MARIUS MAXIMUS, his histories much read by the Roman nobles, iv. 82, and note. MARK, bishop of Arethusa, cruelty of Julian's magistrates towards, iii. 166; had saved Julian's life, 167. MARK, bishop of Ephesus, viii. 96; manager for the Greeks at the coun- cil of Florence, 100; rejects a union with the Latins, 102; patriarch of Constantinople, 123; death, ib. MARKLAND, Jeremiah, his censure of the Æneid, viii. 114, note. MAROBODUUS, king of the Marcomanni, i. 370, note and note S. MARON, a Syrian saint, gives name to the Maronites, vi. 55. MARONGA, action at between Julian and the Persians, iii. 210. MARONITES, the Monothelites so called by the Oriental Christians, from Ma- ron, vi. 55; present state, 56; coun- try, 57.
MAROZIA, Roman prostitute, two ge- nerations of her descendants occupied the papal chair, vi. 183 and note M.; introduces Hugh king of Burgundy into the Castle of St. Angelo, 185; marriage banquet, ib.; imprisoned by her son Alberic, ib. MARRIAGE, Roman, law and rites of, v.
294; fourth, condemned by the By- zantine laws, vi. 101. MARSYABA, or Marsyabæ, i. 138, note S. MARTEL, v. Charles Martel. MARTIALIS, assassinates Caracalla, i. 274.
MARTIN, St., bishop of Tours, his haughty treatment of the emperor Maximus, iii. 26, note; his mira- culous gifts, 376; character of Sulp. Severus' Life of that prelate, ib. note; zeal in destroying pagan temples, 415; founder of monasticism in Gaul, iv. 309; miraculous shrine of, con- verts the Suevi, 340. MARTIN, pope, anathematizes the type of Constans and ecthesis of Heraclius, vi. 42; banished, ib. MARTIN IV., pope, excludes Michael Palæologus from the Latin Church, vii. 375, 377; elected senator of Rome, viii. 205.
MARTIN V., pope, his election by the Council of Constance restores the popes to the Vatican, and terminates the schism of the West, viii. 256;
resumes the prerogative of coining, 257.
MARTIN, abbot, preaches the fourth
crusade in Germany, vii. 295 and note; leaves the army at Zara, 297. MARTINA, incestuous marriage with her uncle Heraclius, v. 398; procures the association of her son Heracleonas in the empire, vi. 72; attempts to ascend the throne, 73; her tongue cut out, 74. MARTINIANUS named Cæsar by Licinius, ii. 148; put to death, 149. MARTYRDOM, proofs of required by the Roman Catholics, ii. 246, note; in- citements to, 250.
MARTYRS, primitive, legends respect- ing, ii. 244; small number of, 245; mostly of very high or very low condition, ib.; honours paid to, 251; title when refused, 252, note; their example produced conversions, 253; new era of under Diocletian, 264; probable account of, 281; number of, 283; worship of by the Christians, iii. 427; fabulous martyrs, 428. MARY, Virgin, place of her burial, vi. 18, note; likenesses of, 138; her immaculate conception borrowed from the Koran, 226.
MARY, queen of Bulgaria, negociates with the Sultan of Egypt against her uncle Michael Palæologus, vii. 375. MASCEZEL takes refuge at Milan from the fury of his brother Gildo, iv. 17; appointed by Stilicho to lead an army against Gildo, 18; his religious devotion, 19; defeats Gildo, 20; jealousy of Stilicho and death, 21. MASSAGETÆ invade Persia, ii. 373. MASSOUD, son of Mahmud the Gazne- vide, defeated by the Turkmans, vii. 153.
MASTER of the Offices, functions of, ii. 326.
MASTERS-GENERAL of cavalry and in- fantry, ii. 319.
MATERNUS, insurrection of against Com- modus, i. 226; his plot discovered,
MATTER, M., his 'Histoire du Gnosti- cisme,' ii. 163, note M.
MATTHEW, St., first two chapters of his Gospel not in the Ebionite copies, vi. 3, note; contents of alluded to in the Ascensio Isaiæ,' ib. note M.; wrote in Hebrew, it.; loss of his
Hebrew Gospel naturally accounted for, 4, note M.; inquiry whether his Gospel was composed in Hebrew, ii. 206, notes.
MATTHIAS CORVINUS elected king of Hungary, viii. 135; reign and cha- racter, ib.
MAURICE named emperor by Tiberius II., v. 345; character and reign, ib. ; espouses the cause of Chosroes, grand- son of Nushirvan, 373; war against the Avars, 380; attempts to reform the army, 382; his work on mili- tary tactics, ib. note; rebellion of his troops, who elect Phocas, 383; revolt of the Constantinopolitans, 384; flight of Maurice, ib.; executed by Phocas, 385; pretended son of, 391 and note.
MAURINGANIA, reputed seat of the Franks, i. 390.
MAURITANIA Cæsariensis and Tingi-
tana, i. 162; invaded by the Franks, 392; invaded by Akbah, vi. 347. MAURITANIAN SIFITI, province of, re- annexed to the Roman empire by Solomon the eunuch, v. 123. MAXENTIUS, Son of Maximian, declared emperor at Rome, ii. 114; vices and incapacity, ib.; alliance with Max- imin, 123; tyranny in Italy and Africa, 124; triumph, ib.; licen- tiousness, ib.; pride, 125; provokes a war with Constantine, ib.; forces, 126; supineness, 130; consults the Sibylline books, 131; defeat and death, 132; his (imputed) artifice of the bridge examined, ib. notes; his head exhibited to the people, 133; patronized the Christians, 276. MAXIMIAN, colleague of Diocletian, ii. 66; his birth and character, ib.; late, ib. notes; ignorance, ib.; as- sumes the title of Herculius, 67; quells the insurgent Bagaudæ, 69; employed by Diocletian in difficult wars, 74; subdues the Mauritanians, 76; triumph, 89; persecutes the senators, 91; abdicates, 99; reas- sumes the purple, 115; visits Con- stantine in Gaul, 116; second abdi- cation, 120; seizes Arles, 121; be- sieged in Marseilles, ib.; death, ib. MAXIMIAN and GALERIUS punish some Christian soldiers, ii. 267; persc- cuted the Christians, 276. MAXIMIAN, general of Probus, ii. 44.
MAXIMILIANUS, martyrdom of, ii. 267. MAXIMIN, præfect of Gaul, obtains the government of Valeria for his son Marcellinus, iii. 287.
MAXIMIN, origin, i. 305; strength and valour, 306; promotion, ib.; con- spires against Alex. Severus, 307; ac- cession, ib.; tyranny, 308; igno- rance, ib. note; oppresses the pro- vinces, 309; African revolt, 310; declared a public enemy, 314; chro- nological difficulties, 318; examined, ib. note S. (and note, 321); marches into Italy, 319; besieges Aquileia, ib.; murdered, 320; portrait, 321. MAXIMIN (Daza) Cæsar, ii. 108; em- peror, 119; divides the empire with Licinius, 122; alliance with Max- entius, 123; takes Byzantium and Heraclea, 136; defeated by Licinius, ib.; flight and death, ib.; brutal conduct towards Valeria, 137; un- bounded licentiousness, ib. note; persecutes the Christians, 259 and note G., 280; supports polytheism by introducing the Christian discipline, 280; publishes an edict of toleration, 281, note.
MAXIMIN, Constantinopolitan courtier, embassy to Attila with Priscus the historian, iv. 208; entertains the Huns at Sardica, 209; his con- temptuous reception by Attila, 210; hospitality of Bleda's widow, 211; visits Cerca, wife of Attila, 213. MAXIMINIANISTS, Donatist sect, iii. 45. MAXIMUS elected emperor with Bal
binus, i. 315; character, ib. ; tumult, 317; enters Rome in triumph, 321; wise administration, ib.; visits the camp at Aquileia, 322; discord with Balbinus, 323; both assassinated, ib. MAXIMUS, revolt of in Britain, iii. 359; apocryphal marriage with Helena, a British lady, ib. and note S.; his rank, ib. and note; invades Gaul, 360; favourable reception and suc- cess, ib.; embassy to Theodosius, 361; obtains the countries beyond the Alps, 362; the first Christian prince who shed the blood of his subjects (the Priscillianists) for their religion, 374; invades Italy, 382; enters Milan, ib.; encamps near Siscia, 384; defeated by Theodosius, 385; besieged and captured in Aqui- leia, ib.; beheaded, ib.
MAXIMUS made emperor in Spain by Gerontius, iv. 119; executed, 120. MAXIMUS, the Platonist, initiates Ju- lian in theurgic science, iii. 142; in- vited to Constantinople by that em- peror, 151; his triumphant journey and flattering reception, ib.; his corruption and avarice, 152; how punished by Valentinian, 237, note. MAXIMUS, abbot, inhuman chastise- ment of, by Constans, vi. 42. MAZALON, great domestic of Theodore Lascaris II., emperor of Nice, guard- ian of his son John, vii. 361; massa- cred, 362.
MAZDAK, the Persian Archimagus, his fanatical tenets, v. 181 and note M. MEBODES, the Persian, his services how rewarded by Nushirvan, v. 183. MEBODES, general of Chosroes, takes Modain, v. 374. MECCA, description of, vi. 201 and notes M. and S.; trade, ib.; besieged by Abrahah, 216; delivered by Abdol Motalleb, 217; the kebla of prayer, 232; flight of Mahomet from, 242; surrenders to Mahomet, 253; Christians and unbelievers excluded from, 254 and note; stormed and pillaged by Abu Taher, 419. MECHANICS, how esteemed among the Huns, iv. 203.
MEDALS, imperial, with the head of a subject, iv. 184 and note S. MEDIAN tribes implore the protection of Trajan, i. 143.
MEDICINE, Science of, proficiency of the Arabians in, vi. 402.
MEDICIS, Cosmo of, his character and patronage of learning, viii. 117. MEDICIS, Lorenzo of, his encourage- ment of learning, viii. 117. MEDINA, Arabian name for city, appro- priated to Yatreb, the residence of Mahomet, vi. 200, note; 243 and note S.; distinguished as the city of the Book, ib.; Mahomet received as prince at, 243.
MEDITERRANEAN, its coasts and islands subject to the Romans, i. 163. MEGALESIA, festival of the, how cele- brated at Rome, i. 227, note. MELCHITES, or royalists, eastern name for Catholics, origin of, vi. 44 and note. MELETIANS, Sect of, in Egypt, iii. 71 and note.
MELETIUS, bishop of Antioch, death of, iii. 371 and note.
MELISENDA, daughter of Baldwin II., queen of Jerusalem, vii. 256. MELITENE (Malatheah, note M.), battle of, between the Romans and Per- sians under Nushirvan, v. 365. MELLOBAUDES, count of the domestics and king of the Franks, rescues count Romanus from justice, iii. 275; and Equitius cause the troops to elect Valentinian II. to the purple, 291; defeats the Alemanni at Argentaria, 332; put to death by Maximus, iii. 361.
MELO of Bari invites the Normans into Italy, vii. 103.
MELPHI, metropolis of the Normans in Apulia, vii. 106.
MEMNON, Vocal, secret of explained, iii. 419, note M.
MEMPHIS described, vi. 330; taken by Amrou, 331.
MENSURIUS, bishop of Carthage, ii. 277.
MENTZ sacked by the northern bar- barians, iv. 52.
MERAB in Arabia Felix, i. 138 and note S.
MERANES, or Mirranes, a title of dignity
among the Persians, iii. 210, note S. MERIDA besieged and taken by Musa, vi. 360; seat of the veterans of Au- gustus, ib. and note.
MERIT, personal, estimate of relative, v. 163.
MERMEROES, Persian general in the Lazic war, character, v. 202. MEROBAUDES, a pagan of the fifth cen- tury, obtains a statue, iii.425, note M. MEROVEUS, younger son of Clodion, protected and adopted by Aëtius, iv. 229; his lineage doubtful, ib. note M. MEROVINGIAN kings of the Franks, way of election and royal ensigns, iv. 227; origin of the name, ib. note; gold coinage of, 362, note S.; account of their mintage, 363 and note; al- lowed their subjects to use their pe- culiar laws, 366; this controverted by M. Savigny, ib. note M.; domains and benefices of, 372; family of, when extinguished, vi. 173; last, or rois fainéans, described, 385. MERSEBURG, castle of, its historical pic- ture, vii. 77 and note.
MERVAN, last Ommiade caliph, de-
feated by Saffah at the Zab, vi. 392; retires to Busir on the Nile, ib. ; his surname of the Ass,' ib. and note; defeat and death, ib. MESOPOTAMIA, a Roman province, i. 143; ravaged by Carus, ii. 55; ceded to the Romans, 87; Julian's march through, iii. 192. MESSALLA, VALERIUS, first præfect of Rome, his high character, ii. 312. MESSALLA, governor of Pannonia, saves Constantia from the Quadi, iii. 288. MESSIAH, pure man to the Ebionites,
vi. 2; heresy of his soul being Adam's, 4, note; pure God to the Docetes, 5; God and man according to Cerinthus, 7; incarnate God ac- cording to Apollinaris, 9; orthodox doctrine, 10; Nestorian heresy, 16; monophysite doctrine, 24; opinion of Pope Leo I. established by the coun- cil of Chalcedon, 29.
MESROBES invents the Armenian alpha- bet, iv. 168, note.
MESUA, Arabian physician, vi. 402. METAURUS river, ii. 15, note. METELLI, triumphs and consulships of the, i. 293, note.
METELLUS Numidicus, his opinion of women, i. 285, note.
METHODIUS, bishop of Tyre, dialogue
of the ten virgins, ii. 188, note. METIUS FALCONIUS recommends the election of Tacitus as emperor, ii. 37. METROPHANES, patriarch of Constan- tinople, viii. 123.
METZ destroyed by the Huns, iv. 232 and note.
MICHAEL I., Rhangabe, emperor of Con- stantinople, vi. 88.
MICHAEL II. the Phrygian, surnamed
the Stammerer, compels Leo V. to ascend the throne of Constantinople, vi. 89; conspires against and assas- sinates that emperor, 90; assumes the purple, ib. ; captures and executes Thomas the Cappadocian, 91; marries Euphrosyne, ib.
MICHAEL III., emperor of Constantino- ple, vi. 93; profligate reign, 94; assassinated by Basil, 95; defeated by the Paulicians, vii. 53. MICHAEL IV., the Paphlagonian, em- peror of Constantinople, origin of, vi. 109; intrigue with Zoe, wife of Ro- manus III., ib.; elevation, ib. MICHAEL V Calaphates, his mean
origin, vi. 109; ingratitude, 110; dethroned, ib.
MICHAEL VI., Stratisticus, emperor of Constantinople, vi. 111; deposed by Isaac I., 113.
MICHAEL VII., Parapinaces, emperor of Constantinople, vi. 115; character, ib.; resigns the empire to Nicephorus Botaniates, 116; deposed, vii. 119; personated by an impostor, ib. MICHAEL, bastard of the house of An- geli, despot of Epirus, vii. 327. MICHAELIS, his opinion on Moses' omis- sion of a future state, ii. 171, note M.; his explanation of the præternatural obstacles to the rebuilding of the temple at Jerusalem, iii. 160. MIDDLETON, Dr., his 'Free Inquiry,' how received, ii. 179, and note. MILAN made an imperial residence by Maximian, ii. 90; described, ib.; edict of in favour of the Christians, iii. 5; counteracted by Licinius, 9; secured the revenues of the Church, 32; Council of, 78; corruption prac- tised at to procure the condemnation of Athanasius, ib.; taken by Attila, iv. 241; taken and destroyed by the Goths and Burgundians under Vi- tiges, v. 151; razed by Frederick I., vi. 188.
MILES, change in the meaning of that word, i. 149, note.
MILITARY force, its due proportion to the population, i. 241.
MILLENNIUM, doctrine of the, ii. 173; a Jewish tradition, ib. note M.; re- ceived by the Fathers, 174; con- demned by the Articles of Edward VI., ib. note M.
MILTON, his enumeration of the Syrian deities, ii. 154, note.
MINCIUS, river, Attila's camp on the, iv. 245 and note M. MINERVINA, first wife of Constantine, ii. 348.
MINES, use of in sieges, first theory and practice of, viii. 160, note. MINGRELIA, v. Colchis. MINORITY, Roman, two kinds of, iv. 11, note; period of under the Roman law, v. 302 and note S.
MINT, revolt of the workmen under Aurelian, ii. 30; observations on, ib MIRACLES of the primitive church, ii. 178; period of their duration, 180; a belief in often converted Pagans,
MISITHEUS, minister of Gordian, i. 325; genuineness of that name examined, ib. note S.; death, 326. MISNAH, the, denounced death against apostates, iii. 155, note. 'MISOPOGON,' Julian's, on what occa- sion written, iii. 185. MISSIONARIES, Christian, promoted trade in the East, v. 61.
MISSORIUM, Adolphus' great dish of gold, history of, iv. 116. MITHRA, what, i. 335.
MITHRAS, worship of, ii. 265, note. MITHRIDATES, massacre by, i. 173. MOAWIYAH, son of Abu Sophian, as- sumes the title of caliph, and wages war with Ali, vi. 275; conquers him, 276; early history of, 277; reign, ib. ; conspiracy against at Medina, 278, and note S.; address in proclaiming his son Yezid as his successor, ib. ; undertakes the siege of Constantino- ple, 375; makes a degrading treaty with the Greeks, 376.
MOCTADER, caliph, his splendid recep- tion of a Greek ambassador, vi. 396; his alarm at the approach of the Carmathians, 419.
MODAIN, AL, winter residence of the Sassanides, iii. MODAR, a Goth Romans, iii. MODESTINUS, juridical authority con- ferred on by Theodosius II., v. 279. MOESIA described, i. 159; defended from the Sarmatians by Theodosius, iii. 288.
MOEZ, Fatimite caliph, his proof of his pedigree, vi. 281.
MOGUL, Great, of Hindostan, viii. 3 and note M. MOGULS, v. Mongols.
MOGULS, Great, dominion of, viii. 66. MOGUNTIACUM (Mentz) surprised by Bando, a German chief, iii, 259,
MOHADI, or Mahdi, Abbasside caliph, sends an expedition against Constan- tinople, vi. 404.
MOHAGERIANS, or fugitives of Mecca, vi. 244.
MOHAMMED, v. Mahomet.
MOHAMMED, sultan of Carizme, iii. 313, note; subdued by Zingis Khan, viii.
9. MOKAWKAS, a noble Egyptian, embassy of Mahomet to, vi. 332; treaty with Amrou, ib.
MOKO, a slave of the Topa princes, be- comes the founder and head of the Geougen, iv. 43.
MONARCHY defined, i. 196; hereditary, its advantages, 304.
MONASTICISM, early traces of, ii. 188; origin and progress of, iv. 305, sqq.; causes of its dissemination, 310. MONDARS, dynasty of the overthrown by Caled, vi. 291 and notes M. and S. MONEY, its effects, i. 356; value of under Constantine the Great re- duced to sterling, ii. 338, notes; de- basement of the Roman in the fifth century, iv. 268 and note. MONGOLS, or Moguls, how connected with the Tatars, iii. 294 and notes; de- scribed, 302, note S.; their barbarous maxims of war, iv. 201; method of disposing of their captives, 202; a distinct race from the Turks, viii. 1, note S.; seats of the, ib. 2; intro- duction of letters among, 5, note M.; sources of their history, ib. and 6, notes; sovereigns of the, 10; con- quest of northern and southern China, 10, 11; of Persia and the empire of the caliphs, 12; of Ar- menia and Anatolia, 13; of Kipzak, Russia, Poland, Hungary, &c., 14; general alarm at their progress, 15; the pope attempts to convert them, ib.; conquest of Siberia, 16; man- ners of their khans, ib.; they adopt the laws and fashions of China, 18; expelled from that country, ib.; division of their empire, ib.; invade Bulgaria and Thrace, 19; abstained from attacking the Greeks and Franks, 20; decline of the Mongol khans of Persia, ib. MONKS, their legends respecting the primitive martyrs, ii. 244; specimen of, 246, note; of Egypt, shelter Atha- nasius, iii, 85; their zeal in destroying
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