the pagan temples, 415; origin of, iv. 306; industry in making proselytes, 310; vows and blind submission, 312; punishments, ib. note; dress and habitations, 313; diet, 314; manual labour, 315; property in common, ib. and note; riches, 316; solitude, 317; devotion and visions, 318; two classes, Cœnobites and Anachorets, 319; miracles and worship of, 321; persecuted and suppressed by Con- stantine V., vi. 144; how esteemed by the Saracens, 302 and notes. MONOPHYSITE doctrine, vi. 24. MONOPHYSITES, massacre of the in Persia, vi. 47.
MONOPOLIES under Justinian, v. 67. MONOTHELITE controversy, vi. 41; doc- trine condemned in the sixth general council, 43.
MONTAIGNE, his account of Roman spectacles, ii. 58, note. MONTANER, Ramon de, companion and
historian of Roger de Flor and the Catalans, vii. 384, notes G. and M. MONTANISTS, their rigid adherence to ancient discipline, ii. 254; of Phrygia, persecution of the by Justinian, vi.
MONTASSER, caliph, son and parricide
of Motawakkel, his remorse, vi. 416. MONTESQUIEU, his dialogue of Sylla and Eucrates, i. 319, note; descrip- tion of Roman military government, 326; account of the censorship, 383, note; remark on taxation in free and despotic states, ii. 333; misappre- hension of the English laws, iii. 128; theory of the revolutions of Asia, 299, note; error respecting the Goths, 355, note. MONTFAUCON, Father, edition of St. Chrysostom, iv. 136; his description of Rome, viii. 288, note. MONTIUS, quæstor of the palace, his insolence towards Gallus, ii. 391; put to death, ib.
MONTREAL, Chevalier, Italian free- booter, executed by Rienzi, viii. 247, note.
MONUMENTS, Roman, i. 181; mostly for public use, 184.
MOORS, war of Antoninus Pius against the, i. 145, note; manners of the an- cient, v. 116, 121; revolt from Jus- tinian, 213; defeat and slay the eunuch Solomon at Tebeste, 214;
MOREA, the, occupied by the Turks, viii. 181.
MORGING-CUP, wedding-gift of the Lombards, iv. 115.
MOROSINI, a Venetian, made patriarch of Constantinople, vii. 222. MOSEILAMA, the false Arabian prophet, interview with the prophetess Sedjah, vi. 286 and note S.; defeated by Caled, 287; slain, ib.
MOSES, his religion suited a particular country, ii. 156; did not inculcate the immortality of the soul, 171; causes of this omission examined, ib. note M.; how regarded in the Koran, vi. 226; his military laws compared with those of Mahomet, 245.
MOSES of Chorene, his authority erro- neously used by Gibbon, ii. 369, note M.; character of his Armenian history, iv. 168, note.
MOSHEIM, his character as an eccle- siastical historian, vi. 2, note. MOSLEMAH, brother of the caliph Soli- man, invests Constantinople, vi. 379; destruction of his fleet, 380; retreats, 381.
MOSLIM, or Musulman, meaning of that term, vi. 222, note S.
MOSTALI, caliph of Egypt, his nego-
ciations with the crusaders, vii. 222. MOSTASEM, last of the Abbasside caliphs,
captured and put to death by Hola- gou, khan of the Mongols, viii. 12. MOSTHADI, Abbasside caliph of Bagdad,
recognised as true Commander of the Faithful, vii. 253.
MOTASSEM, caliph, his name of Octo- nary,' how founded, vi. 413 and note ; defeats Theophilus at Amorium, 414; destroys that town, 415; dan- gerous example of introducing Turk- ish guards, 416.
MOTAWAKKEL, caliph, son of Motassen, killed by his Turkish guards, vi. 416. MOUNTAIN, old man of the, chief of the Assassins, viii. 12.
MOURZOUFLE deposes Isaac Angelus
and his son and usurps the empire, vii. 309; defeated by Henry of Flan- ders, 310; flight, 312; alliance with Alexius Angelus, 325; blinded by him, ib.; seized by the Latins, ib. ; his singular execution, ib. and note M. MOUSA, son of Bajazet, made king of Anatolia by Timour, viii. 57; reign and character, 67. MOXOENE, province of, ii. 87 and notes. MOZARABES of Spain and Africa, vi. 370 and note.
MUCAPER assassinates Aurelian, ii. 32. MUCII, renowned for their knowledge of the law, v. 274.
MUMMOLUS the patrician, last governor of Burgundy, iv. 381. MUNICIPAL cities, Italian, i. 171 note M.; privileges of, 173. MUNUZA (or Abu Nesa), rebel Moor, quelled by Abderame, vi. 386. MURATORI, Italian annalist, account of, and list of his works, viii. 266, note. MURCI, origin and meaning of that term, ii. 324, note.
MURDER punished capitally under Charlemagne, iv. 368.
MURRA, or Chinese porcelain, iv. 79, notes.
MURSA, or Essek, remarkable bridge at, ii. 381 and note; battle of between. Constantius and Magnentius, 381; great slaughter at, 382.
MURSA, Tatar chiefs so called, iii. 301. MUSA the Saracen defeats the Greeks at Utica, vi. 351; takes and destroys Carthage, ib. and note S.; finally reduces Africa, 352; repulsed from Ceuta, 355; cor- respondence with count Julian, ib.; sends an expedition into Spain, ib.; lands at Algezire and completes the conquest of Spain, 360; ignomini- ously punishes his lieutenant, Tarik, 361; account of his penetrating into France, ib. and note; probable origin of the story, ib. note S.; his ambi- tious projects, 363; disgrace and re- turn to Damascus, ib.; ignominious punishment and death, 364. MUSIC, much cultivated by the later Romans, iv. 82; instruments of, ib. MUSONIAN, prætorian præfect, negoti- ates with the Persians, ii. 404. MUSTAPHA, reputed son of Bajazet, history of, viii. 66.
MUTA, battle of between the Moslems
and Romans, vi. 25; date of, 258, note S. MYGDONIUS, river, its course diverted by Sapor, ii. 372.
MYTHOLOGY, Pagan, character of the, i. 166.
NACOLIA, battle of between Valens and Procopius, iii. 242.
NACORAGAN, Persian general in the Lazic war, vain boast of, v. 203; defeat and flight, ib.; flayed alive by Chosroes, ib.
NAHAR-MALCHA, canal of the Tigris, how used by Julian, iii. 202. NAISSUS, battle of between Claudius and the Goths, ii. 7; birthplace of Constantine, 109.
NAPLES, account of, v. 132; capture of by Belisarius, 133.
NAPLES, kingdom of, a fief of the Holy See, vii. 110; monarchy of how com- posed, 114; dukes of, ib.; conquered by Charles of Anjou, brother of St. Louis, 376.
NAPOLI DI ROMANIA, or NAUPLIA, vii. 324, note.
NAPHTHA, the basis of the Greek fire, vi. 382 and note M. NARBONNE, province of, i. 156; acquired by the Visigoths, iv. 287; conquered by the Moslems, vi. 386 and note S. NARSES, king of Persia, ii. 81; defeated by Galerius, 84; embassy to Diocle- tian and Galerius, 85; treaty, 86. NARSES, Persian ambassador from Sapor to Constantius II., ii. 404; conciliat- ing behaviour, 405.
NARSES the eunuch, marches to the relief of John the Sanguinary, v. 148; dissension with Belisarius, 150; recalled to Constantinople, ib.· appointed to command an expedition against Italy, 230; character, ib.; a Pers-Armenian, ib. note S.; march from Ravenna towards Rome, 232; defeats Totila at Tagina, 233; enters Rome, 235; besieges Cumæ, ib.; de- feats and slays Teias at Mount Lac- tarius, 236; reduces the Ostrogoths to submission or exile, ib.; takes Lucca, 237; defeats the Franks and Alemanni under Bucelin at Casi- linum, 240; enters Rome with mili- tary pomp, ib.; administers the 2 c
kingdom of Italy as first exarch of Ravenna, 241; vigorous government, ib.; the Romans complain of his avarice and oppression, 336; recalled by Justin, ib.; insulting message of the empress Sophia, ib.; invites the Lombards into Italy, ib.; accepts the repentance of the Romans, 337; death at Rome, ib. NARSES, the Persian, general of the emperor Maurice, restores Chosroes II. to the throne of Persia, v. 373; revolt and death, 391.
NASIREUS, Codex, sacred book of the Christians of St. John, vi. 214, note M.
NATIONS, or Ditch, battle of the between
Abu Sophian and Mahomet, vi. 250. NATURAL CHILDREN, right of legiti- mating, v. 300; when first conferred, ib. note G.; incapable of inheriting, ib. note M. NAULOBATUS, chief of the Heruli, made a consular, i. 401. NAVIGATION, Roman, described, i. 189. NAVY, Roman, how stationed, i. 154;
Byzantine, vii. 28; its tactics, 29; fleet for the reduction of Crete, ib. NAZARENE church, ii. 158; trans- planted to Pella, 159; Gibbon's error respecting the date of that event, ib. note M.; renounces the Mosaic law, ib.; the remnant that refuses called Ebionites, 160; question as to its orthodoxy, iii. 48 and note. NAZARIUS, his description of divine warriors who assisted Constantine, iii. 16.
NAZIANZUS, site of, iii. 366, note. NEANDER, his work on Julian, iii. 134, note S.
NEBRIDIUS, prætorian præfect in Gaul, alone opposes Julian's enterprise against Constantius, ii. 114; Julian rescues him from the fury of the soldiers, ib.
NECTARIUS, successor of Gregory at Constantinople, his baptism delays his consecration, iii. 372. NEGED, district of Arabia, vi. 198. NEGRA, city of Yemen, Christians of persecuted by Dunaan prince of the Homerites, v. 207 and note M.; site of that town, ib. note. NEGROES, African, their moral and in- tellectual character, iii. 277. NEGUS of Abyssinia, his reception of
Nonnosus, the ambassador of Just nian, v. 208.
NEHAVEND, decisive victory of the Saracens at over the Persians, vi 296. NEMESIANUS, contends in poetry with Numerian, ii. 61, note. NENNIUS, his account of the Saxon in- vasion of Britain, iv. 387 and note. NEPTHALITES (Epthalites) or White Huns, defeat and slay Perozes, king of Persia, v. 85; conquered by the Turks, 175.
NEPOS, Julius, marries a niece of the empress Verina, iv. 294; succeeds his uncle Marcellinus in the sove reignty of Dalmatia, ib.; made emperor of the West by Leo the Great, ib.; flies to Dalmatia on the approach of Orestes, 295; assassi nated by Glycerius, ib. NEPOTIAN, nephew of Constantine, re volt of, ii. 383; assumes the purple at Rome, ib.; slain, ib. NERO, the last of the Julian line, i 208; conspiracy against, 210; cha racterized, 217; wished to abolish taxes, 301; accused as the incendiary of Rome, ii. 233; evades the charg by punishing the Christians, ib. reasons why he did not accuse the Jews, 236.
NERVA, his character, i. 213; adopts Trajan, ib.; his gentle administra tion, ii. 240.
NESTOR, Russian annalist, account of, vii. 81 and note G. NESTORIAN Controversy, iv. 342. NESTORIANS, inconsistency of their opinions, vi. 41, note; chiefly con fined to Persia, 46; missions of the 48; among the Tatars, 49 and note M.; their numbers under the caliphs, 50; modern sects of, 51; of Mala bar, their primitive Christianity and persecution by the Portuguese, 52. NESTORIUS, patriarch of Constanti- nople, his persecuting zeal, vi. 15 his heresy, 16; condemned by Cyril, patriarch of Alexandria, and by pope Celestine, 17; condemned and degraded by the Council of Ephesus, 19; exiled, 23; persecuted, 24; death, ib.; tradition respecting his sepulchre, ib.
NETHERLANDS, number of protestants executed in the, ii. 285.
NEVITTA, general of Julian's cavalry, iii. 115; made a judge at Chalcedon, 126; consul, 130.
NEWTON, Sir Isaac, his theological cri- ticisms, vi. 9, note; his average term of a reign, vi. 132.
NICE burnt by the Goths, i. 399; ap- pointed for the election of an em- peror, iii. 232; council of, 39, 56; its canons, vi. 46, note; second coun- cil of pronounces in favour of the worship of images, 164; becomes the capital of the Seljukian dynasty of Roum, vii. 170; besieged by the crusaders, 211; surrenders to Alex- ius Comnenus, 212; empire of esta- blished by Theodore Lascaris, 326; groundless panic at respecting the Tatars, viii. 20; taken by the Turks under Orchan, 23.
NICEPHORIUM, or Callinicum, town of, iii. 190.
NICEPHORUS I., great treasurer, deposes Irene and ascends the throne of Constantinople, vi. 87; character and reign, 88 and notes M. and S.; sends an embassy to Charlemagne, 180; reception of his ambassadors by Ha- run al Rashid, 405; conquered by that caliph, 406; slain in an expedi- tion against the Bulgarians, vii. 67; his skull made into a cup, ib. NICEPHORUS II., Phocas, emperor of Constantinople, his character, vi. 104; intrigue with Theophano, widow of Romanus II., ib.; assumes the dia- dem, 105; murdered by John Zi- misces, 106; reduced Crete, 424; eastern conquests, 425; mostly tran- sient, 428.
NICEPHORUS III., Botaniates, emperor of Constantinople, revolts from Mi- chael VII. and assumes the purple, vi. 115; Michael VII. abdicates in his favour, 116. NICEPHORUS Bryennius, revolts from Michael VII. and assumes the purple, vi. 115; rejected by the Con- stantinopolitans, ib.; vanquished by Botaniates, 116.
NICEPHORUS, son of Constantine Co- pronymus, conspires, with his four brothers, against Leo IV. and his son Constantine, vi. 85; tragic fate, ib. NICEPHORUS, patriarch and chronicler, account of, v. 391, note.
NICHOLAS III., pope, transfers the kingdom of the Sicilies from the house of Anjou to that of Aragon, vii. 379.
NICHOLAS V., pope, his origin, cha- racter, and zeal in encouraging learn- ing, viii. 116; founds the Vatican library, ib.; foretells the fall of Constantinople, 153; restores and adorns Rome, 257; crowns the Emperor Frederick III. of Austria, 258.
NICHOLAS III., marquis of Este, viii. 98 and note.
NICOMEDIA taken by the Goths, i. 398; burnt, 399; residence of Maximian and Diocletian, ii. 91; embellished by the latter, ib.; church of, de- stroyed, 269; taken by the Turks under Orchan, viii. 23.
NICOPOLIS besieged by the Goths, i. 382; belonged to Paula, pupil of Jerom, iv. 75; battle of, between Sigismond, king of Hungary, and the sultan Bajazet, viii. 32. NIEBUHR, father of the historian, his work on Arabia the best, vi. 203, note M. NIEBUHR, on the census, i. 171, note M.; his opinion on the Philopatris, ii. 55, note.
NIGER, Pescennius, governor of Syria, his character, i. 247; assumes the imperial dignity, 248; vanquished by Severus, 255; Gibbon corrected, ib. note W.; death, 257.
NIKA sedition at Constantinople, v. 51; suppressed, 55.
NILE, navigation improved by Probus, ii. 51; rise of the, iii. 421 and note; vi. 331, note; canal to the Red Sea, 339 and note S.; statue of the, dis- covered at Rome, viii. 286.
NINE, reverence of the Tatars for that number, viii. 44, note. NINEVEH, battle on the site of, between the Romans under Heraclius and the Persians, v. 408.
NINUS, date of his accession, i. 331, note.
NISIBIS, capture of, i. 403 and note M. NISIBIS, negociations respecting, ii. 86; described, 372; third siege of by Sapor, ib.; raised, 373; surrendered to the Persians by Jovian, iii. 219; who expels the citizens, 124. NITRIA, slaughter of the monks at, under Valens, iii. 253; monasteries of, iv. 307.
NIZAM, vizir of the sultans Alp Arslan
and Malek Shah, his learning and virtues, vii. 166; assassinated, 167 and note M.
NOAH, a prophet, vi. 225.
NOBATE, or Nubians, Diocletian's treaty with, ii. 77. NOBILISSIMUS, title invented for Hanni- balianus, ii. 355.
NOGA, Mongol chief, marries the natural daughter of Michael Palæo- logus, viii. 19.
NOGARET, William of, minister of Philip the Fair of France, seizes and imprisons pope Boniface VIII. at Anagni, viii. 215.
NOGENT, near Soissons, field of battle between Clovis and Syagrius, iv. 348, note.
NOLA besieged by Alaric, iv. 110. NONNOSUS, embassy of from Justinian
to the Negus of Abyssinia, v. 207; journey and reception, 208. NORICUM described, i. 158. NORMANS, their expeditions stimulated
by the conquests of Charlemagne, vi. 177; occasion of their invading Italy, vii. 102 and note M.; their language, ib. note; serve against the Saracens in Sicily, 105; conquer Apulia, ib.; their character, 106; tyranny in Apulia, 107; Italian conquests, 114; conquest of Sicily, 117; extinction of the, 145. NOTORIA, official despatch received by the emperors from the frumentarii, ii. 3. NOTITIA, when published, ii. 303, notes. NOUREDDIN, Sultan of Aleppo, his re- capture of Damascus and other con- quests, vii. 250: character, ib. and
note; attempts upon and conquest of Egypt, 251-253: deposes the Fatimite caliphs, ib.
NOVATIANS, Constantine's edict in favour of the, iii. 42; of Paphlagonis vanquish the legions sent against them by Macedonius, bishop of Constantinople, 93.
NOVELS of Justinian, account of, v. 288.
NOVGOROD, Russian capital, vii. 84. NUBIA, whether conquered by Trajan, i. 143, note S.; converted to Christi- anity, vi. 63; becomes Mahometan, 64. NUMERALS called Arabic or Indian, used by the Greeks and Latins, vi. 378, note; borrowed by the Arabs from the latter, ib.
NUMERIAN, son of Carus, ii. 53; em- peror with Carinus, 56; retreats from Persia, ib.; character, 61; death, 62.
NUMIDIA, limits of under Augustus, i. 162; Christians condemned to the mines of, ii. 245, note. NUSHIRVAN, v. Chosroes.
NYMPHÆUM, residence of the emperors of Nice, vii. 367 and note.
OAK, synod of the, iv. 154; condemns and deposes Chrysostom, 155. OASIS of Libya described, iv. 142, note; vi. 23, note and note M.
OATH by the head of the emperor, iv. 97 and note.
OBEDIENCE, passive, of the Christians, favourably regarded by Constantine, iii. 7.
OBEIDOLLAH, governor of Cufa, insults the dying Hosein, vi. 280. OBELISK of the temple of the Sun, transferred to Rome by Constantius II., ii. 400; whether now extant, 401, note; several transported to Rome by Augustus and his succes- sors, 401.
OBLATIONS, Origin of, ii. 197. OBLIGATIONS, Roman law respecting,
OCKLEY, author of the History of the Saracens, his literary merits and un- worthy fate, vi. 377, note.
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