, 162; his unjust prejudices against them, ib.; transfers the re- venues of the church to the pontiffs, 163; prohibits the Christians from teaching schools, ib.; excludes them from offices of trust and profit, 164; condemns them to restore the Pagan temples, 165; his visit to the Apollo of Daphne, and disappointment at its Christian profanation, 168; shuts up the cathedral of Antioch in re- taliation of the burning of the temple of Daphne by the Christians, 170; confiscates the property of the church cf Edessa, 173; epistle to the Alex- andrians, 174; expels their bishop Athanasius, 175; his mortal hatred of that prelate, 176; account of his
'Cæsars,' 179; marches against the Persians, 181; residence at Antioch, 182; insulted by the inhabitants, 184; retaliates in his 'Misopogon,' 185; his friendship for Libanius, 186; march to the Euphrates, 187; advances to Carrhæ, 188; march to Circesium, 190; number and ccm- position of his forces, ib.; letter to the satrap Arsaces, ib. and notes; fleet on the Euphrates, 191; he enters Persia, ib.; marches through Mesopotamia, 192; invades Assyria, 196; takes Perisabor, 197; and Mao- gamalcha, 198; how represented by the Persians, 199; his temperance, chastity, and valour, ib.; address to his malcontent troops, 200; encamps near Seleucia, 201; opens an old canal of Trajan's, 202; passes the Tigris, 203; inauspicious omens, 204; abandons the siege of Ctesiphon, 205; obstinacy in refusing to treat with Sapor, ib.; deceived by a Persian deserter, 206; burns his fleet, 207; marches against Sapor, 208; want of provisions, 209; retreat, ib. ; harassed by the Persians, 210; his dream, 211; wound, 212; last exhortation and death, 213; funeral, 225; ru- mours respecting his assassination, 226 and notes; reflections on his funeral, ib.
JULIAN, SALVIUS composes the Per- petual Edict, v. 267.
JULIAN of Halicarnassus converts the
Armenians to Eutychianism, vi. 58. JULIAN, count, repulses Musa from Ceuta, vi. 353; offers to introduce the Arabs into Spain, ib.; story of his daughter Cara, 354 and notes; probable motives of his treachery, ib. JULIAN, Cardinal, manager for the Latins at the council of Florence, viii. 100; papal legate at the court of Ladislaus, king of Poland and Hungary, 128; stimulates that mo- narch to violate his treaty with the Turks, 130 and note; his history and character, 133; killed at the battle of Varna, ib.
JULIAN, port, iv. 79, note. JULIANUS, Didius, purchases the em- pire, i. 244; the armies declare against him, 246; distress, 250 deserted by the Prætorians, 251; beheaded, ib.
JULIUS, master-general in the East, massacres the Gothic youth in Asia, iii. 341. JURISPRUDENCE, Roman, perfection of under Severus, i. 262; advocated arbi-
trary power, ib.; account of, v. 257 sqq.; abuses of under Justinian, 327. Jus relationis, ii. 42, note; Italicum, in what it consisted, 301 and note S.; Papirianum, v. 259, note.
JUSTIN the Elder, commander of the guards, seizes the empire on the death of Anastasius, v. 36; question as to his illiterateness, ib. and note M.; character and reign, 37; death, 39. JUSTIN II. receives an embassy from the Turks, v. 178 and note; accepts their alliance, 179; sends ambas- sadors to Disabul, ib.; account of his elevation to the empire, 329; discharges his uncle Justinian's debts, 330; consulship, ib.; date of, ib. note S.; receives an embassy of the Avars, ib.; supersedes Narses in the exarchate, 336; weakness of his reign, 341; associates Tiberius, cap- tain of the guards, in the empire, 342; Justin's speech on that occa- sion, ib.; death, 343; his war against the Persians, 365. JUSTIN MARTYR, his opinion respecting Judaising Christians, ii. 160; his Dialogue with Tryphon, ib. note; exaggerated account of the progress of Christianity, 213; his education and conversion, 215; his opinion of the Ebionites, iii. 48 and note. JUSTINA, her marriage with Valen-
tinian examined, iii. 290; whether the widow of Magnentius, ib. note S.; on the death of Valentinian I. she appears in the camp with her infant son, who is saluted emperor, 291; was an Arian, 377; her disputes with St. Ambrose, archbishop of Milan, and final triumph of the latter, ib. sqq.; flies to Aquileia with her son Valentinian II. on the ap- proach of Maximus, 382; and thence to Thessalonica, ib.; visited there by Theodosius, 383; death, 396. JUSTINIAN, emperor of the East, his Institutes, to whom addressed, ii. 317; yields the sovereignty of the countries beyond the Alps to the Franks, iv. 362; limitation of this account, ib. note S.; birth and edu-
cation of, v. 35; genealogical table, ib. note S.; names, ib. note, and note S.; his artful ambition, 38; ortho- doxy, ib.; splendour, ib.; invested with the diadem by his uncle Justin, 39; marriage with Theodora, 44; abolishes the law prohibiting the marriage of a senator with a slave or actress, ib.; associates Theodora in the empire, 45; patron of the blue or orthodox faction of the hippo- drome, 50; Nika sedition, 51; apo- cryphal dialogue with his subjects, ib. and note S.; extent, agriculture, and manufactures of his dominions, 55; his avarice and profusion, 64; taxes, 66; monopolies, 67; coinage, ib.; venality, ib.; humanity towards Eulalius, 68; his ministers, 69; edifices and architects, 71; founds the new cathedral of St. Sophia, 73; churches and palaces, 76; fortifica- tions, 78; wall of the Thracian Chersonese, 80; strengthens the wall of Anastasius from the Pro- pontis to the Euxine, ib.; his forti- fications from the Euxine to the Persian frontier, 82; suppresses the schools of Athens, 93; and Roman consulship, 95; purchases a truce from the Persians, 96 and 187; African expedition, 96 sq.; army, 102; fleet, 103; reduction of Africa, 114; fortifies and adorns Septem or Ceuta, ib.; re-establishes the Ca- tholic church in Africa, 115; re- models the civil government of, ib.; seizes some Spanish cities, 124; ne- gociates secretly with Theodatus, king of Italy, 128; intercedes for the life of Amalasontha, ib.; de- clares war against Theodatus, 129; treaty with him, 130; assumes the title of Conqueror of the Franks, 152; imprudent treaty with Vitiges, 153; recalls Belisarius from Italy, 155; disgraces him, 161; invites the Lom. bards into Noricum and Pannonia, 165; receives an embassy from the Ogors, or Avars, 177; assists the Lazi against the Persians, 201; ne- gociations with Chosroes, 204; em- bassy to and alliance with the Abyssinians, 207 sq.; pragmatic sanction for the settlement of Italy, 241; rumoured death and conse- quent riots, 245; conspiracy against,
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