b.; disgraces Belisarius on suspicion of treason, 246; death and character, 248; physical phenomena during his reign, 249; his civil jurisprudence, 257; compilation of his Code, 282; of the Digest or Pandects, 283; of the Institutes, ib.; legal inconstancy, 287; second edition of the Code, ib.; Novels, 288; charge of venality, ib. ; abuses of jurisprudence under, 327; his religious character and govern- ment, vi. 34; affected the name of Pious, 35; his persecutions, 36; held the slaughter of unbelievers not to be murder, 38; his orthodoxy, ib.; heresy, 40; translation of his Code and Pandects into Greek, vii. 37 and note; discovery of his corpse by the crusaders, 316; colossus of at Con- stantinople, viii. 122 and note. JUSTINIAN II., tyrannous reign of, vi. 77; deposed and mutilated, ib.; exile, 78; restoration, 79; assassi- nated, 80. JUSTINIAN, son of Germanus, conspires with the empress Sophia against Tiberius II., v. 343; discovered and pardoned, 344; successes against the Persians, ib.
JUSTINIAN, Roman advocate, confidant of Stilicho, iv. 60. JUSTINIAN, Roman general, successful campaign against Nushirvan, 7. 366. JUSTINIANA PRIMA, city of, founded
by Justinian at Tauresium, v. 79. JUSTINIANI, John, a Genoese noble, assists in the defence of Constan- tinople, viii. 156; wound and flight, 170 and notes M. and S. JUSTUS, the apostate Paulician, slays his master Constantine, vii. 51. JUTES invade Britain under Hengist, iv. 388.
JUVENAL, his sixteenth satire when composed, i. 259, note; his works much read by the Roman nobles, iv. 81; complaints respecting the dwell- ings at Rome, 88.
KEBLA of prayer, Mahometan, what, vi. 232 and note S.
KENRIC, Conquests of, in western Bri- tain, iv. 390.
KERAITES, account of that nation, viii. 3, note S.
KERBOGA, prince of Mosul, besicges the Crusaders in Antioch, vii. 218; de- feated, ib.
KERMAN, Seljukian dynasty of, vii. 167. KHALIL, sultan, takes Acre, vii. 276. KHAN or Cagan, meaning of that
term, iii. 301, iv. 44; all lineal de- scendants from Zingis, iii. 301; or- thography of the title, viii. 2, note S. KHEDER KHAN, his magnificence and liberality, vii. 166, note.
KILIDJE ARSLAN, sultan of Roum, de- stroys the vanguard of the first cru- saders, vii. 194; confounded with Soliman by Gibbon, ib. and note M.; retires from Nice, 211; defeated at Dorylæum, 213; evacuates Rouni, 214.
KINDRED, civil degrees of among the Romans, v. 307.
KING, Hannibalianus the only Roman prince so called, ii. 355 and 356, note M.
KIOW, origin of that city, vii. 84 and
KIPZAK Conquered by the Mongols, viii. 14; position of, ib. note. KLAPROTH, theory respecting Amazons, ii. 27, note M.
KNIGHTHOOD, origin of, vii. 200; cere- monies and duties of, ib.; arms of the knight, 201.
KNOLLES, character of his History of the Turks, viii. 22, note. KOBAD, grandson of the Persian king, commands the Persians in Italy under Narses, v. 231 (v. Cabades). KORAN, the, how composed, vi. 227; publication and editions of, 228; style, ib.
KOREISHITES, Arabian tribe of, vi. 201; acquire the custody of the Caaba, 212; origin of the, 216, note S.; oppose Mahomet, 240; subdued by him, 253. KUSSAI, v. Cosa.
known, ib. note; disuse of, 13; motto of, ib.; Cyril of Jerusalem's surprising ignorance of, 66, note; Julian erases the name of Christ from the, 153. LABEO, Antistius, his voluminous legal works, v. 275; nature of his legal tenets, 278; founder of a legal sect, 279.
LACTANTIUS accuses Diocletian of timidity, ii. 64; vindicated, 107, note G.; whether author of the treatise De Mortibus Persecutorum, ib. note S. (v. Cæcilius); his notion of an Asiatic empire, 175, note M.; preceptor of Crispus, 350; date of his Institutions,' iii. 1, note; ac- count of Constantine's conversion, 2; exhortations to, 7; character of his Christianity, 18 and note; purity of his worship, 432; imitated the method of the civilians in his Insti- tutes, v. 288, note; his opinion on image worship, vi. 134, note. LACTARIUS, mount, its medicinal bene- fits, v. 236 and note; defeat and death of Teias at, ib.
LADIES, Roman, their Christian ardour, iii. 253.
LADISLAUS, king of Poland and Hun-
gary, undertakes a crusade against the Turks, viii. 129; violates the treaty with, 130; second expedition against, 131; defeat and death at Varna, 132.
LADISLAUS, king of Naples, plunders Rome, viii. 253; supposed title of king of Rome, 254 and note. LETA, widow of the emperor Gratian, relieves the indigent Romans during the siege of Alaric, iv. 90. LÆTI, Gallic tribe, iv. 234 and note. LETUS, prætorian præfect, conspires against Commodus, i. 233.
LAITY and clergy, distinction between established, ii. 197.
LAMPADIUS, Roman senator, opposes the demands of Alaric, iv. 59. LANCE, holy, legend of the, vii. 220. LANDLORD and tenant, Roman law of, v. 313 and note.
LANDS, conquered, how divided by the barbarians, iv. 371; allodial and Salic, 373; nature of the latter, ib. and note M.
LAND TAX, provincial, i. 302, note S.; method of raising, ii. 337, note S.; called capitatio, ib,
LANFRANC, archbishop of Canterbury, corrected the Bibles, iv. 335, note. LAODICEA, its ancient splendour, i. 187; ruins of, viii. 24. LAPLANDERS, their consanguinity with the Hungarians, vii. 72 and note S.; ignorance of war, 73 and note. LASCARIS, Theodore, son-in-law of Alexius Angelus, defends Constanti- nople against the Latins, vii. 303; becomes emperor of Nice, 326; reign, 358.
LASCARIS, Theodore II., son of John Vataces, emperor of Nice, his cha- racter and reign, vii. 360; death, 362.
LASCARIS, John, grandson of Vataces, emperor of Nice, blinded and ban- ished by Michael Palæologus, vii. 369.
LASCARIS, James, Greek grammarian, account of, viii. 114 and note, 117. LATHAM, Dr., his hypothesis respect-
ing the Goths, i. 375, note S.; re- specting the Saxons, iii. 263, note S. LATIN Christians, moderation and igno- rance of, iii. 61; indisposed to Arianism, 62; entrapped by Valens and Ursacius, ib.
LATIN Fathers and Classics, Greek versions of, vii. 347 and note. LATIN language in Britain, i. 174, note M.; debased by pride and flattery, ii. 304; corruption of in Gaul, iv. 381; date of its gradual oblivion, vii. 37; language of govern- ment in the Eastern empire, ib. LATINS, name of the Franks, vii. 38; massacre of, at Constantinople, 284; contrasted with the Greeks and Arabians, 347; how improved by the crusades, ib.; disdained the learning of the Greeks and Arabians, ib.; progress of learning among the, viii. 116.
LATIUM, right of, explained, i. 173. LATRONIAN, a poet, put to death for Priscillianism, iii. 374.
LAURA, circle of solitary cells round eastern monasteries, iv. 319. LAURE DE NOVES, mistress of Petrarch, history of, viii. 225 and notes. LAW, study and profession of, ii. 317; books of, quantity of in fourth cen- tury, 318, note; Roman or civil, in what countries adopted, v. 257, note; modern writers on, ib, note
LAWYERS. W.; laws of the kings, 259; best notice of the fragments of, 260, note S.; twelve tables, 261; gradual ac- cumulation of laws, 263; laws of the people, 264; decrees of the senate, 265; had the force of laws before the time of the emperors, ib. note W.; edicts of the prætors and other magistrates, 265 and note W.; perpetual edict of Hadrian, 267; modifications of Gibbon's account, 268, notes W.; constitutions of the emperors, ib.; legal fictions respect- ing the legislative power of the emperors, 269; their rescripts, 270; Gregorian, Hermogenian, and Theo- dosian codes, 271; authorities for the Roman law at the commence- ment of the fifth century, ib. note S.; pantomimic forms of, 272; not to be regarded as unimportant, 273, note W.; origin and succession of the civil lawyers, 273; first and second period, 274; third period, 275; authority, 277; legal sects, 278; reforms of Justinian, 280; de- struction of legal works, 286; review of the Institutes of Justinian, 289, sqq.; judgments of the people, 324; select judges, 325; assessors, ib.; Byzantine, account of its sources, vii. 44, note S.; best histories of, ib., p. 45. LAWYERS, later Roman, degraded cha-
racter of, ii. 318; how esteemed by the barbarians, iv. 203 and note. LAYMEN, how far invested with a sacerdotal character, ii. 193 and note M.
LAZI, tribe of, occupy Colchis, and give it the name of Lazica, v. 198; dependent on the Persians, 199; conversion to Christianity, ib.; alli- ance with the emperor Justin, ib.; oppressed by the Romans, ib.; revolt to the Persians, 200; repentance, ib. ; assisted by the Romans against Chosroes, 202.
LEAKE, Col., his edition of the Edict
of Diocletian, ii. 97, note M.; his opinion as to the site of Dodona, v. 228, note S. LEANDER, archbishop of Seville, assists
the rebellion of his orthodox convert prince Hermenegild, iv. 338. LEARNING, Greek, revival of, vii. 39; in Italy, viii. 105-107; writers on, ib. note; second revival under Ma-
nuel Chrysoloras, 111; restorers of in the fifteenth century, 113; their faults and merits, 114; vicious pronunciation, ib. and note; emula- tion of the Latins, 116; ancient, use and abuse of, 118.
LE BEAU, his theory of the origin of the story of Belisarius' beggary, v. 247, note S.
LEBEDIAS refuses the sceptre of Hun- gary, vii. 71.
LE CLERC, his character as an ecclesi- astical historian, vi. 2, note. LEGACIES and inheritances, clergy ex- cluded from, by a law of Valentinian I., iii. 253 and 254, note S. LEGACY DUTY introduced by Augustus, i. 299; confined to property be- queathed by Roman citizens, ib, note S.; exemptions, ib. ; suited Ro- man manners, 300; doubled by Ca- racalla, 302.
LEGACY HUNTERS, i. 300, iv. 82. "LEGIBUS SOLUTUS," how to be inter- preted as applied to the emperors, v. 269 and note S.
LEGION, Roman, how composed and levied, i. 146, 148; arms, 149; con- trasted with the phalanx, 150; march and evolutions, 153; number of men in, ib.; revolt of the under Alex. Severus, 291; pay, origin of, 294; Niebuhr's opinion, ib. note S.; reduction in the size of the, ii. 322. LEGISLATION of Constantine, ii. 142; Roman, unity of in the Eastern and Western empires dissolved, iv. 174 and note.
LEKнS, or Lygii, ancestors of the Poles, ii. 44, note S.
LENFANT, M., character of his history of the councils of Pisa, Constance, and Basil, viii. 256, note.
LEO of Thrace, or the Great, steward
of Aspar, elected emperor of the East, iv. 279; the first Christian prince crowned by a priest, ib.; ex- traordinary scene with his former master, ib. ; introduces Isaurian troops into Constantinople, ib.; makes Anthemius emperor of the West, 280; sends an armament against the Vandals, 284; its cost and magnitude, ib.; approves the nomination of Olybrius as emperor of the West, 292; murders Aspar and his sons, v. 3.
LEO III., the Isaurian, emperor of Con- .stantinople vi 81; genealogy of his dynasty, ib. note S.; his birth, name, early history, and reign, 82; born at Germanicia, ib. note S.; his pro- ceedings for the abolition of images, 141; insolent epistles of pope Gregory II. to, 146; revolt of Italy from, 148; publishes a Greek Manual of law, vii. 44, note S.
LEO IV., emperor of Constantinople, v. 84.
LEO V., the Armenian, emperor of Constantinople, vi. 89; assassinated by Michael II., 90.
LEO VI., the Philosopher, emperor of Constantinople, vi. 99; his claim to the former title, 100; violates his own laws by a fourth marriage with Zoe, 101; establishes absolutism at Constantinople, vii. 26; coronation oath, ib.; encouraged learning, 42. LEO, appointed general in Asia by Eutropius, iv. 145; character, ib. LEO the Great, bishop of Rome, em- bassy to Attila from Valentinian III., iv. 245; assisted by the apparition of St. Peter and St. Paul, 246; me- diates with Genseric, 256; calls the council of Chalcedon, vi. 26; his epistle on the incarnation subscribed by the Oriental bishops, 27; ap- proved by the council of Chalcedon, 29.
LEO III., pope, attempted assassination of, vi. 168; miraculous restoration of his eyes and tongue, ib.; visits Charlemagne at Paderborn, ib. ; crowns him in St. Peter's, 169; his conduct in the dispute respecting the procession of the Holy Ghost, vii. 279 and notes.
LEO IV., pope, his character and reign, vi. 410; victory over the Saracens, 411; founds Leopolis and the Leo- nine city, 412.
LEO IX., pope, his character, vii. 108; alliance with the emperors of the East and West against the Normans, ib.; expedition against them. ib.; defeat and captivity, 109. LEO the Jew, family of, at Rome, viii. 219; his grandson becomes pope, with the title of Anacletus, 220. LEO AFRICANUS, account of, vi. 343, note.
LEO, archbishop of Thessalonica, head
of the Cæsar Bardas' College at Mag naura, vii. 40.
LEO PILATUS, first professor of the Greck language at Florence and in the West, viii. 110; his person, cha- racter, and learning, ib.; death, 111. LEONARD ARETIN, pupil of Manuel Chrysoloras, viii. 112; history of, ib. note.
LEONAS, the Quæstor, embassy from Constantius to Julian, iii. 112. LEONTIUS rebels against Justinian II. and ascends the throne, vi. 77; de- throned and mutilated by Apsimar, 78; executed by Justinian, 79. LEOPOLIS and the Leonine city founded by pope Leo IV., vi. 412. LEOVIGILD, Gothic and Arian king of Spain, character, iv. 337; puts to death his orthodox and rebellious son Hermenegild, 339.
LETHE, castles on the Bosphorus, so called, ii. 289, note.
LETI, Gregorio, character of his Life of Pope Sixtus V., viii. 265, note and note M. LETTERS, when introduced into Europe, i. 161; Gibbon's opinion corrected, ib. note S.
LEUDERIS, Gothic commander in Rome, v. 135; refuses to fly before Beli- sarius, 136; sent with the keys of Rome to Belisarius, ib.
LEUTETIA, or Leucetia, ancient name of Paris, ii. 425 and note. LEVIES, difficulty of, ii. 323. LEWIS the Pious, emperor of the West, vi. 177; empire divided among his sons, 178.
LEWIS II., son of Lewis the Pious, ob- tains the kingdom of Italy, vi. 178; letter to the Byzantines respecting the title of emperor, 181; his epistle to Basil the Macedonian, vii. 97. LEWIS of Bavaria, emperor, elected senator of Rome, viii. 205; endea- vours to restore the popular election of popes, 213; deposes John XXII., pope of Avignon, ib. and notes. LEWIS of Hungary, appeals to Rienzi, the Roman tribune, against Jane, queen of Naples, viii. 236. LIBANIUS, the Sophist, his account of Julian's eloquence, iii. 132; praises Julian's hypocrisy, 145; account of, 185; his writings secretly studied by Julian, ib.; literary character, 186
and notes; remarks on Jovian's treaty with Sapor, 220; funeral ora- tion on Valens and his army, 337; patronised by Theodosius, 425; re- mark concerning Chrysostom, iv. 151. LIBELS, how punished among the Ro- mans, v. 317 and note.
LIBER PONTIFICALIS, the, by whom and when composed, vi. 146, note. LIBERIUS, bishop of Rome, supports Athanasius against Constantius II., iii. 80; banished, ib.; purchases his return by compliances, ib. and 90. LIBERIUS, prætorian præfect of Theo- doric the Great, v. 19; commands an expedition for the relief of Sicily, 229; superseded by Artaban, ib. LIBURNIAN galleys, i. 154. LICINIUS Saved by Tiridates, ii. 79; probable age, ib. note; invested with the purple by Galerius, 119; divides the empire with Maximin, 122; alliance with Constantine, 135; war with Maximin, ib.; defeats him, 136; cruelty, ib.; foments a con- spiracy against Constantine, 139; defeated at Cibalis by Constantine, 140; again at Mardia, 141; treaty with Constantine, ib.; is attacked by Constantine, 145; defeated at Hadrianople, 147; retires to Byzan- tium, ib.; his fleet destroyed, 148; defeated at Chrysopolis, 149; sub- mission and death, ib.; counteracted the edict of Milan, iii. 9; vision of an angel, 14.
LICINIUS the Younger made Cæsar, ii.
LICINIUS, son of Constantia, put to death by his uncle Constantine, ii. 352. LIEUTENANTS, imperial, their office and rank, i. 200. LIGHTNING, Superstition respecting things struck with, ii. 56 and note; knowledge of the ancients respecting the conducting of, iv. 91 and 92, note M.
LIGNITZ, battle of between the Mongols and Germans, viii. 114. LIKENESS of the Son, how explained by
three Arian sects, iii. 59, sq. LILIUS, ambassador from Phocas to Chosroes, King of Persia, v. 390. LILYBAUM resigned to the Vandals by the Goths, v. 125; by whom built, ib. note; claimed by Belisarius, ib.
LIMIGANTES, Sarmatian slaves SO called, insurrection of, ii. 362; sub- dued by Constantius II., 402; their interview with Constantius, 403; attempt to seize him, ib.; are totally extinguished by the Romans, 404. LINEN, unknown at Rome, iv. 76. LITERATURE, diffusion of, i. 194; not incompatible with arms, 402; de- cline of under Diocletian, ii. 104 (v. Learning).
LITHUANIA, late conversion of from idolatry, vi. 94.
LITORIUS, Count, relieves Narbonne, besieged by Theodoric, iv. 225; de- feated and captured by the Goths in an attempt on Toulouse, it. LITTUS SAXONICUM, what, iii. 264, note S.; extent of in Britain, iv. 388 note S.; why so called, ib. LITURGY, Roman, modelled by pope Gregory the Great, v. 359. LIUTPRAND, king of the Lombards, his obedience to pope Gregory II., and devotion at the tomb of St. Peter, vi. 153; declares himself the champion of images, ib.; enters Ravenna, ib. ; expelled by the Venetians, ib. LIUTPRAND, bishop of Cremona, his contempt for the Byzantine Romans, vi. 151 and note M.; his embassy to Constantinople, vii. 4, 21.
LOCUSTS, probably the ancient harpies, ii. 288, note.
LOGOS, the Platonic, iii. 46; how ap- plied by the Alexandrian Jews, 47; revealed by St. John, ib.; confes- sion of Athanasius respecting, 50. opinions of the Christians respecting, 51; of Arius, 54; of the Gregories, Cyril, and others, 55; represented by the sun, 141.
LOGOTHETE, officer of the Byzantine emperors, his functions, vii. 19. LOLLIANUS, competitor of Posthumus, medals of, ii. 18, note.
LOMBARDS of ITALY converted to the Nicene faith, iv. 341; date, ib. note; or Longobards, invited by Justinian into Noricum and Pannonia, v. 165; etymology of their name, ib. and note S.; situation of, ib. note; origin, 166 and note; migrations, ib.; fero- city, ib.; subdue the Gepida, 167 conquer a great part of Italy, 337; their numbers, language, and mar- ners, 349; exact a third of agricul
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