OCTAI, Son of Gingis, khan of the Mon- gols and Tartars, viii. 10. OCTAVIA, tragedy of Seneca, character- ized, iv. 86, note.
OCTAVIAN, son of Alberic, and grand- son of Marozia, becomes pope John XII., vi. 185.
OCTAVIANUS, name of Augustus, i. 208. ODENATHUS of Palmyra, harasses Sa- por's army, i. 406; named Augustus by the senate, 411; bequeaths the government of the East to Zenobia, ib.; family, ii. 20, note; assassi- nated by his nephew Mæonius, 21. ODEUM restored by Herodes, i. 183 and note W.; Gibbon's mistake respect- ing, corrected, 184, note S. ODIN, descendants of, i. 360, note; his- tory of, 377; expedition of examined, ib. notes; god and warrior how con- founded, 378, note M.; flight of from Azoph to Sweden rejected, viii. 273, note.
ODOACER, son of Edecon, assumes the command of the barbarian confede- rates in Italy, iv. 297; history of, 298; prediction of St. Severinus, ib.; whether he assumed the title of king, ib. and note M.; character and reign, 302; acquires Dalmatia, 303; vanquishes the Rugians, ib.; re- signs to Euric all the provinces be- yond the Alps, 345; thrice defeated by Theodoric, v. .9; besieged by him in Ravenna, 10; capitulation and death, ib.
OFFICERS, Roman Military, their cha- racter, i. 146; Constantine's regula- tions respecting, ii. 319.
OGORS, or Varchonites, conquered by the Turks, v. 176, and note S. ОHUD, battle of, between the Moslems and Koreishites, vi. 249.
OIL, distribution of, at Rome, iv. 85. OLGA, princess of Russia, her conver- sion to Christianity, vii. 92. OLIVE, cultivation of the, i. 190. OLMUTZ defended against the Mongols by Stenberg, viii. 14, note M. OLYBRIUS, history of, iv. 292; married to Placidia, daughter of Valentinian, ib.; proposed as emperor by Ricimer, ib.; established by the capture of Rome, 293; death, 294. OLYMPIAS, wife of Arsaces Tiranus, iii. 278; confounded by Gibbon with Pharandsem, ib. note M.
OLYMPIC games at Antioch, iii. 168. OLYMPIODORUS, his account of the mag- nificence of Rome, iv. 74. OLYMPIUS, the philosopher, exhorts the Alexandrians to defend their idols, iii. 418.
OLYMPIUS, an officer of the palace, ex- cites the suspicions of Honorius against Stilicho, iv. 60; entices the latter from his sanctuary and causes him to be beheaded, 61, sqq.; perse- cutes and tortures his family and adherents, 62; his disgrace, adven- tures, and ignominious death, 95. OMAN, district of Persia, vi. 198. OMAR, caliph, conversion to Mahome- tanism, vi. 240; names Abubeker as caliph, 270; succeeds him, 271; assas- sination, ib.; date of, ib. note S.; his abstinence and humility, 288; conquests, 289; founds Bassora, 293; his division of the spoil of Madayn, 295; his journey to receive the capi- tulation of Jerusalem, 320; inter- view with the patriarch Sophronius, 321; founds a mosque on the site of the temple of Solomon, ib. and note. OMAR II., caliph, character, vi. 380 and note M.
OMAYAH of Tayef, contemporary of Mahomet, preached doctrines similar to his, vi. 224, note S.
OMMIYAH, family of, elevated to the caliphate, vi. 277; character of the princes of that house, 288; reduction of its dominions by the revolt of Ara- bia and Persia, 377; unpopular ex- cept in Syria, 390; fall of, 392; massacre of the Ommiades at Da- mascus, 393; their dynasty esta- blished in Spain, 394. OMNIPOTENCE, how limited by Estius and Bull, iii. 60, note. ONAGRI, warlike engines so called, v. 139 and note.
ONEGESIUS, architect of Attila, iv. 203. OPTATUS, brother-in-law of Constan- tine, murdered by Constantius II., ii. 365. ORACLES, revived credit of, ii. 266 and note; that of Apollo at Miletus con- sulted by Diocletian, ib.; abolished by Constantine, iii. 98.
ORCHAN, son of the caliph Othman, takes Prusa, viii. 23; conquest of Bithynia, ib.; marries Theodora, daughter of the emperor John Can-
tacuzene, 26; treaty with the em- press Anne respecting the sale of captives, 27; death, 28. ORESTES, præfect of Egypt, assaulted by the monks of Nitria, vi. 13. ORESTES, the patrician, and commander of the barbarian confederates, am- bassador of Attila to Theodosius the Younger, iv. 209; second embassy, 217; deposes Nepos, 295; history of, 296; makes his son Augustulus em- peror of the West, ib.; put to death by Odoacer, 297.
ORIENTALS, their insensibility, i. 218. ORIGEN, how he escaped temptation, ii.
187 and note; his account of the number of Christians, 214; his tes- timony respecting the martyrs, 245 and 246, note G.; attempts to con- vert Mamæa, 259; theological cha- racter and opinions of, vi. 39; works condemned as heretical by Justinian, ib.
ORLANDO (Rutland or Rolando), death of, vi. 171, note.
ORLEANS, besieged by Attila, iv. 232; relieved by Aëtius and Theodoric, 234.
ORMUSD, principle of good, i. 334. ORMUZ, city of, its history, viii. 44,
OROSIUS, account of the defeat of Ra- dagaisus, iv. 48.
ORTHODOXY and Arianism, their moral effects contrasted, iii. 369. ORTHOGRUL, father of the caliph Oth- man or Osman, his pastoral reign, viii. 21; death, 22, note S.
ORTOK, hereditary emir of Jerusalem, vii. 177.
OSIMO (Auximum) reduced by Beli- sarius, v. 152.
OSIRIS, Egyptian deity, supplanted by
Serapis, iii. 417; identical with Bac- chus, 418, note S.
OSIUS, bishop of Cordova, his ascendant over Constantine the Great, iii. 18 and note; presides in the council of Nice, 64; supports Athanasius against Constantius II., 80; a con- demnation of that prelate extorted from him, ib.
OSMANLIS, Correct name of the Otto- mans, viii. 21.
OSSET, or Julia Constantia in Bætica, miraculous fonts at, iv. 339; site of, ib, note,
OSSIAN'S poems composed by a Cale- donian, i. 141, note; whether correct in the account of a campaign be- tween Fingal and the emperor Seve- rus, 266 and note; his dispute with a foreign missionary, ii. 213, note. OSRHOENE reduced by Trajan, i. 143. OSRHOENE, kingdom of, reduced by the Romans, i. 342; duration of, 343, note.
OSTIA, port of, i. 189; described, iv. 97; taken by Alaric, 98; an epis- copal city, ib. and note S.; present state of, viii. 210. OSTROGOTHS AND VISIGOTHS, first oc- currence of their names, i. 379, note S. (v. Goths).
OTAS the satrap, ii. 80. OTHMAN, secretary of Mahomet, revises the Koran, vi. 228 and note S.; elected to the caliphate, 271; nomi- nated by Abd Errahman, 272, note S.; sect of "the return sought his dethronement, ib.; view of his reign and character, 273; re- bellion of the Charegites, ib.; death,
OTHMAN, caliph, character and reign, viii. 21; his real name was Osman, ib. note S.; date of his invasion of the territory of Nicomedia, 22. OTHO I. OR GREAT, king of Germany, genealogy, vi. 178 and note; restores the Western empire, 179; fixes the imperial crown in the German nation, ib.; obtains the nomination of the popes, 182; campaign against and victory over the Hungarians, vii. 78. Отно II., emperor of the West, marries Theophano, daughter of Romanus II., emperor of Constantinople, vi. 104; punishes pope John XII. and the revolt of the Romans, 185; accused of the treacherous murder of the senators, ib.
OTHо III. narrowly escapes the fury of
the Romans, vi. 186; poisoned by the widow of Crescentius, ib. Отно of Freysingen, bishop and his- torian, leads a body of German cru- saders through Anatolia, vii, 244, note S.; nobleness of his family, viii. 205, note.
OTHO DE LA ROCHE, duke of Athens and Thebes, vii. 384. OTRANTO, taken and sacked by the Turks, viii. 185.
OTTOMAN empire, rise and progress of, viii. 20; works on, ib. and notes M. and S.; its true æra, 23; its unity restored, 69; hereditary succession and merits of the Ottoman princes, 72; their obscure origin, ib. OVID, exile of, i. 220, note; ii. 358; description of the Geta and Sarma- tians, ib.; character of his epistles from Pontus, ib. note; his Sarmatians probably Jazyga, 359.
OXFORD, university of, first teachers of Greek at, viii. 117, note. OXYRINCHUS, city of, seat of Christian orthodoxy, iv. 308.
PACATUS, his panegyric on Theodosius the Great, iii. 387. PACHOMIUS, abbot, number of his fol-
lowers and monasteries, iv. 307. PACTS, obligation of, v. 312 and note S. PÆDERASTY, how punished by the
Scatinian law, v. 322; made capital by the Christian emperors, ib.; torture added by Justinian, 323; charge of used as an instrument of tyranny, ib. and notes.
PETUS, Ælius, his Tripartite,' the oldest work of Jurisprudence, vi. 274.
PAGAN, derivation and revolutions of
the term, iii. 100, notes; true ety- mology uncertain, ib. note S. PAGANISM, not suppressed by Con- stantine, iii. 97 and note; edict of Constantius II. against, 98; not enforced, 99; lasted during the reigns of the sons of Constantine, ib.; its ruin suspended by the division of the Christians, 100; its destruction under Theodosius the Great described, 406; state of at Rome, 407; condemned by a majority of the senate, 411; abandoned by the Roman citizens, 412; M. Beugnot's account, 413, note M.; restored by Julian, 147; who attempts to reform it, 149; fall of under Jovian, 230; final and abso- lute edict of Theodosius against, 422; long maintained in the rural districts, ib. note M.; pagan conformers, 424; obtained civil and military honours under Theodosius, 425; last vestiges of paganism, 426 and note M.; lin-
gered last in Asia Minor, vi. 37; instances of in the fifteenth century, viii. 119 and note.
PAGANS, their increased zeal against Christianity, ii. 265; growth and superstition among, ib.; abandon the study of philosophy, 266; of Rome, their joy at the approach of Rada- gaisus, iv. 47 and note M.; laws against relaxed after the removal of the minister Olympius, 95.
PAINTING successfully cultivated by the Italians of the sixth century, v. 358.
PALACE of Caracalla and Geta, i. 267, note; palaces of Justinian described, v. 77.
PALEOLOGI, genealogy of the, vii. 362, and 363 note S.; extinction of the family of, viii. 180.
PALEOLOGUS, Michael, guardian and colleague of John, emperor of Nice, negociations with the emperor Baldwin II., vii.343; alliance with the Genoese, 344; recovers Constantinople, 346 and 367; family and character, 362; dexterous evasion of a fiery ordeal, 364; great duke and governor of Nice, 365; administration, ib.; as- sumes the title of despot, and then of emperor, 366; triumphal entry into Constantinople, 368; blinds and banishes his ward John Lascaris, 369; excommunication by and inter- view with the patriarch Arsenius, 369, 370; conquests, 372; nego- ciations with popes Urban IV. and Gregory X., and union with the Latin church, ib.; persecutes the Greeks, 374; fortifies Constantinople, 376; assists the revolt of Sicily, 378; surprised by the Tatars, viii. 19. PALEOLOGUS, Michael II., associated in the empire by his father Andronicus, vii. 390; death, 391. PALEOLOGUS, John, son of Andronicus the Younger, takes up arms against his guardian the emperor Cantacu- zene, vii. 403; defeat and flight to the isle of Tenedos, ib.; character and reign, viii. 35; deposed and im- prisoned, ib.; divides the empire with his eldest son and grandson, 36; treaty with pope Innocent VI., 81; visits pope Urban V. at Rome, 82; acknowledges the pope's supremacy and the double procession of the Holy
Ghost, ib.; negociates with John Hawkwood, 83; arrested for debt at Venice, ib.
PALEOLOGUS, John II., his reign, viii. 72; Turkish tribute, ib.; divorces nis wife and marries the princess of Trebizond, 91; converts a Jew, ib.; embarks on the pope's galleys, 95; triumphal entry of Venice, 97; at- tends the synods of Ferrara and Flo- rence, 98, 99; effects a reunion with the Latin church, 103; treaty with the pope, ib.; death, 139. PALEOLOGUS, Manuel, second son of John, receives the imperial crown, viii. 35; deposed and imprisoned with his father, ib.; restoration and civil wars with his cousin, 36; hu- miliating treaty with the sultan Ba- jazet, 37; obtains assistance from France, ib.; abdicates in favour of the prince of Selymbria, ib. ; restored, 70; alliance with Soliman, son of Bajazet, ib.; with Mahomet, ib.; dismisses Mustapha, reputed son of Bajazet, from custody, 71; death, 72; his visit to and favour- able reception at the court of France, 84; to England, 85; negocia- tions with pope Martin V., 89; his double dealing, ib.; private motives, 90; death, 91; history of his sons, ib.
PALEOLOGUS, Constantine, receives the imperial crown at Sparta, viii. 140; killed in the storm of Constantinople by the Turks, 171.
PALEOLOGUS, Andrew, son of Thomas, despot of the Morea, sells his claim to the empires of Constantinople and Trebizond to Charles VIII. of France, viii. 182 and note.
PALEOLOGUS, Andronicus, son of John, forms a conspiracy with Sauzes, son of Amurath I., to murder their fathers, viii. 35; his punishment, ib.; raised to the throne on the de- position of his father, ib.; divides the empire with his father, 36. PALEOLOGUS, Demetrius, attempts to seize the throne on the death of John II., viii. 139; despot of the Morea, history of after the fall of Constanti- nople, 180; deposed by Mahomet II., who marries his daughter, 181; dies in a convent, 182.
PALEOLOGUS, George, seizes the navy
of Nicephorus Botaniates, vi. 117; defends Durazzo against the Nor mans, vii. 121. PALEOLOGUS, Thomas, despot of the Morea, history of after the fall of Constantinople, viii. 180; takes re- fuge at Rome, 182; fate of his family, ib. PALEOLOGUS, Manuel, son of Thomas, despot of the Morea, accepts the pro- tection of Mahomet II., viii. 183. PALEOLOGUS, Michael, lieutenant of the
emperor Manuel, his conquests in Italy, vii. 138.
PALAMAS, Gregory, monk of Athos, his doctrine concerning the light of mount Thabor, vii. 405. PALANDERS, or horse-transports, vii. 298, 301, note.
PALATINES, what troops so called, ii. 321; how corrupted, ib. PALERMO, taken by Belisarius by strata- gem, v. 129. PALESTINE described, i. 160; Gibbon's opinion respecting its fertility ex- amined, ib., notes G. and M.; con- quered by Chosroes II., v. 392; po- pulation of in the time of king David, vii. 230, note and note M. PALESTRINA, or PRÆNESTE, seat of the Colonna family, destroyed by pope Boniface VIII., viii. 222. PALLADIUM, attempt on by Elagabalus, i. 281, note; probable account of, iii. 407, note. PALLADIUS, the notary, commissioned by Valentinian to inquire into the state of Africa, iii. 272; his corrup- tion and treachery, 273. PALLADIUS, son of the emperor Pe- tronius Maximus, marries the daugh- ter of Valentinian III., iv. 255. PALLAS, his fortune, i. 228, note. PALMA, A. Corn., lieutenant of Trajan, conquers part of Arabia, i. 143, note S.; subdues Bostra and Petra, vi. 202, note. PALMYRA described, ii. 23; besieged by Aurelian, 24; ruins discovered, ib. note; surrenders, 25; revolts, 26; destroyed by Aurelian, ib. PAMBO, the monk, sublime answer to Melania, iv. 316, note. PAMPHRONIUS, Roman patrician, his
embassy to Constantinople, v. 346. PANDECTS, or Digest of Justinian, com pilation of, v. 283; etymology of
PANHYPERSEBASTOS.
the word pandects, ib. note; merits and defects of the, 284; antinomies of with the Cod:, 285; emblemata or forgeries of, ib. and note; only one MS. of, 286 and note; story of its discovery, 287 and note M.; colla- tions and editions, ib. and note S. PANHYPERSEBASTOS, title invented by Alexius Comnenus, vii. 18. PANNONIA, or Hungary, described, i. 158; conquest of, 248; reduced by Charlemagne, vi. 175. PANNONIANS, their character, i. 248. PANSOPHIA, v. Irene.
PANTHEON at Rome, consecrated as a Christian church by pope Boniface IV., iii. 416 and note; viii. 274 and note; plundered of its bronze tiles by the emperor Constans, 275. PANTOMIMES, Roman, described, iv. 87; extensive knowledge required of, ib. note.
PAPENCORDT, Dr. Felix, his Life of Rienzi, viii. 229, note M. PAPER, manufacture of from linen in- troduced from Samarcand, vi. 300; imported into Samarcand from China, ib. note; paper MSS., ancient in the Escurial, ib.
PAPINIAN, prætorian præfect, i. 261; his noble conduct and execution, 271; Gibbon corrected, ib. note W.; his superior wisdom and authority as a jurist, v. 279.
PAPIRIUS Compiled the first code or digest, v. 259, note and note S. PARA, son of Arsaces Tiranus, shares
the throne of Iberia with Aspacuras, iii. 279; his adventures, 280, sqq.; assassinated by count Trajan, 281. PARABOLANI, or visitors of the sick, at Alexandria, iii. 32; account of, vi. 12, note.
PARADISE, or Persian garden, v. 107,
note; Mahomet's described, vi. 236. PARIS in the time of Julian, ii. 424; origin of its present name, 425, note; Roman thermæ at, probable remains of Julian's palace, iii. 107, note; saved from the Huns by St. Gene- viève, iv. 232.
PARRICIDE, singular punishment of among the Romans, v. 316 and note; first at Rome, 317, note. PARSEES, modern, their views, i. 335, note.
PARTHIA subdued by Trajan, i. 143;
by Artaxerxes, 331; its government resembled feudalism, 339; wars with Rome recapitulated, 340. PARTHOLANUS, the giant, i. 353, note. PASCAL, niece of, saved by a prickle of the holy crown, vii. 342 and note. PASCHAL II., pope, his civil war with the Romans, viii. 192.
PASCHAL CHRONICLE, its merits, v. 397, note; when composed, ib. PASITIGRIS, or Shat-el-Arab, iii. 194, note.
PATERNAL AUTHORITY, absoluteness and perpetuity of peculiar to the Ro- mans, v. 291; exception, ib. note M.; gradual limitations of, 292. PATRAS, siege of by the Slavonians and Saracens, vii. 8.
PATRICIAN of Rome, title of equivalen
to exarch of Ravenna, vi. 158; after the revolt of Italy bestowed on Charles Martel and his posterity, ib. PATRICIANS, Roman, ii. 308; nearly extinct in A.U.c. 800, 309 and note, title revived by Constantine, 309; but with an altered meaning, 310 under the Greek empire, vi. 157. PATRICIATE, Roman, restoration and abolition of, viii. 201, and note S. PATRICK, tutelar saint of Ireland, name of whence derived, iv. 300, note. PATRIPASSIANS, iii. 47, note M.; Sa- bellians so called, 56, note. PAUL, St., his Epistle to the Romans, ii. 196, note M.
PAUL of Samosata, story of, ii. 262; degraded from the episcopal cha- racter by a council of bishops, 263; the sentence enforced by Aurelian, ib.; protected by Zenobia, ib. and note M.; Constantine's edict against his followers, iii. 41.
PAUL, orthodox bishop of Constanti- nople, contest with Macedonius, iii. 90; persecutions and death, ib. PAUL of Cilicia defends the mole of Hadrian against Totila, v. 227. PAUL, the civilian, juridical authority conferred on by Theodosius II., v. 279.
PAUL, the hermit, Jerome's legend of, ii. 244, note.
PAUL of Tanis, patriarch of Alexandria,
expelled on a charge of murder, vi. 60; bribes for his return, ib. PAULA, spiritual pupil of Jerom, her illustrious descent, iv. 71; proprie
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