o Christian temples, iii. 35; Fra Paolo's remarks on the abuse of, ib. note.
SAND, a substitute for water in Ma-
hometan ablutions, vi. 232, 303, note. SANGIAR, Seljukian sultan of Persia, his character, vii. 249 and note. SANGIBAN, king of the Alani, invites the arms of Attila, iv. 232. SAPAUDIA, or Savoy, when first men- tioned in history, iv. 224. SAPHADIN or Ardel, brother of Saladin, refuses the hand of the sister of Richard I., vii. 266.
SAPOR, son of Artaxerxes, king of Persia,
i. 346; his victories, 403; causes Chosroes king of Armenia to be assassinated, ib. ; takes Valerian prisoner, 404; overruns Syria, Cili- cia, and Cappadocia, ib.; cruelties, 405; his army harassed by Ode- nathes, 406; treatment of Valerian, ib. SAPOR, son of Hormouz, king of Persia,
crowned before his birth, ii. 366 and 367, note M.; subdues the Arabs, 367; besieges Nisibis, 368, 372; occupies several fortresses in Meso- potamia, ib.; persecutes the Chris- tians, ib. note M.; imposes hard con- ditions of peace on Chosroes, king of Armenia, 369; defeats Constantius at Singara, 371; Sapor's son exe- cuted by the Romans, ib.; abandons the siege of Nisibis, 373; truce with the Romans, ib.; haughty epistle to Constantius, 404; invades Mesopo- tamia, 406; besieges Amida, 407; great losses before, 409; reduces Sin- gara and Bezabde, 410; his distress at the rapid progress of Julian, iii. 206; anxiety to conclude a peace, ib. ; joy on the death of Julian, 217; treaty with Jovian, 219; artful de- lay, ib.; terms imposed by him, ib.; enters Armenia, 277; imprisons Ar- saces Tiranus and reduces the king- dom, 278; subdues Sauromaces, king of the Iberians, ib.; besieges Arto- gerassa, ib.; death, 280.
SARACENS, Greek and Latin name for the Arabians, vi. 204; its etymology, ib. note, and note M.; assist the Greeks in Italy, vii. 99; discomfited in Sicily, 105 (v. Arabs). SARAGOSSA, emir of restored by Charle- 'nagne, vi. 174.
SABBAR, the Persian general, besieges Constantinople, v. 405; revolts to Heraclius, 408.
SARBARAZA, Persian general, vanquished by Heraclius, v. 404.
SARDICA, interview of Constantius II. and Vetranio at, ii. 378; Council of, iii. 75; its dissensions, ib.; reveals the first symptoms of schism between the Greek and Latin churches, ib. ; allowed appeals to the Roman pon- tiffs, ib. note.
SARDINIA, Vandals expelled from by Marcellinus, iv. 284; conquered by Zano, brother of Gelimer, v. 111; recovered by the Romans, 114. SARMATIAN games, ii. 144, note. SARMATIANS how distinguished from
Germans, i. 381; races of, ib.; sig- nally defeated by the emperor Carus, ii. 53; allied with the Goths, 144; account of, 357, sqq.; were Slavo- nians, 359, note S.; war with the Goths, 360; implore the aid of Con- stantine the Great, ib. ; their ingrati- tude induces Constantine to abandon them, 361; defeated with great loss by the Goths, 362; expelled by the slaves whom they had armed, ib.; some retire among the Quadi, ib. ; the greater part received into the Roman provinces, ib.; allied with the Quadi, 401; formed into a kingdom by Con- stantius II., 402.
SARUS, a Gothic warrior, attempts the life of Stilicho, iv. 61; received in Ravenna by Honorius, 101; success- ful sally against the Goths, ib. ; enters the service of Jovinus, 122; sur- prised and killed by Adolphus, ib. SARUS, river, battle at the, between the Romans under Heraclius and the Persians, v. 404. SASIMA, wretchedness of that bishop- rick, iii. 366.
SASSANIDES, Persian dynasty of the, founded, i. 331; origin of that name, ib. note; genealogical table of the, 348, note S.; fall of the, vi. 292. SATALIA, the ancient Attalia, vii. 245 and note S.
SATRAPIES, Persian, i. 343 and note. SATURNINUS, Competitor of Gallienus, his observation on being rade em- peror, i. 411. SATURNINUS, general of Probzs, revolt of, ii. 49.
SAUCE, Elagabalus' punishment for a bad one, i. 282, note. SAUL, general of Stilicho, iv. 36. SAUROMACES, king of the Iberians, de- posed by Sapor, iii. 278; supported by Valens, 279.
SAUSAGES, Bologna, how made, v. 143, note.
SAUZES, son of Amurath I., forms a conspiracy with Andronicus, son of John Palæologus, to murder their fathers, viii. 35 discovered and blinded, ib.
SAVELLI, Italian family of, viii. 220. SAVIGNY, his account of taxation under Constantine, ii. 337, 341, notes S. SAXA RUBRA, battle of between Con- stantine and Maxentius, ii. 132; site of, ib. note.
SAXONS, when first mentioned, ii. 70, note; situation and manners of the, iii. 262; according to Dr. Latham, a generic appellation, including Ger- mans, &c., 263, note S.; their ships, 264; harass the coast of Gaul, ib.; settlements in Gaul at this time, ib. note S.; and iv. 234 and note; their defeat, iii. 265; come to the defence of Britain, iv. 387; massacre 300 British chiefs, ib. and note; were in England before the date assigned to Hengist's invasion, 388, note S.; pro- bable date of their earliest settle- ments, ib.; havoc committed by, 394; influence on the British language, 395 and note S.; vanquished, how treated by Charlemagne, vi. 170 and note, 174; character of the, by Liut- prand, vii. 36.
SAXONY, ancient, boundaries of, vi. 175. SCABINI, or assessors, origin and elec-
tion of, iv. 368 and note M. SCANDERBEG, prince of Albania, history
of, viii. 135; revolt from and exploits against the Turks, 137; death, 138. SCANDINAVIA, ancient, i. 350, note; subdued by Attila, iv. 196. SCARPONNA, battle of between Jovinus and the Alemanni, iii. 258. SCATINIAN LAW, account of, v. 322. SCAURUS, degradation of the family of, ii. 309, note. SCEPTICISM, prevalence of among the pagans, ii. 205; assisted the growth of Christianity, ib.
SCEPTRE Greek, described, vii. 367, note.
SCHAFARIK, character of his ⚫ Schla- wische Alterthümer,' vii. 66, note M. SCHISM, religious, origin of, ii. 163 and note G.
SCIENCE reducible to four classes, vi. 400.
SCIRI, or SCIRRI, their situation, iv. 295. SCLAVONIANS, v. Slavonians.
SCLERENA, concubine of Constantine X., vi. 110.
SCLERUS, his rebellion suppressed by Basil II., vi. 107.
SCODRA, or SCUTARI, vii. 203 and note. SCOTS and PICTS, how distinguished, iii. 266; controversies concerning their descent, 268, note and note S.; invade Britain, 268.
'SCOURGE OF GOD,' epithet of Attila, iv. 202 and note.
SCRIBONIANUS, revolt of, i. 211, note. SCRINIA, four ministerial offices so called, ii. 326.
SCRIPTURES, Christians compelled to deliver up the, ii. 273; Eastern ver- sions of, vi. 45 and note.
SCYRRI, tribe of the Huns, defeated, iv. 160.
SCYTHIA, v. Tartary.
SCYTHIANS Confounded with the Goths, i. 401 (v. Tatars).
SEBASTIAN, count of Egypt, places George of Cappadocia on the epis- copal throne of Alexandria, iii. 83; despatched towards Nisibis by Julian, 189; fails in joining that emperor, 205.
SEBASTIAN, general of Valens, his ex- ploits against the Goths, iii. 324; killed at the battle of Hadrianople, 337. SEBASTIAN created emperor by his brother Jovinus, iv. 122; put te death by Adolphus, king of the Goths, 123. SEBASTOCRATOR, title of invented by Alexius Comnenus, vii. 18. SECULAR GAMES, account of, i. 327. SEEZ, the bishop and canons of cas- trated, viii. 191, note.
SEDJAH, Arabian prophetess, her in- terview with Moseilama, vi. 286 and note S. SEGESTAN, independence of, i. 340, note; Rustan, prince of, ib.; alliance with Sapor, ii. 408 and note. SEGUED, emperor of Abyssinia, con-
verted to Roman Catholicism, vi. 66,
BEID BECHAR, descendant of the Pro- phet, his false prediction of the fall of Constantinople, viii. 71 and note. SEJANUS, his rank and privileges, i. 276, note.
SELDEN, his remark on transubstan- tiation, vi. 134.
SELEUCIA described, i. 341; sacked and ruined, 342; besieged by the Isaurians, ii. 395; council of, iii. 68. SELEUCUS NICATOR, cities founded by, i. 339, note; æra of, ib. SELEUCUS, mount, site of, 384, notes; battle of between Constantius and Magnentius, ii, 385.
SELGE, defeat of Tribigild the Ostro- goth at, iv. 144.
SELIM I., sultan, his treaty with the Mamalukes, vii. 274 and note. SELJUK, grandfather of Togrul Beg, founder of the Seljukian dynasty, his history, vii. 153; family, 154, note S.; division of their empire, 167 and note M.; extinguished by the khans of Persia, viii. 13.
SELYMBRIA, besieged by Mahomet II., viii. 154.
SEMIRAMIS invented castration, ii. 386, note.
SEMNO, chief of the Lygii, captured by Probus, ii. 45.
SENATE, state of under Augustus, i. 197; functions under the empire, 205; attempts to recover its rights after the murder of Caligula, 210; its jurisdiction over the emperors, 236; Gibbon corrected, ib. note W.; its acclamations, ib. note W.; con- demns Julianus, 251; oppressed by Severus, 261; indignant at the ele- vation of Macrinus, 274; women formally excluded from, 286; its dignity restored by Al. Severus, 288; secret form of convocation, 313; as- sumes the reins of government, 314; elects Maximus and Balbinus em- perors, 315; excluded from military employments, 394; prerogatives re- gained under Tacitus, ii. 37; re- fuses to name Florianus, the brother of Tacitus, consul, 38; persecuted and debased by Diocletian and Maxi- mian, 91; Constantinopolitan, 301 and note; Roman, majority of, re- mained Pagan under the Christian emperors, iii. 408; were sworn at the altar of Victory, ib.; four depu-
tations for its restoration, 409; peti- tion of Symmachus to Valentinian for, ib.; solemn debate respecting the worship of Jupiter or Christ, 411; truth of this fact examined, ib. note M.; renounces Paganism, ib.; consulted by Stilicho on the demands of Alaric, iv. 58; grants him 4000 lbs. of gold, 59; decrees the death of Serena, 90; rejects the heathen project of Pompeianus against the arms of Alaric, 92; ne- gociates with him, ib.; second em- bassy to, 95; elects Attalus emperor, 99; close of its jurisdiction in Gaul, 288; supports Anthemius against Olybrius, 293; epistle to the em- peror Zeno, transferring the seat of empire to the East, 299; extinction of in the reign of Justinian, v. 235; legislative power transferred to by Tiberius, 265; decrees of had the force of law previously, . note W.; revival of in the twelfth century, viii. 199; number and election of, 202.
SENATORS, Roman, qualification, i. 171, note; and knights perform as gla- diators, 232, note; under Honorius, their genealogical pretensions, iv. 71 ; unfounded, 72 and note; immense wealth, 74; luxury and manners, 76 sqq.; young, permitted to take 6 per cent. interest, ib. note; literary studies, 82 and note.
SENATOR, office of, in the modern Ro- man republic, viii. 202, 258. SENECA, his 'Amoxodoxúvtwcis, i. 207,
note M.; his theory of comets, v. 250 and note.
SENIORS, or lords, origin of, iv. 373. SEPTEM, or Ceuta, adorned and forti- fied by Justinian, v. 114.
SEPTIMANIA, Gothic and Roman, dis- tinguished, iv. 128, note S.; Gothic province of in Gaul (Languedoc), 361, 363; conquered by the Saracens, vi. 386 and note S.
SEPTIZONIUM of Severus at Rome, viii. 270; materials of, used by Sixtus V. for St. Peter's, 277.
SERAI, city and palace of built by Batou the Mongol, viii, 16.
SERAPEUM, or temple of Serapis at Alexandria, v. Serapis.
SERAPION, relinquishes the doctrine cf anthropomorphism, vi. 7.
SERAPIS, account of the worship of in Egypt, iii. 416 and note S.; temple of at Alexandria described, 417; sacrifices tolerated in after their pro- hibition by Theodosius,418; tumults respecting, ib.; temple demolished by Theophilus, 419; Gibbon's ac- count corrected, ib. note S.; statue of described, 420; destruction of, ib. SERENA, niece of Theodosius, married to Stilicho, iv. 10; strangled by order of the Roman senate, 90. SERGEANTS, what, vii. 302, note. SERGIOPOLIS, v. Rasaphe. SERGIUS, nephew of Solomon the eu- nuch, massacres the deputies of the Moors at Leptis, v. 213; conspiracy of against Justinian detected, 245; implicates Belisarius, 246.
SERGIUS and Bacchus, saints and mar- tyrs, their tomb at Rasaphe, v. 375 and note.
SERGIUS, the Paulician, virtues of, vii. 52.
SERIPHUS, isle of described, i. 220 and note.
SERONATUS, præfect of Gaul, condemned
for corresponding with the Visigoths, iv. 290.
SERVETUS, his execution by Calvin exa-
mined, vii. 60, note. SERVIANS, overthrown by Simeon, king of the Bulgarians, 68. SERVIUS, walls of, ii. 16 and notes. SESOSTRIS, long wall of, vi. 206, note. SESTUS, distance from Abydus, ii. 290. SEVERA, wife of Valentinian I. and mother of Gratian, iii. 291, sq. SEVERIANUS put to death by Licinius, ii. 136.
SEVERINA, widow of Aurelian, empress at Alexandria, ii. 34, note S. SEVERINUS, St., his prediction to Odo- acer, iv. 298; relics of, 301, note. SEVERUS, Septimius, wall of in Britain, i. 141, note S.; enlarges the province of Arabia, 143, note S.; commander in Pannonia, assumes the purple, 249; donative, ib. ; marches towards Rome, ib.; Hume's mistake respect- ing, ib. note; success against Niger and Albinus, 253; artful policy, ib. sq.; cruelty, 257; wise government, 258; military success, 259; relaxes discipline, ib.; Gibbon's account questioned, 260, note W.; reforms the Prætorians, 260; oppresses the
senate, 261; establishes absolute go- vernment, 262; principal author of the decline of the empire, ib.; satiety, 263; addicted to magic and divina- tion, ib.; at first protected the Chris- tians, ii. 257; publishes an edict against them, 258; repairs to Britain, 265; death, 267. SEVERUS, Alexander, age, i, 278, note; declared Cæsar, 283; accession to the empire, 285; education and way of life, 287; admonition to his visitors, 288; refuses the name of Antoninus, ib.; reforms the army, 289; firmness, 291; defects, 292; histories of his life characterized, 293, note; murdered, 307; pretended vic- tory over Artaxerxes, 344; more probable account, 345; associates the statues of Abraham and Christ with those of Orpheus and Apollonius, ii. 259; his design of building a Chris tian temple examined, ib. note. SEVERUS, officer of Galerius, declared
Cæsar by him, ii. 108; and Augustus 112; defeat and death, 115. SEVERUS appointed general of cavalry under Julian, ii. 415.
SEVERUS, Sulpicius, the first author
of the ten persecutions, ii. 255, note, SEVERUS, Libius, elected emperor at the dictation of Ricimer, iv. 274. SEVERUS, patriarch of Antioch, his theological tenets and persecutions, vi. 53.
SEVILLE taken by Musa, vi. 360. SEVIR, an officer of the Equites, i. 151, note S.
SHAH MANSOUR, prince of Fars, valiant defence against Timour, viii. 44 and note.
SHAHAN SHAH, origin of that title, i. 331, note M.
SHAWER, his faction in Egypt under the Fatimite caliphs, vii. 251; mur- dered by Shiracouh, 253.
SHEICKS, Arabian, how chosen, vi. 204. SHEPHERD-KINGS of Persia, dynasty of, founded, vii. 153.
SHIITES, Mahometans who reverence Ali so called, vi. 272. SHIRACOUH, emir of Noureddin, his first expedition into Egypt, vii. 251; second expedition, 252; third expe- dition and conquest of, 253. SIBERIA, description of, iii. 306; con- quered by the Mongols, viii. 16.
SIBYLLINE books consulted by Aurelian, ii. 15; verses, Christianity proved from the by Constantine, iii. 19 and note; books, burnt by Stilicho, iv. 63. SIBYLS, Christian, ii. 218; predicted
the ruin of Rome in 195, ib. note. SICHEM, or Naplous, city of the Sa- maritans, site of, vi. 37, note. SICILIAN Vespers, vii. 379. SICILY, disorders in, i. 413; reunited to the Roman empire by Belisarius, v. 129; ravaged by Totila, 228; con- quered by the Arabs, vi. 407; con- quered by Roger the Norman, vii. 117; princes of, perpetual legates of the Holy See, 118; Roger II. king of, 132; reign of William the Bad, 141; of William the Good, 142; con- quered by the emperor Henry VI. 144; subdued by Charles of Anjou, 376; separated from Naples and transferred to the house of Arragon, 380.
SICORIUS PROBUS, his embassy to Nar- ses, ii. 86.
SICULL, tribe of Huns, vii. 79 and note S.
SIDON, manufactures of, v. 56 and note. SIDONIUS APOLLINARIS, his metaphor
respecting the capitation tax, ii. 339; his account of his father-in-law Avi- tus, iv. 258 and note; character of Theodoric II., 260, sq.; panegyric on Avitus, 263; joins a faction in Gaul, 265; panegyric on Majorian, 266, note; panegyric on Anthemius, 281; made præfect of Rome, ib.; literary style, 288, note.
SIENPI, tribe of oriental Tatars, iii. 312; revolutions of that people, iv. 43; assume the name of Topa, ib. SIFFIN, plain of, war of Ali and Moawi- yah on, vi. 275.
SIGANFU, inscription of, its authen- ticity, vi. 50, and note M. SIGISMUND, king of the Burgundians, guilt and subsequent piety, iv. 356; founds the monastery of Agaunum, ib.; defeated and buried alive by the sons of Clovis, ib.
SIGISMUND, emperor, protects the synod of Basil, viii. 93; receives the Turkish ambassadors in their pre- sence, ib. SIGISMUND, King of Hungary, defeated by the sultan Bajazet, viii. 32.
SILENTIARIUS, Paul, his description of the marbles used in the church of St. Sophia, v. 75, note. SILENTIARY, office of at Constantinople, v. 203, note.
SILINGI Occupy Bætica, iv. 125. SILK, how regarded by the Romans, i. 192 and note; manufacture of in China and Cos, v. 57; Gibbon's account corrected, ib. note S.; use of by the Romans, 58; price of, ib.; procured from the fish pinna marina, ib.; silk trade, ib.; worms intro- duced into Greece, 61; silk manu- facture in Greece, vii. 12; in Spain and Sicily, ib.; in Italy, 13; when established in England, ib. note. SILURES, British tribe, i. 157. SILVER the chief instrument of com-
merce, i. 192 and notes W. and M.; increase of, 193; relative value to gold under Constantine the Great, ii. 338, note S.
SILVESTER, St., pope, legend of Con- stantine's donation to, vi. 161. SIMEON, king of Bulgaria, history of, vii. 68 and note S.; treaty with the emperor Romanus, ib.
SIMEON STYLITES, the Syrian hermit, his extraordinary penance, iv. 320; reverence paid to, 321.
SIMEON METAPHRASTES, works of, vii. 3 and note.
SIMEON, Greek minister, cruelly exe-
cutes Constantine, the Paulician, vii. 51; converted to that faith, ib. SIMEONS of Van or Ormia, Nestorian sect, vi. 51. SIMOCATTA THEOPHYLACT, his Life of
the Emperor Maurice, v. 390. SIMON THE MAGICIAN, odiousness of his name, vi. 23 and note.
SIMON DE MONTFORT engages in the
fourth crusade, vii. 289; abandons the enterprise, 296 and note M. SIMONY, early instance of, ii. 262, note. SIMPLICIUS, with six other philosophers,
seeks refuge at the court of Persia, v. 93; character of his works, 94. SINDBAL, leader of the Heruli under Narses, his valour at the battle of Casilinum, v. 240; hanged for rebel- lion by Narses, 241.
SINGARA, site of, ii. 87, note; Gibbor corrected, ib. note S.; battle of be- tween Constantius and Sapor, 370; taken by Sapor, 410.
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